Marinduque

This article is about the Philippine province. For other uses, see Marinduque (disambiguation).

Marinduque
Province
Province of Marinduque
(From top, left to right:) Marinduque Island viewed from a RORO ferry in Tayabas Bay the town of Gasan Bakulong Beach in Boac Boac River and the Biglang Awa Shrine in Balanacan Harbor Mogpog
Flag Seal
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 13°24′N 121°58′E
Country	Philippines
Region	Mimaropa
Founded	May 1, 1901
Annexation to Tayabas	November 10, 1902
Reestablished	February 21, 1920
Capital and largest municipality	Boac
Government
• Governor	Presbitero J. Velasco Jr. (PDP–Laban)
• Vice Governor	Adeline Marciano-Angeles (PDP–Laban)
• Legislature	Marinduque Provincial Board
Area
• Total	952.58 km2 (367.79 sq mi)
• Rank	76th out of 81
Highest elevation (Mount Malindig)	1,157 m (3,796 ft)
Population  (2020 census)
• Total	239,207
• Rank	69th out of 81
• Density	250/km2 (650/sq mi)
• Rank	37th out of 81
Demonym(s)	Marindukanon, Marinduqueño/a
Divisions
• Independent cities	0
• Component cities	0
• Municipalities	6 Boac Buenavista Gasan Mogpog Santa Cruz Torrijos
• Barangays	218
• Districts	Legislative district of Marinduque
Time zone	UTC+8 (PHT)
ZIP code	4900–4905
IDD : area code	+63 (0)42
ISO 3166 code	PH-MAD
Spoken languages	Tagalog (Marinduqueño dialect) English
Website	www.marinduque.gov.ph

Marinduque (/ˌmærənˈduːkeɪ/; Tagalog pronunciation: [maɾinˈduke]) is an island province in the Philippines located in Southwestern Tagalog Region or Mimaropa, formerly designated as Region IV-B. Its capital is the municipality of Boac. Marinduque lies between Tayabas Bay to the north and Sibuyan Sea to the south. It is west of the Bondoc Peninsula of Quezon province; east of Mindoro Island; and north of the island province of Romblon. Some parts of the Verde Island Passage, the center of the center of world's marine biodiversity and a protected marine area, are also within Marinduque's provincial waters.

The province of Marinduque was ranked number 1 by the Philippine National Police and Philippine Security Forces as the 2013 Most Peaceful Province of the country due to its low crime rate statistics alternately ranking with the province of Batanes yearly. Furthermore, for almost 200 years, the province is home to one of the oldest religious festivals of the country, the Moriones celebrated annually every Holy Week.

History

The most accepted theory of the etymology of the province's name is a Hispanized corruption of either malindig or malindug, which means "stand tall" or "elegant", in reference to a potentially active volcano in the southern section of the island, the Mount Malindig. Domingo Navarette ('Tratados...', 1676) wrote "The island which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards, and that of Malindic we call Marinduque." (trans. by Blair and Robertson).

During the Spanish and early American occupations, Marinduque was part of Balayan Province (now Batangas) in the 16th century, Mindoro from the 17th to 19th century, and had a brief period as an independent province from the time the Americans arrived in 1901 to 1902.

In 1571, Governor-General Miguel López de Legaspi assigned the then-encomienda of Marinduque to a certain Fr. Pedro de Herrera, the first Augustinian priest who introduced Christianity to the natives of the island.

During the Philippine–American War, Marinduque was the first island to have American concentration camps. Marinduque is the site of the Battle of Pulang Lupa, where 250 Filipino soldiers under Colonel Maximo Abad, defeated a smaller force of 54 American Infantrymen. It is one of the few battles during the pacification of the Philippines where the tenacity and bravery of the Filipinos prevailed over the well-armed Americans. Col. Abad after capturing the Americans later surrendered on April 15, 1901, upon orders from Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and due to the capture of Gov. Martin Lardizabal and two other officials of the revolutionary who were held hostage by the Americans in Fort Santiago.

On June 23, 1902, by virtue of Act No. 423, the US-Philippine Commission annexed the islands of Mindoro (now two separate provinces) and Lubang (now part of Occidental Mindoro) to the province. Four months later, on November 10, Marinduque was annexed to the province of Tayabas (now Quezon) by virtue of an Act No. 499.

On February 21, 1920, Act No. 2280 was passed by the Philippine Congress, reestablishing Marinduque as a separate province.

In 1942, during the Second World War, the Japanese Imperial forces landed in Marinduque.

In 1945, combined American and Filipino troops liberated the province from the Japanese forces. Two government agencies were stationed in the province during the American period, the Philippine Commonwealth Army and the Philippine Constabulary. The general headquarters of the PCA was active from 1935 to 1942 and again from 1945 to 1946 while the PC was active from 1945 to 1946.

Archaeological finds

Archaeology in the Philippines began in Marinduque. Prior to 1900, only one important archaeological investigation had been carried out in the country: the Antoine-Alfred Marche’s exploration of Marinduque from April to July 1881. According to anthropologist Henry Otley Beyer, while many other accidental discoveries and finds have been recorded from time to time and a few burial caves and sites had been casually explored by European and local scientists, no systematic work had been done anywhere else prior to these explorations. After Marche, the next important archaeological work was undertaken by Dr. Carl Gunthe in the Visayas Island Group in 1922.

An abundant yield of Chinese urns, vases, gold ornaments, skulls, and other ornaments of pre-colonial origin was what Marche finds represented. He brought back to France the Marinduque artifacts he uncovered in 40 crates. Part of it now is said to be housed at the Musée de l'Homme in France. The finds also included a wooden image of the Marinduque anito called "Pastores" by the natives.

One of these artifacts also found its way into the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. (Catalogue No. A127996-0, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution). These fragile jarlets traveled from China to the pre-colonial Philippines. Buried in a cave in Marinduque for centuries, excavated in the late 19th century, brought to Paris and eventually one ended up at the Smithsonian Institution museum.

Part of Marinduque's history lies at the Marinduque Museum in Poblacion at Boac and in museums abroad. It will take some time to analyze these artifacts to piece together its pre-colonial past.

Geography

Northern section

Southern section

Marinduque is considered as the geographical center of the Philippine archipelago by the Luzon Datum of 1911, the mother of all Philippine geodetic surveys. The province is a "heart-shaped" island with a total land area of 952.58 square kilometres (367.79 sq mi), situated between Tayabas Bay in the north and Sibuyan Sea to the south. It is separated from the Bondoc Peninsula in Quezon by the Mompong Pass. West of Marinduque is Tablas Strait, which separates it from Mindoro Island.

Some of the smaller islands to the northeast are Polo Island, Maniwaya Island, and Mompong Island. Southwest portion includes the Tres Reyes Islands and Elephant Island.

The highest peak in Marinduque is Mount Malindig (formerly called Mt. Marlanga), a potentially active stratovolcano with an elevation of 1,157 metres (3,796 ft) above sea level, located at the southern tip of the island.

Cave Systems

Various cave systems occupy the province, including:

• Bathala Cave located near Barangay Ipil in Sta. Cruz town;
• Tarug Caves located at Barangay Tarug, in the town of Mogpog, a three-chambered caves of limestone formation. It rises steeply to 270 feet above the ground and is located 331 ft above sea level. Pinnacle is barely 3 square meters.
• Bagumbungan Cave, a cave system in San Isidro and Punong with complex subterranean river
• Talao Caves, a 12 series of caves overlooking the western part of the island.

Climate

Marinduque has a Type III climate, having rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year with no clear boundary between dry and wet seasons. The annual mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures were calculated at 27.0 °C (80.6 °F), 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) and 22.3 °C (72.1 °F) respectively. Humidity average is 78% year-round with an average annual rainfall totaling 2,034.6 mm (80.1 inches).

Administrative divisions

Marinduque comprises 6 municipalities, further subdivided into 218 barangays. A double legislative districts encompasses all towns.

Political map of Marinduque

	Municipality		Population			±% p.a.	Area		Density (2020)		Barangay
			(2020)		(2015)		km2	sq mi	/km2	/sq mi
	Boac	†	23.9%	57,283	54,730	+0.87%	212.70	82.12	270	700	61
	Buenavista		10.9%	26,043	23,988	+1.58%	81.25	31.37	320	830	15
	Gasan		15.1%	36,197	34,828	+0.74%	100.88	38.95	360	930	25
	Mogpog		14.4%	34,516	34,043	+0.26%	108.06	41.72	320	830	37
	Santa Cruz		22.9%	54,692	56,408	−0.59%	270.77	104.54	200	520	55
	Torrijos		12.7%	30,476	30,524	−0.03%	178.92	69.08	170	440	25
	Total			234,521	227,828	+0.38%	952.58	367.79	250	650	218
		†  Provincial capital					Municipality

Boac

The capital of the province. The most populous town in the province Boac remains the center of industry, culture, economy, and education. Most government and private offices are in the municipality of Boac. It also borders all five municipalities. Mogpog to the North, Santa Cruz to the Northeast, Torrijos to the East, Buenavista to the South, and Gasan to the Southwest. Boac is named after the Tagalog word, biak, which means divided, due to the Boac River dividing the town in the geographic north and south.

Gasan

The Cultural Nerve Center of the province. Dubbed as one of the cleanest and greenest municipalities in the Philippines, Gasan's land area covers a forest reserve in the eastern part. It is also the gateway to the island of Mindoro. Handicrafts and the famous Kalutang boasts from the town of Gasan. It was named after gasang-gasang, a local term for corals found in the municipality.

Buenavista

The smallest of the six municipalities. It was once part of the municipality of Gasan known as Sabang. It was named such because of the "good view" of the Tablas Strait and offshore islands.

Torrijos

Named after three purported origins; 1) from Gen. Torrijos, 2) from torrillos, referring to the cows which pastured in its vast plains, and 3) from torre y hijos, referring to the watchtower men guarding the parish. Torrijos is deemed to be the summer capital of the Province and known for locally-grown strawberries.

Santa Cruz

The largest of all the six municipalities in terms of land area and the second most populous town after Boac . It is considered as a secondary municipality after Boac (since it is the capital). Together with Boac, it is also a first-class municipality with established industries and commercial routines.

Mogpog

The Primary Gateway of the Province through the Balanacan Port. It is the original home of the Moriones Lenten Rites and Kangga Festiva. Mogpog was named after the Tagalog word, mag-aapog or kiln makers abundant in the municipality.

Demographics

Population census of Marinduque

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1903	51,674	—
1918	56,868	+0.64%
1939	81,768	+1.74%
1948	85,828	+0.54%
1960	114,586	+2.44%
1970	144,109	+2.32%
1975	162,804	+2.48%
1980	173,715	+1.31%
1990	185,524	+0.66%
1995	199,910	+1.41%
2000	217,392	+1.81%
2007	229,636	+0.76%
2010	227,828	−0.29%
2015	234,521	+0.55%
2020	239,207	+0.39%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

The population of Marinduque in the 2020 census was 239,207 people, with a density of 250 inhabitants per square kilometre or 650 inhabitants per square mile, hence, it is the most densely populated province in the Mimaropa Region.

Religion

Marinduque is resided by various religious groups, with Catholics belonging to the Latin Rite predominantly making up the greatest number with 70%. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente has 25% of the population and the rest belongs to the different denominations such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Iglesia ni Cristo, and various Mainline Protestant denominations which include Assemblies of God, Baptists, JIL, Methodists, Presbyterian, Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA), and the non-denominational Evangelical churches also known as Born-Again Christians. Muslims, Anitists, animists, and atheists are also present in the province.

Language

The version of Tagalog spoken in Marinduque, known as the Marinduque Tagalog, has been described as "the root from which modern national forms of speech have sprung," where remnants of archaic Tagalog could be found, spoken in a lilting manner by its inhabitants. If this linguistic theory is accurate, Marinduque's Tagalog has contributed significantly to the development of the official Philippine national language.

To this day, Marinduqueños speak an old variation of the Tagalog language that is very close to the way Tagalog was spoken before the Spanish colonization. According to language experts , the Tagalog dialects of Marinduque are the most divergent, especially the Eastern Marinduque dialect, perhaps due to the relative isolation from the Tagalogs of Luzon and also perhaps due to the influence of the Visayan and Bikol migrants. Many educated Marinduqueños speak version of Tagalog during Spanish colonial era and with English terms, closer to modern Filipino or standard Tagalog, because of mass media and modern versions of Tagalog Bible, and retaining Visayan and Bikol influence.

Linguist Rosa Soberano's 1980 The Dialects of Marinduque Tagalog goes into great depth concerning the dialects spoken there. The following is a verb chart which outlines the conjugation of the Eastern Marinduque dialect of Tagalog:

	Infinitive	Contemplative (future actions)	Progressive (past and present actions)	Completed (past actions)	Imperative
Actor Focus 1	-um- (gumawa) (future actions)	má- (mágawâ)	ná- (nágawâ)	-um- (gumawa)	0 (gawa)
Actor Focus 2	mag- (magbigay)	(ma)ga- ([ma]gabigay)	naga- (nagabigay)	nag- (nagbigay)	pag- (pagbigay)
Object Focus 1	-in (kainin)	a- (akainin)	ina- (inakain)	-in- (kinain)	-a (kaina)
Object Focus 2	i- (isulat)	a- (asulat)	ina- (inasulat)	i- -in- (isinulat)	-an (sulatan)
Object Focus 3	-an (tawagan) (future actions)	a-...-an (atawagan)	ina- ... -an (inatawagan)	-in- ... -an (tinawagan)	-i (tawagi)

Linguist Christopher Sundita observed that some of the affixes in Marinduque Tagalog, particularly "a-" and "ina-," are affixes used in Asi (Bantoanon), a Visaya language spoken in Romblon, just south of Marinduque. Marinduque Tagalog, like the Tagalog spoken over two centuries ago, had an additional verb category, the imperative, which was used for commands and requests (e.g., Matulog ka na - Go to sleep). Even then, the imperative and the infinitive were used side by side in expressing commands; but in standard Tagalog, apparently the infinitive became used exclusively. And in the Eastern Marinduque dialect, the imperative affixes are very much alive.

Economy

Poverty incidence of Marinduque

10 20 30 40 50 2006 40.51 2009 33.58 2012 32.91 2015 16.95 2018 14.72 2021 15.60 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Marinduque is an agricultural province, primarily growing rice and coconuts. Handicrafts from Marinduque are also exported to dıfferent parts of the world, and fishing is another important part of the economy. Mining was once an important player in the economy until a mining accident (the Marcopper Mining Disaster) occurred, bringing the industry to a standstill on the island and causing enormous damage to the inhabitants. The provincial government has just recently sued Marcopper's parent company, Placer Dome, for $100 million in damages. Placer Dome was purchased in 2006 by Barrick Gold, who has now been joined in the lawsuit.

A significant role in Marinduque's economy is also played by tourism, especially during the Lenten season. While this is not one of the larger parts of the island's economy, it has shown great growth. Recently, some residents are now engaged in butterfly farming. Butterflies are raised for export to countries in both Europe and the Americas. Locally, live butterflies are released in celebration on different occasions, such as birthdays, weddings, and some corporate events.

Culture

Festivals

The Moriones Festival is an annual festival, locally known as "Moryonan", celebrated in Marinduque from March to April. In Santa Cruz, Gasan, Boac, and Mogpog, a parade of people dressed as "Moryons" can be seen on the main road connecting the towns of the island. Boac and Santa Cruz, the biggest towns in the province, shows a reenactment in the evening of the actual event when Longinus, a blind soldier, punctures Jesus with his spear and blood droplets from the wound restores Longinus's sight.

Music

Marinduque is home to the kalutang, a musical instrument made of two pieces of wood that produce different note ranges depending on its size. A band of 10 to 12 can create music with this instrument. In 2011, the kalutang instrument was cited by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts as one of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the traditional craftsmanship category that the government may nominate in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

Government

Former seal of the province

Marinduque has had its own Governor since becoming a sub-province of Tayabas (now Quezon) in 1902 and after gaining its independence from Tayabas in 1920.

Governor of Marinduque
Seal of Marinduque Provincial Governor
Incumbent Presbitero Velasco Jr. since June 30, 2019
Style	The Honorable
Seat	Marinduque Provincial Capitol
Appointer	Elected via popular vote
Term length	3 years, not eligible for re-election immediately after three consecutive terms
Inaugural holder	Vicente Triviño
Formation	February 21, 1920

Governors of Marinduque

Year range	Name
As a sub-province under Tayabas
1898 — 1901	Martin Lardizabal
1901 — 1907	Ricardo Paras
1907 — 1916	Juan Nieva
1916 — 1919	Pedro Madrigal
1919 — 1920	Vicente Triviño
As an independent province
1920 — 1922	Vicente Triviño
1922 — 1925	Miguel Villamayor
1925 — 1933	Damian J. Reyes
1933 — 1936	Pedro del Mundo
1936 — 1938	Leon Pelaez
1938 — 1941	Ramon Reynoso
1941 — 1945	Jose L. Basa
1945 — 1946	Ricardo Nepomuceno
1946 — 1951	Cesar L. Nepomuceno
1951 — 1963	Miguel M. Manguera
1963 — 1967	Celso L. Preclaro
1967 — 1988	Aristeo Marasigan Lecaroz
1988 — 1995	Luisito Mercader Reyes
1995 — 1998	Jose Antonio Nieva Carrion
1998 — 2007	Carmencita Ongsiako Reyes
2007 — 2010	Jose Antonio Nieva Carrion
2010 — 2019	Carmencita O. Reyes
2019	Romulo Aguinaldo Bacorro Jr.
2019 — present	Presbitero Jose Velasco Jr.

Transport

Marinduque is served by direct Cebu Pacific flights to-and-from Manila and Marinduque Airport which is located in Masiga, roughly between Gasan and Boac. The province is also served by a seaport in Balanacan transporting cargo and passengers to and from Lucena in Quezon province. There is also a daily boat trip from General Luna in Quezon province to Santa Cruz and vice versa which stops at Maniwaya Island to drop off cargo and passengers.

Media

There are four radio stations in the province, three of which are operated by the Radyo Natin Network and the other, FM Nutriskwela Community Radio Station Radyo Kamalindig 94.1 DZNS, by the National Nutrition Council. Radyo Natin Network operates the call sign DZVH at 105.7 MHz on FM radio from Boac, as well as the call sign DWMD 104.5 MHz on FM radio from Santa Cruz and 100.1 FM from Torrijos. As for print media, there is no existing newspapers circulating in the province, aside from broadsheet and tabloid newspapers from Manila. Marinduque News Network, meanwhile, provides provincial and national news and information via the web and social media. In 2018, Marinduque News Network ventured with Lucky Seven Cable Services Corporation, a cable provider in Marinduque to showcase their programs through local cable television. The online news website which was founded by Romeo Mataac, Jr. in 2016 is located in Boac, Marinduque.

There are also existing cable providers and local cable stations operating in several municipalities in the province, namely Lucky Seven Cable Services Corporation (Boac), Marinduque Cable Television, Inc. (Boac), and G.R. CATV Services (Santa Cruz & Torrijos). Aside from these cable stations, there are also distributors of direct-to-home (DTH) satellite TV such as Cignal Digital TV, Dream Satellite TV, G Sat, and Sky Direct who provide television services for its subscribers.

Education

Tertiary

• Buyabod School of Arts and Trades (BSAT) — Buyabod, Santa Cruz
• Educational Systems Technological Institute (ESTI) — Murallon, Boac
• Lighthouse Maritime Schools, Inc. (LMSI) — Boac
• Malindig Institute (MI) — Lapu-Lapu, Santa Cruz
• Marinduque Midwest College (MMC) — Dili, Gasan
• Marinduque State University (MSU) — College of Agriculture in Poctoy, Torrijos
• Marinduque State University (MSU) — College of Fisheries in Banuyo, Gasan
• Marinduque State University (MSU) — Main College Campus in Tanza, Boac
• Marinduque State University (MSU) — Marinduque Community University in Matalaba, Santa Cruz
• Marinduque State University (MSU) — Santa Cruz Annex, Santa Cruz
• Marinduque Victorian University (MVU) — Buenavista
• Saint Mary's College of Boac (SMCB) — Isok, Boac
• Santa Cruz Institute (SCI) — Banahaw, Santa Cruz
• Torrijos Poblacion School of Arts and Trades (TPSAT) — Poctoy, Torrijos

References

• Moriones Festival at travelingmorion.com

External links

• Media related to Marinduque at Wikimedia Commons
• Marinduque travel guide from Wikivoyage
• Geographic data related to Marinduque at OpenStreetMap
• Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay as of August 1, 2007