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At the time of the attack, the region of [[Kashmir Valley]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] was at the centre of an [[2016 Kashmir unrest|unrest]], during which 85 civilians had died in clashes with security forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/18/asia/india-kashmir-attack/|title=Soldiers killed in army base attack in Indian-administered Kashmir|work=CNN|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016|quote=After a few years of relative calm in Indian-administered Kashmir -- largely considered one of the world's most tumultuous geopolitical flashpoints since the India-Pakistan partition -- the region has been gripped by unrest for more than two months.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/32651887/suspected-rebels-attack-major-indian-army-base-in-kashmir|title=India blames Pakistan militants for Kashmir attack which killed 17|work=Yahoo|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>
At the time of the attack, the region of [[Kashmir Valley]] in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] was at the centre of an [[2016 Kashmir unrest|unrest]], during which 85 civilians had died in clashes with security forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/18/asia/india-kashmir-attack/|title=Soldiers killed in army base attack in Indian-administered Kashmir|work=CNN|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016|quote=After a few years of relative calm in Indian-administered Kashmir -- largely considered one of the world's most tumultuous geopolitical flashpoints since the India-Pakistan partition -- the region has been gripped by unrest for more than two months.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/32651887/suspected-rebels-attack-major-indian-army-base-in-kashmir|title=India blames Pakistan militants for Kashmir attack which killed 17|work=Yahoo|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>

==Background==
{{main|2016 Kashmir unrest}}
{{Pov section|date=September 2016}}
The Uri attack came in the context of civil unrest in the Indian-state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]. On July 8, Indian forces killed [[Burhan Wani]], a popular rebel commander.<ref name=DW/><ref name=NYT>{{cite news|title=17 Indian Soldiers Killed by Militants in Kashmir|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/world/asia/17-indian-soldiers-killed-by-militants-in-kashmir.html?_r=1|publisher=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name =CBC>{{cite news|title=17 Indian soldiers, 4 militants killed in Kashmir attack|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/kashmir-attack-1.3767723}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Militants sneak into Indian army base and mow down sleeping soldiers in Kashmir, killing 17|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-india-kashmir-20160918-snap-story.html}}</ref> The killing sparked widespread protests, on a daily basis, against the Indian government across the state.<ref name= time>{{cite web|title=A Terrorist Attack in Kashmir Sparks Fears of a Military Conflict Between India and Pakistan|url=http://time.com/4498891/kashmir-uri-attack-india-pakistan-military-conflict/}}</ref><ref name =AlJazeera1/> The protests have been described as the "largest anti-India protests" against Indian rule in recent years.<ref name=WP>{{cite news|title=17 soldiers killed in attack at Indian army base in Kashmir|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/suspected-militants-attack-indian-army-base-in-kashmir/2016/09/17/23674c1a-7d4a-11e6-8064-c1ddc8a724bb_story.html|publisher=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name =CBC/><ref>{{cite news|title=More than a dozen Indian soldiers killed in Kashmir attack|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-than-a-dozen-indian-soldiers-killed-in-kashmir-attack/}}</ref>

During the protests, at least 87 civilians have been killed.<ref name=DW/><ref name =AlJazeera1>{{cite news |title=17 Indian soldiers killed in attack on Kashmir base|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/20-dead-attack-army-base-kashmir-160918055803596.html}}</ref>
<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |title= Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir 'killing 17' |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37399969 |agency= [[BBC News]] }}</ref> Thousands have been injured, including Indian security personnel.<ref name=NYT/> The violence has been described as the worst since 2010.<ref name=DW>{{cite news|title=Indian troops suffer deadly Kashmir ambush|url=http://www.dw.com/en/indian-troops-suffer-deadly-kashmir-ambush/a-19559690}}</ref> Many of the protesters have thrown rocks at Indian soldiers, who have responded by firing [[live ammunition]] and shotgun pellets at the protesters.<ref name=WP/><ref name =CBC/><ref name=NYT/> The Indian security forces have been criticized by human rights groups for using [[excessive force]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India blames Pakistan after Kashmir attack kills 17 soldiers|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/18/seventeen-indian-soldiers-and-four-militants-killed-in-kashmir-a/|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>


==Attack==
==Attack==

Revision as of 20:31, 23 September 2016

2016 Uri attack
Part of Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
LocationNear Uri, Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Date18 September 2016
5.30 am (IST)
Attack type
Terrorism, Mass shooting
Weapons4 AK-47 rifles, 4 Under barrel grenade launchers, 5 Hand grenades, 9 UBGL grenades[1]
Deaths22 (18 soldiers, 4 attackers)[2]
Injured19–30[3][4][5]
Perpetrators4 terrorists
DefendersIndian Army

The 2016 Uri attack was an attack by four heavily armed terrorists on 18 September 2016, near the town of Uri in the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was reported as "the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two decades".[7]

At the time of the attack, the region of Kashmir Valley in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was at the centre of an unrest, during which 85 civilians had died in clashes with security forces.[8][9]

Background

Main article: 2016 Kashmir unrest

The Uri attack came in the context of civil unrest in the Indian-state of Jammu and Kashmir. On July 8, Indian forces killed Burhan Wani, a popular rebel commander.[10][11][12][13] The killing sparked widespread protests, on a daily basis, against the Indian government across the state.[14][15] The protests have been described as the "largest anti-India protests" against Indian rule in recent years.[16][12][17]

During the protests, at least 87 civilians have been killed.[10][15] [18] Thousands have been injured, including Indian security personnel.[11] The violence has been described as the worst since 2010.[10] Many of the protesters have thrown rocks at Indian soldiers, who have responded by firing live ammunition and shotgun pellets at the protesters.[16][12][11] The Indian security forces have been criticized by human rights groups for using excessive force.[19]

Attack

At around 5:30 a.m. on 18 September, four terrorists attacked an Indian Army Brigade headquarters at the town of Uri near the Line of Control in a pre-dawn ambush. They are said to have lobbed 17 grenades in 3 minutes. As a rear administrative base camp with tents caught fire, 13-14 army personnel were killed. A gun battle ensued lasting six hours, during which all the four terrorists were killed. An additional 19-30 soldiers were reported to have been injured in the attack.[3][5][20][21][22] Combing operations continued to flush out additional terrorists thought to be alive.[7]

Most of the soldiers killed were from the 10 Dogra and 6 Bihar regiments.[22] One of the injured soldiers succumbed to his injuries on 19 September at R&R Hospital in New Delhi.[2] As of 19 September 2016, total casualties on the military side is poised at 18.[23]

The high casualties are primarily believed due to non-fire retardant transition tents. This was the time of a troops shift, whereby the 6 Bihar regiment was replacing 10 Dogra regiment. The incoming troops were housed in tents, which are normally avoided in sensitive areas around LOC like Uri. The attackers sneaked into the camp breaching heavy security and seemed to know exactly where to strike. Seven of the personnel killed were support staff, including cooks and barbers.[24][25]

Analysis

On 18 September Times of India published that the army personnel recovered a map from the slain terrorists which had markings in the Pashtun language and indicated a detailed plan of action. Four AK-47 rifles and four under barrel grenade launchers along with ammunition were also recovered. According to the Indian Army, some of the items had Pakistani markings.[26] However, on 22 September Daily News and Analysis published that the Indian National Investigation Agency said "No seizure of items, including Kalashnikov rifles has been made so far, and hence, the presence or absence of markings on them has not been ascertained yet".[27]

The Director General of military operations, Lieutenant-General Ranbir Singh, said that there was evidence that the attackers belonged to Jaish-e-Mohammad, an Islamist militant group based in Pakistan.[28] He established a hotline contact with his Pakistani counterpart and conveyed India's serious concern on the issue.[20][26]

Lt. Gen. Ranbir Singh has also stated that the militants used incendiary ammunition to set fire to the tents.[20] Such incendiary material was used for the first time in attacks, according to sources.[29]

The Diplomat noted that the timing of the attack coincided with the Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's visit to New York to address the United Nations General Assembly the following week.[30]

The India Today magazine reported that there was specific intelligence input from the Intelligence Bureau two days earlier that terrorists were planning to strike army formations close to the Line of Control. The intelligence agency had said that three fidayeen squads were launched from Pakistan-administered Kashmir. One of them attacked Uri, another went to Poonch where it was engaged by the security forces, and the third is believed to be targeting Srinagar highway.[31] The India Today Television mentioned that, according to the intelligence sources, Pakistan has plotted a "spectacular event" ahead of Nawaz Sharif's speech to the UN General Assembly.[32]

An initial investigation into the attack indicated that there were several procedural lapses at the camp. According to the standard security procedures, any tall grass and bushes around vital security installations should be cut. However, this procedure was not followedd by the Uri camp which might have allowed terrorists to sneak into the camp undetected using the tall grass and bushes around the perimeter. In addition, the probe also indicated that two manned guard posts failed to detect the intrusion because the coordination between them might have been poor. It also indicated that the terrorists had inflitrated into Indian territory through Haji Peer Pass on the intervening night of 16-17 September and stayed at Sukhdar village which is located at a vantage point that allows an unhindered view of the layout of the camp as well as movement of the personnel in it.[33]

Aftermath

On 19 September, Rajnath Singh, Manohar Parrikar, Dalbir Singh, National Security Advisor Ajit Doval and officials of Home and Defence ministries met to review the security situation in Kashmir, particularly in areas along the Line of Control.[34] The National Investigation Agency filed a first information report regarding the attack and took over the investigation from Jammu and Kashmir Police on 20 September.[35]

Pakistan International Airlines cancelled flights to certain parts of Kashmir on 21 September in the aftermath of the attack.[36] Security around the Army installation in Uri was intensified following the attack, while soldiers on both the Indian and Pakistani side of Line of Control were placed on high alert.[37]

Reactions

India

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and members of his cabinet vehemently condemned the attack, and Home Minister Rajnath Singh held an emergency meeting to discuss further steps to take in response.[7] Minister of Defence Manohar Parrikar and Indian Army chief General Dalbir Singh visited Kashmir soon after the attack to assess the ongoing military operations and review the security situation in the region.[38] Parrikar instructed the Army to take firm action against those responsible for the attack and also stated that the deaths of the 17 soldiers "will not go in vain".[39] Home Minister Rajnath Singh accused Pakistan for its "continued and direct support to terrorism and terrorist groups", calling Pakistan a "terrorist state" that should be "isolated".[40]

Minister of State for Defence Subhash Bhamre stated that the "entire nation was traumatised" over the death of the 17 soldiers and the whole nation was "united in this hour of grief". He also stated that the Prime Minister, Home Minister and Defence Minister had come to a conclusion that a response needs to be given to Pakistan.[41]

Minster of State for External Affairs and former Army chief Vijay Kumar Singh stated that India will give a "befitting reply” to the attack. He called upon the Indian Armed Forces to scale up their security and described a cold and calculated response as the need of the hour. He also called for an investigation into the shortcomings which led to the attack while stating that the Army should decide its response "coolly" with proper planning.[42][43]

Many Indian politicians and public figures have condemned the attack.[44] Former Indian diplomats and foreign policy experts have said that India had been driven to the wall and that a measured and effective response was needed.[45] The opposition party, Indian National Congress, has said that there was no more scope for constructive dialogue with Pakistan.[46]

Later on the same day, India called upon the United Nations Human Rights Council to urge Pakistan to put an end to cross-border infiltration and dismantle the terrorism infrastructure. Since known terrorists like Hafeez Saeed (the chief of Lashkar-e-Taiba) and Syed Salahuddin (the chief of Hizbul Mujahideen) can hold huge rallies in Pakistan's main cities, it said that active support for such terrorists has become the "new normal" in Pakistan. It highlighted that "Zero tolerance" to terrorism is an international obligation.[47]

On 22 September, the online news magazine The Quint reported Indian military sources stating that the Indian Special Forces struck across the Line of Control and killed at least 20 terrorists. The total casualties could be as high as 200 according to the sources. The Quint reported that it confirmed the report from two other independent sources.[48] The Army however denied the report.[49]

Reports also said that the Indian government summoned the Pakistani envoy and handed him evidence of Pakistani involvement as well as a warning that Pakistan needs to rein in the terrorists.[50] The Ministry of External Affairs released statement, which said:

In the recent incidents, we have recovered a number of items that include GPS from the bodies of terrorists with coordinates that indicate the point and time of infiltration across the LoC and the subsequent route to the terror attack site; grenades with Pakistani markings; communication matrix sheets; communication equipment; and other stores made in Pakistan, including food, medicines and clothes.[50]

Pakistan

In the hours following the attack, Pakistan's military established a hotline with the Indian military. Pakistani military rejected the allegation that it was involved in the attack, and asked the Indian military to provide any actionable intelligence it may have.[51]

Pakistan's Foreign Ministry has issued statements rejecting allegations that Pakistan had masterminded the attack. The ministry asserted that "in the past many Indians were involved in the terrorist acts for which India had blamed Pakistan".[51] The ministry deemed Indian statements as "vitriolic" (earlier Indian Home Affairs Minister had said that Pakistan was a "terrorist state").[52] Pakistan also accused the Indian government of trying to deflect attention from the human rights situation in Kashmir. It said the situation in Indian-administered Kashmir was "not of Pakistan's making but a direct consequence of illegal Indian occupation and a long history of atrocities," and that India's reaction of accusing Pakistan without investigations was "deplorable."[52]

Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff Raheel Sharif claimed that India was propagating a "hostile narrative" in response the Uri attack and also stated that the armed forces of Pakistan were "prepared to respond to the entire spectrum of direct and indirect threat”[53]

Other nations

  •  Afghanistan – Afghan Ambassador to India Shaida Mohammad Abdali condemned the attack. Pledging his nation's support to Prime Minister Narendra Modi's call for a strong and firm action against the perpetrators, Ambassador Abdali said: "We fully support PM Modi's call for strong and firm action against those who terrorise people, and those who use terrorism as an instrument of foreign policy; seeing this for many years. Whoever uses terrorism shouldn't only be isolated but also held accountable."[54]
  •  Armenia – Armenia condemned the attack and expressed condolences to "families of killed and friendly people of India".[55]
  •  Bahrain – Bahrain's Ministry of Foreign Affairs affirmed the nation's "full support to the friendly Republic of India in their actions to counter terrorism" and called for "concerted efforts to eliminate it (terrorism) and cut off its funding."[55]
  •  Bangladesh – Ex Bangladesh High Commissioner to India Syed Muazzem Ali [56] condemned the attack.[57] Bangladesh – MOFA has not yet released a press release.[58]
  •  Bhutan – Bhutan said it is "deeply concerned" at the "despicable" terror attack and called for the need to step up global cooperation to combat terrorism. The Bhutanese Foreign Ministry issued a statement, "Bhutan strongly condemns terrorism in all its forms and stands with India in the fight against terrorism. Such heinous acts of terrorism calls for the need to step up international cooperation to combat the scourge of terrorism that poses a severe threat to the peace and stability of all countries," it said.[59]
  •  Canada – Acting High Commissioner Jess Dutton issued a statement condemning the attack and extending Canada's condolences to the victims and their families. "We are appalled by these attacks and stand with the Government of India in the fight against terrorism."[60]
  •  China – China's Foreign Ministry issued a statement condemning the attack and expressed sympathy towards the families of the slain soldiers as well as the injured soldiers. It also expressed concerns about rising tensions in the Kashmir region and called upon India and Pakistan to hold dialogue and consultations in order to solve their differences and counter-terrorism operations.[61]
  •  France – The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development issued a statement condemning the attack and calling for a peaceful settlement to disputes in Kashmir. "France condemns in the firmest terms the terrible terrorist attack committed on 18 September against an Indian Army camp in the Kashmir region. It expresses its condolences to the families of the 17 Indian soldiers killed in this attack. France stands beside India in the struggle against terrorism. It calls on each state to effectively fight against terrorist groups operating on its territory or from its territory against other countries. France reaffirms its commitment for a peaceful and structured settlement of differences in the region of Kashmir."[62] France also called for "decisive actions" against anti-India terrorist organisations, including Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed and Hizbul Mujahideen.[63]
  •  Germany – Minister of Foreign Affairs Frank-Walter Steinmeier condemned the attack and said, "our thoughts are with the families of the murdered soldiers and with the many people who have been injured, some seriously."[64] He added, "Germany stands resolutely at India’s side in the fight against terrorism. At the Indo-German counterterrorism consultations, which will take place in a few days’ time, we will further discuss the threats to our two countries’ societies.".[64]
  •  Italy – Minister of Foreign Affairs Paulo Gentiloni strongly condemned the attack "in Indian-administered Kashmir." He offered "deepest condolences to the families of the victims and to the Indian authorities," also affirming "Italy's solidarity with India in a common fight against terrorism to promote peace and security in the world."[65]
  •  Japan – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan issued a statement which said, "The Government of Japan strongly condemns the terrorist attack on the Indian Base in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir, and extends its sincere condolences to those who lost their lives and their bereaved families, and expresses its heartfelt sympathy to those who were injured."[66]
  •  Maldives – Maldives condemned the attack, saying that it has "always condemned international terrorism, especially those originating from outside, defeating and eliminating which requires international collaboration and cooperation in good faith."[55]
  •  Mauritius – Mauritius condemned the attack and said that it "stands in solidarity with the Government of India and with all those committed to the fight against terrorism."[55]
  •  Mongolia – Mongolia expressed its deep regret in regards to the attack and said that the "terrorist attack must not be a disruption of efforts for strengthening the regional stability and mutual understanding in the region."[55]
  •    Nepal – Nepal condemned the terrorist attack. In his message to PM Modi, Nepalese Prime Minister Prachanda said he was of the firm belief that the perpetrators behind this heinous act will be brought to justice at the earliest. PM Prachanda reiterated the Nepal government's position of unequivocally condemning terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and said that such acts must be firmly and resolutely dealt with. Prachanda also extended his heartfelt condolences and sympathies to the bereaved families.[67][68]
  •  Qatar – Qatar condemned the attack, stressing its "condemnation of such criminal acts which aim to undermine security and stability."[55]
  •  Russia – Russia condemned the attack saying, it is "concerned about the fact that, according to New Delhi, the army base was attacked from Pakistani territory". In a statement released by the Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that the criminal act should be investigated properly and that its organisers and perpetrators be held accountable.
  •  Saudi Arabia – Saudi Arabia expressed its "strong condemnation and denunciation of the terrorist attack that targeted an Indian military base in the Uri area of north Kashmir, killing and wounding dozens."[69]
  •  Sri Lanka – Sri Lanka condemned the terror attack and reaffirmed the "urgent need for sustained" regional and global cooperation to eliminate terrorism. "In the hour of grief, the Government of Sri Lanka offers its condolences to the families of the victims of the attack, a foreign ministry statement said.[70] Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena called PM Modi to condemn the attack and offered condolences to the families of the victims.[71]
  •  South Korea – South Korea extended its "deepest condolences and sympathy to the innocent victims of the terrorist attack and their bereaved families," adding that terrorism is a unjustifiable crime against humanity.[55]
  •  Turkey – Turkey's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement expressing sorrow over the "heinous attack," extending its condolences "to the families of soldiers who lost their lives" and wishing those injured a speedy recovery. The ministry said it was "deeply concerned about the increasing tension and casualties occurring recently in Jammu and Kashmir," and expressed hope that problems would be "settled through dialogue and within the framework of the relevant UN resolutions."[72]
  •  UAE – The UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation issued a statement "renewing the nation's firm stand against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, its solidarity with the Republic of India and its support to all actions it may take to confront and eradicate terrorism". It further offered deepest condolences and sympathy to the families of the victims, as well as the government and people of India, and wished a speedy recovery to those who had been injured.[73]
  •  United Kingdom – Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson condemned the attack. "The UK strongly condemns this morning’s terrorist attack in Indian-administered Kashmir. I offer my deepest condolences to the victims and their families and friends. The UK condemns all forms of terrorism, and stands shoulder to shoulder with India in the fight against terrorism, and in bringing the perpetrators to justice."[74]
  •  United States – State Department spokesperson John Kirby said, "The United States strongly condemns the terrorist attack on an Indian army base in Kashmir during the early morning of September 18. We extend our condolences to the victims and their families. The United States is committed to our strong partnership with the Indian government to combat terrorism."[75]
The Chairman of the US House Subcommittee on Terrorism, Congressman Ted Poe from Texas, along with Dana Rohrabacher from California, introduced a bill in the US House of Representatives calling for a declaration of Pakistan as a "state sponsor of terrorism". The bill HR6069 requires the US President to issue a report within 90 days detailing Pakistan's role in supporting international terrorism followed by discussion from the US Secretary of State. Ted Poe said in a statement that Pakistan was not only an untrustworthy ally but it has also aided and abetted the enemies of the United States. He called the Uri attack the "latest consequence of Pakistan’s longstanding irresponsible policy of supporting and providing operational space for 'jihadi' terrorist groups".[76][77]
  •  Venezuela – Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro expressed solidarity with the people of India and stated, "We are committed along with our brotherly people of the world to get into the depth of this problem that has generated proliferation of terrorist movements, which doesn't respect life and the need for coexistence of people."[78]

European Union

  •  EU – An EU spokesperson issued a statement calling for solidarity against terrorism and expressing condolences to the families of the victims of the attack. "Yesterday's terrorist attack against the Uri Indian military camp demonstrates once again that terrorism has no boundaries, and that it is a global threat. As far as the European Union is concerned, we are committed to working with our partners and the international community at large to combat terrorism in all its forms. Our first thoughts and condolences go to the victims of this attack and to their families. We wish a quick recovery to those who were injured".[79]

United Nations

  •  UN – On 19 September, the spokesperson of the Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban-ki Moon issued a statement on Moon's behalf in which he condemned the attack and expressed his deepest sympathy and condolences to the families of the soldiers who lost their lives and to the government of India. He also wished a speedy recovery to those who were injured during the attack and hoped that the perpetrators of will be identified and brought to justice.[80]

See also

References

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  4. ^ Uri terror attack: List of jawans who died fighting terrorists, The Indian Express, 18 September 2016.
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  16. ^ a b "17 soldiers killed in attack at Indian army base in Kashmir". Washington Post.
  17. ^ "More than a dozen Indian soldiers killed in Kashmir attack".
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  20. ^ a b c Uri attack: An inside story of how it happened, India Today, 18 September 2016.
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  22. ^ a b Uri Attack: Most of the 17 Soldiers Died in a Tent Fire, The Quint, 19 September 2016.
  23. ^ "Uri attack: Death toll touches 18, India decides to isolate Pakistan on the global stage – Firstpost". 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
  24. ^ High casualties due to transition tents, The Hindu, 19 September 2016.
  25. ^ Uri Base Caught Off-Guard Despite Specific Intel? Army Investigates, NDTV News, 20 September 2016.
  26. ^ a b Jaish terrorists behind Uri attack, had items with Pakistani markings: Army, Times Of India, 18 September 2016.
  27. ^ "Uri attack: Presence or absence of markings on rifles not ascertained yet, says NIA".
  28. ^ Cronin, Audrey Kurth; Huda Aden; Adam Frost; Benjamin Jones (2004-02-06). "Foreign Terrorist Organizations" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service: 40–43. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
  29. ^ NIA team begins probe, visits Uri encounter site, The Hindu, 20 September 2016.
  30. ^ Shawn Snow, 17 Indian Soldiers Killed in Kashmir: India-Pakistan Tensions Heating up, The Diplomat, 19 September 2016.
  31. ^ Uri attack: There was specific intelligence inputs; IB alerted army units on Thursday, India Today, 18 September 2016.
  32. ^ Uri attack: Pakistan plots spectacular event ahead of Sharif's UN speech, report Intel sources, India Today Television, 19 September 2016.
  33. ^ Uri terror attack: Many procedural lapses at Army camp, says initial probe, Times of India, 22 September 2016.
  34. ^ "Uri attack: Rajnath Singh, Manohar Parrikar, NSA, Army chief meet to discuss Kashmir". The Indian Express. Press Trust of India. September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  35. ^ "Uri terror attack: NIA files FIR, begins probe". Times of India. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  36. ^ "PIA cancels flights to Northern areas due to air space restrictions". The Express Tribune.
  37. ^ "Troops on high alert along LoC". Daily Excelsior. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
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  39. ^ "After Uri Attack, Manohar Parrikar Instructs Army To Take 'Firm Action'". Daily Excelsior. September 18, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  40. ^ "Isolate 'Terrorist State' Pakistan, Says Rajnath Singh After Kashmir Attack". ndtv.com.
  41. ^ "MoS defence denies reports of 3 more Uri attack deaths". Hindustan Times. September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  42. ^ "India will give a cold, calculated, and befitting reply, says General VK Singh on Uri attack". The Financial Express. September 19, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
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  44. ^ Neelakantan, Shailaja (September 19, 2016). "Uri terror attack: Demands rise for 'befitting reply' to Pakistan". Times of India. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  45. ^ Uri attack: India driven to the wall, say diplomats, The Hindu, 18 September 2016.
  46. ^ No scope for constructive dialogue with Pak post Uri attack: Congress, Business Standard, 19 September 2016.
  47. ^ Active support for terrorists like Hafiz Saeed, Syed Salahuddin new normal in Pakistan: India at UN Human Rights Council, The Economic Times, 20 September 2016.
  48. ^ Exclusive: Uri Avenged As Spl Forces Cross LoC, Kill 20 Terrorists, The Quint, 22 September 2016.
  49. ^ Army denies 'cross-border surprise raid', The Times of India, 22 September 2016.
  50. ^ a b 3 Days After Uri Attack, India Hands Pakistan Envoy Evidence And A Warning, NDTV News, 21 September 2016.
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