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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Sanskrit on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Sanskrit in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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H:IPA-SA

Template:Contains Indic text

This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sa}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA^[1]	Nagari^[1]	IAST^[1] ^[2]	English approximation
b	ब	b	bin^[3]
bʱ	भ	bh	abhor
ɕ	श	ś	shove^[3]
d	द	d	do
dʱ	ध	dh	roughly like old house
ɖ	ड	ḍ	dart^[3]
ɖʱ	ढ	ḍh	roughly like North American birdhouse
ɡ	ग	g	gate^[3]
ɡʱ	घ	gh	doghouse
h	ः ^[4]	ḥ	head
ɦ	ह	h	hope^[3]
j	य	y	yellow^[3]
dʒ	ज	j	Jew^[3]
dʒʱ	झ	jh	roughly like hedgehog
k	क	k	skate^[3]
kʰ	ख	kh	Kate^[3]
l	ल	l	lug^[3]
m	म	m	mumps^[3]
n	न	n	tenth
ɳ	ण	ṇ	tint^[3]^[5]
ɲ	ञ	ñ	cinch^[3]^[5]
ŋ	ङ	ṅ	sing^[3]^[5]
p	प	p	spin^[3]
pʰ	फ	ph	pin^[3]
ɽ	र	r	drama^[3]
s	स	s	so^[3]
ʂ	ष	ṣ	Somewhat like North American worship
t	त	t	stable
tʰ	थ	th	table
ʈ	ट	ṭ	start^[3]
ʈʰ	ठ	ṭh	tart^[3]
tʃ	च	c	eschew^[3]
tʃʰ	छ	ch	chew^[3]
ʋ	व	v	between wine and vine

Vowels^[5]^[6]
IPA	Nagari	IAST^[2]	English approximation
ə	अ, प	a	but^[3]
aː	आ, पा	ā	mom^[3]
ɪ	इ, पि	i	bit^[3]
iː	ई, पी	ī	beet^[3]
ʊ	उ, पु	u	suture^[3]
uː	ऊ, पू	ū	pool^[3]
ɽi	ऋ, पृ	ṛ	rig^[3]
ɽiː	ॠ, पॄ	ṝ	as rī
li	ऌ, पॢ	ḷ	somewhat like slur^[3]
eː	ए, पे	e	gate^[3]
ai	ऐ, पै	ai	high^[3]
oː	ओ, पो	o	rote^[3]
au	औ, पौ	au	l'oud^[3]
◌̃	ँ	◌̃/m̐	nasal vowel [ə̃], [ãː], [õː], etc.)^[5] Diacritic sound generally used for the nasalisation of vowels but considered as a consonant.

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Nagari	IAST^[2]	English equivalent
ˈ◌			stress (placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː			doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
^ ^a ^b ^c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Goldman, Robert P. (1999). Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language (3rd ed.). University of California, Berkeley. pp. 5–8. ISBN 0944613403.
^ visarga - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.

References

Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.

[inherentv-1] Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.

[comp-2] Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.

[Goldman-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Goldman, Robert P. (1999). Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language (3rd ed.). University of California, Berkeley. pp. 5–8. ISBN 0944613403.

[4] visarga - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant

[nasal-5] Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.

[6] Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
+| {{lang|sa|ब}} || b || style="text-align: left;" | '''b'''in<ref name="Goldman">{{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Robert P. |authorlink1=Robert P. Goldman |title=Devavāṇīpraveśikā: An Introduction to the Sanskrit Language |date=1999 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |isbn=0944613403 |pages=5-8 |edition=3rd}}</ref>
-| {{lang|sa|ब}} || b || style="text-align: left;" | a'''b'''out
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''eep, Ghanian '''sh'''ip
+| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''ove<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|d}}</big>
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like North American bo'''rd'''
+| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | '''d'''art<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big>
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ग}} || g || style="text-align: left;" | a'''g'''ain
+| {{lang|sa|ग}} || g || style="text-align: left;" | '''g'''ate<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ह}} || h || style="text-align: left;" | a'''h'''ead
+| {{lang|sa|ह}} || h || style="text-align: left;" | '''h'''ope<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak
+| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ellow<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like '''j'''uice
+| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | '''J'''ew<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big>
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''c'''an
+| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''ate<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | '''c'''an
+| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | '''K'''ate<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf
+| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''ug<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch
+| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''umps<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like bur'''n'''t<ref name="nasal"/>
+| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | ti'''n'''t<ref name="Goldman" /><ref name="nasal"/>
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like ca'''ny'''on<ref name="nasal"/>
+| {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | ci'''n'''ch<ref name="Goldman" /><ref name="nasal"/>
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | ba'''n'''k<ref name="nasal"/>
+| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | si'''n'''g<ref name="Goldman" /><ref name="nasal"/>
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|प}} || p || style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''an
+| {{lang|sa|प}} || p || style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''in<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''ot
+| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''in<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | North American la'''dd'''er
+| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | d'''r'''ama<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''oup
+| {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''o<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like s'''t'''able
+| {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''art<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like '''t'''able
+| {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''art<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | roughly like '''ch'''ew
+| {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | es'''ch'''ew<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew
+| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big>
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | comm'''a'''
+| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | b'''u'''t<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
+| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | m'''o'''m<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
+| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | b'''i'''t<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t
+| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | b'''ee'''t<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k
+| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | s'''u'''ture<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t
+| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | p'''oo'''l<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽi}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''ri''
+| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | ''ri''g<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽiː}}</big>
@@ Line 150: / Line 150: @@
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|l|li}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''li''
+| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | somewhat like s''lur''<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | w'''ai'''t
+| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | g'''a'''te<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA|ai}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i'''
+| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i'''gh<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | '''o'''ld
+| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | r'''o'''te<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 | <big>{{IPA|au}}</big>
-| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | h'''ow''
+| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | l'''ou''d<ref name="Goldman" />
 |-
 |<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big>

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Revision as of 18:13, 9 March 2019

Key

See also

Notes

References