Americans: Difference between revisions

Languages (2007)
English (only)	225.5 million
Spanish, incl. Creole	34.5 million
Chinese	2.5 million
French, incl. Creole	2.0 million
Tagalog	1.5 million
Vietnamese	1.2 million
German	1.1 million
Korean	1.1 million

Americans
	File:Americans2-3.PNG 1st row: Eleanor Roosevelt • Bill Richardson • Georgia O'Keeffe • John F Kennedy • Amelia Earhart • Abraham Lincoln • Susan B Anthony; 2nd row: Edgar Allan Poe • Gloria Estefan • Martin Luther King Jr. • Oprah Winfrey • César Chávez • Madonna • Franklin Delano Roosevelt; 3rd row: Raquel Welch • Michael Jackson • Hillary Rodham Clinton • Ronald Reagan • Pocahontas • Dwight D Eisenhower • Emily Dickinson; 4th row: Elvis Presley • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Neil Armstrong • Rosa Parks • Thomas Edison • Marilyn Monroe • George Washington
Regions with significant populations
	United States 336,793,000
Mexico	738,100
Canada	688,000
Philippines	250,000
United Kingdom	224,000
Liberia	160,000
France	100,000
Israel	100,000
Germany	99,600
Hong Kong	60,000
Australia	56,276
Japan	52,684
Brazil	40,640
Saudi Arabia	40,000
Costa Rica	40,000
Norway	33,509
Lebanon	25,000
New Zealand	17,751
Languages
	Primarily English, but also Spanish and others
Religion
	Christian (Mostly Protestantism and Catholicism); No religion • Jewish • Muslim • Buddhist • Hinduism • New Religious Movements and others.

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For other uses, see American (disambiguation), and American (word) for analysis and history of the meanings in various contexts.

The people of the United States or simply Americans or American people are the inhabitants and citizens of the United States. The United States is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic and national backgrounds. As a result, some Americans do not treat their nationality as an ethnicity but only a citizenship. Aside from the indigenous Native American population, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.^[19]

Due to the multi-ethnic composition, the United States is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of traditions and values.^[20]^[21] The culture held in common by most Americans is referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Western European migrants, beginning with the early English, Scottish, Welsh and Dutch settlers. German and Irish cultures have also been very influential.^[20] Certain cultural attributes of Igbo, Mandé, Kongo and Wolof slaves from West Africa were adopted by the American mainstream; based more on the traditions of Central African Bantu slaves, a distinct African American culture developed that would also deeply affect the mainstream.^[22] Westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced many new cultural elements. More recent immigration from Asia, Africa, and especially Latin America has had broad impact. The resulting cultural mix may be described as a homogeneous melting pot, or as a pluralistic salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.^[20]

In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as 4 million Americans are estimated to be living abroad.^[3]

Racial and ethnic groups

White and European Americans

Whites constitute the majority of the 308 million (308,745,538) people living in the United States, with 223,553,265 or 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.^[23] They are people who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. White Americans are the majority in forty-nine of the fifty states, with Hawaii as the exception. Non-Hispanic whites are the majority in forty-six states; the four minority-majority states are California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority.

The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are Europeans who have origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations which have a large European diaspora.^[24]

The Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States.^[25] Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States.^[26] Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents.

In 2009, German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), and English Americans (9.0%) were the three largest self-reported ancestry groups in the United States forming 37.4% of the population.^[27] Sixty million Americans, one fifth of the total United States population, claim British ancestry.^[28]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate^[29] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,^[30] and median personal income^[31] of any racial demographic in the nation.

European ancestries
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.	Rank	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.	Paul Newman
1	German	15.2%	42,841,569	11	Swedish	1.4%	3,998,310
2	Irish	10.8%	30,524,799	12	Russian	0.9%	2,652,214
3	English	8.7%	24,509,692	13	Welsh	0.6%	1,753,794
4	Italian	5.6%	15,638,348	14	Danish	0.5%	1,430,897
5	Polish	3.2%	8,977,235	15	Hungarian	0.5%	1,398,702
6	French	3.0%	8,309,666	16	Czech	0.4%	1,258,452
7	Scottish	1.7%	4,890,581	17	Portuguese	0.4%	1,173,691
8	Dutch	1.6%	4,541,770	18	Greek	0.4%	1,153,295
9	Norwegian	1.6%	4,477,725	19	British	0.4%	1,085,718
10	Scotch-Ish	1.5%	4,319,232	20	Swiss	0.3%	911,502
2000 United States Census Bureau								Benjamin Franklin (English). Henry Ford (Anglo-Irish, Belgian). Rita Hayworth (Spanish, English, Irish). Jacqueline Bouvier (French, English, Irish). Wright Brothers (English, Dutch, German-Swiss).^[32] Paul Newman (Hungarian, Polish, Slovak).

Black and African Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.^[33] In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry. According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 blacks in the United States, which represented 12.4% of the population. In addition, there were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which represented 12.1% of the population.^[34]

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captive Africans who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States, although some are—or are descended from—immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations.^[35] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.^[36]

African American history starts in the 17th century with indentured servitude in the American colonies and progresses onto the election of Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there were other events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, that were faced by African Americans. Some of these were slavery, reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.

Black Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States and form the second largest racial group after whites in the United States.^[37]

African ancestries ^[38]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.	Oprah Winfrey descendent of the Kpelle of Liberia.^[39] Paul Robeson of Igbo descent.
1	Nigerian	0.0%	254,794	Ugandan	0.0%	11,674
2	Ethiopian	0.0%	186,679	Senegalese	0.0%	8,767
3	Somalian	0.0%	103,117	Zimbabwean	0.0%	6,367
4	Cape Verdean	0.0%	90,828	Other Subsaharan African	0.0%	126,463
5	Ghanaian	0.0%	84,777	Subsaharan African	0.5%	2,866,419
6	South African	0.0%	55,895	Black Hispanic	0.4%	949,195
7	Liberian	0.0%	49,428	Black or African American alone	12.3%	38,093,725
8	Kenyan	0.0%	44,467
9	Sudanese	0.0%	36,663
10	Sierra Leonean	0.0%	13,281
2009 American Community Survey Bureau

Asian Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 13.4 million in 2008, or 4.4% of the U.S. population.^[40] California is home to 4.5 million Asian Americans, whereas 495,000 live in Hawaii, where they compose the plurality, at 38.5% of the islands' people. This is their largest share of any state.^[41] Asian Americans live across the country, and are also found in large numbers in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Houston, and other urban centers.

They are by no means a monolithic group. The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from the Philippines, Pakistan, China, India, Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, South Korea, Japan and Thailand. While the Asian American population is generally a fairly recent addition to the nation's ethnic mix, relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino and Japanese immigration happened in the mid-to-late 19th century.

Asian ancestries ^[42]
Rank	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.	Ancestry	Percentage	Pop.	Ellison Onizuka of Japanese descent. Lucy Liu of Taiwanese descent.
1	Chinese	1.0%	3,204,379
2	Indian	0.8%	2,602,676
3	Filipino	0.8%	2,475,794
4	Vietnamese	0.5%	1,481,513
5	Korean	0.4%	1,335,973
6	Japanese	0.2%	766,875
7	Taiwanese	0.2%	600,000
8	Pakistani	0.1%	210,245
9	Other Asian	0.6%	1,907,401
10	Asian American (total)	4.5%	13,774,611
11
2009 American Community Survey Bureau

Two or more races

Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population.^[40] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "Some other race") and ethnicities.^[43] The U.S. has a growing multiracial identity movement. Miscegenation or interracial marriage, most notably between whites and blacks, was deemed immoral and illegal in most states until the 20th century. Demographers state that the American people were mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various immigrant nationalities culturally distinct until assimilation and integration took place in the mid-20th century.^{[citation needed]}

American Indians and Alaska Natives

Indigenous peoples of the Americas, such as American Indians and Inuit, made up 0.8% of the population in 2008, numbering 2.4 million.^[40] An additional 2.3 million declared part-American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry.^[44] The legal and official designation of who is Native American by descent aroused controversy by demographers, tribal nations and government officials for many decades. The blood quantum laws are complex and contradictory in admittance of new tribal members, or for census takers to accept any respondent's claims without official documents from the US Bureau of Indian Affairs. Genetic scientists estimated that over 15 million other Americans may be one quarter or less of American Indian descent.

Once thought to face extinction in race or culture, there has been a remarkable revival of Native American identity and tribal sovereignty in the 20th century. The Cherokee are at 800,000 full or part-blood degrees. 70,000 Cherokee live in Oklahoma in the Cherokee Nation, and 15,000 in North Carolina on remnants of their ancestral homelands.

The second largest tribal group is the Navajo, who call themselves "Diné" and live on a 16-million acre (65,000 km²) Indian reservation covering northeast Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southeast Utah. It is home to half of the 450,000 Navajo Nation members. The third largest group are the Lakota (Sioux) Nation located in the states of Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Wyoming; and North and South Dakota.

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders numbered 427,810 in 2008, or 0.14% of the population.^[40] Additionally, nearly as many report partial Native Hawaiian ancestry, for a total of 829,949 people of full or part Native Hawaiian ancestry.^[45] This group constitutes the smallest minority race in the United States. Although the numbers show that just more than half are "full-blooded", most Native Hawaiians on the island chain of Hawaii are said to be highly mixed with Asian, European and other ancestries.

Only 1 out of 50 Native Hawaiians can be legally defined as "full blood" and some demographers believe that by the year 2025, the last full-blooded Native Hawaiian will die off, leaving a culturally distinct, but racially-mixed population. However, there is more individual self-designation of Native Hawaiian than before the US annexed the islands in 1898. Native Hawaiians are receiving ancestral land reparations. Throughout Hawaii, the preservation and universal adaptation of Native Hawaiian customs, Hawaiian language, cultural schools solely for legally Native Hawaiian students, and historical awareness has gained momentum for Native Hawaiians.

National personification

"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson. The female personification is "Columbia".

A national personification is an anthropomorphization of a nation or its people; it can appear in both editorial cartoons and propaganda.

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of flag of the United States — for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African-American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond.

Language

English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2007, about 226 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.^[46]^[47] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.^[48] Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii by state law.^[49]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.^[50] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms.^[51] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

Religion

Religion in the United States
Religion			Percent
Protestant			51.3%
Roman Catholic			23.9%
other Christian			3.3%
Jewish			2.9%
Buddhist			0.7%
Muslim			0.6%
Hindu			0.4%
other religions			1.2%
No religion			16.1%

The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., is the largest Catholic church in the United States.

First Baptist Church in America in Providence, Rhode Island.

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level, compared to other developed countries, and diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion", and guarantees the free exercise of religion. The Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed nations, although similar to the other nations of the Americas.^[52] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.^[53]

The majority of Americans (76%) identify themselves as Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations, accounting for 51% and 25% of the population respectively.^[54] Non-Christian religions (including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism), collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.^[54]^[55]^[56] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.^[54] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.^[54]^[57]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the nineteenth century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.^[58] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals, but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.^[59]

Culture

The development of the culture of the United States of America has been marked by a tension between two strong sources of inspiration: European ideals, especially British; and domestic originality, such as Jeffersonian democracy. Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American.

American culture encompasses traditions, ideals, customs, beliefs, values, arts, folklore and innovations developed both domestically and imported via colonization and immigration from the British Isles. Prevalent ideas and ideals which evolved domestically such as important national holidays, uniquely American sports, proud military tradition, and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.

References

^ "U.S. POPClock Projection". U.S. Census Bureau. Figure updated automatically.
^ People born in Mexico, INEGI, 2010
^ ^a ^b "Record Numbers of Americans Living Abroad". Shelter Offshore. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ "Liberia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture". Infoplease. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ Brazil Country Profile U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on January 19, 2009.
^ ibid, Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia
^ Embassy of the United States Paris, France – Americans in France. France.usembassy.gov (2010-08-10). Retrieved on 2010-12-09.
^ 平成２０年末現在における外国人登録者統計について
^ Statische Bundesamt Deutschland
^ "US citizens in rush for offshore tax advice"
^ – U.S. Dept. of State – Background Note: Philippines
^ "Americans living in Costa Rica". Costa-Rica-Life.com. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ Americans abroad 1999
^ [1]
^ List of countries with foreign nationals in Lebanon
^ Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. 1 January 2010
^ Association of Americans & Canadians in Israel. AACI. Retrieved on 2010-12-09.
^ "North Americans: Facts and figures". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
^ Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0321070585.
^ ^a ^b ^c Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 078728145X.
^ Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 020541365X.
^ Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0253344794. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0803959125.
^ 2010 United States Census statistics
^ Ohio State University. Diversity Dictionary. 2006. September 4, 2006. OSU.edu
^ "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
^ Latino chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic By D. H. Figueredo
^ 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
^ 100 MILLION IMMIGRATION RECORDS GO ONLINE. ancestry.co.uk. Accessed 2011-01-12
^ "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF).
^ "Median household income newsbrief, US Census Bureau 2005". Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2006-09-24.
^ "US Census Bureau, Personal income for Asian Americans, age 25+, 2006". Retrieved 2006-12-17.
^ Wright Brothers: Popular Science Jan 1929.
^ McKinnon, Jesse. "The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
^ United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009. Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2010-12-09.
^ "The size and regional distribution of the black population". Lewis Mumford Center. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
^ "African American" in the American Heritage Dictionary
^ United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000.
^ 2009 American community Survey: Ancestry
^ Oprah's Roots, An African American Lives Special
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "B02001. RACE - Universe: TOTAL POPULATION". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
^ "B02001. RACE - Universe: TOTAL POPULATION [regions and states]". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
^ 2009 American community Survey: Asian American Ancestry
^ Jones, Nicholas A. "The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-05-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ "B02010. AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
^ "B02012. NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
^ ^a ^b "Table 53—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2007" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
^ "Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning" (PDF). MLA. fall 2002. Retrieved 2006-10-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Feder, Jody (2007-01-25). "English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress" (PDF). Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service). Retrieved 2007-06-19.
^ "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. 1978-11-07. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
^ Dicker, Susan J. (2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 216, 220–25. ISBN 1853596515.
^ "California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)". Legislative Counsel, State of California. Retrieved 2007-12-17. "California Judicial Council Forms". Judicial Council, State of California. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
^ "U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
^ Eck, Diana (2002). A New Religious America : the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation. HarperOne. p. 432. ISBN 978-0060621599. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, USA: Trinity College. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
^ "CIA Fact Book". CIA World Fact Book. 2002. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
^ "Religious Composition of the U.S." (PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
^ Newport, Frank (2008-07-28). "Belief in God Far Lower in Western U.S." The Gallup Organization. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
^ Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 10 ("For the first time in recorded history, they designed a government with no established religion at all.")
^ Marsden, George M. 1990. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp.45–46.

Template:Race in the 2000 U.S. Census

[POP-1] "U.S. POPClock Projection". U.S. Census Bureau. Figure updated automatically.

[2] People born in Mexico, INEGI, 2010

[abroad-3] "Record Numbers of Americans Living Abroad". Shelter Offshore. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

[4] "Liberia: History, Geography, Government, and Culture". Infoplease. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

[5] Brazil Country Profile U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on January 19, 2009.

[6] , Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia

[7] Embassy of the United States Paris, France – Americans in France. France.usembassy.gov (2010-08-10). Retrieved on 2010-12-09.

[8] 平成２０年末現在における外国人登録者統計について

[9] Statische Bundesamt Deutschland

[10] "US citizens in rush for offshore tax advice"

[11] – U.S. Dept. of State – Background Note: Philippines

[12] "Americans living in Costa Rica". Costa-Rica-Life.com. Retrieved 2008-09-30.

[13] Americans abroad 1999

[14] [1]

[15] List of countries with foreign nationals in Lebanon

[16] Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. 1 January 2010

[17] Association of Americans & Canadians in Israel. AACI. Retrieved on 2010-12-09.

[FactsAndFigures-18] "North Americans: Facts and figures". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.

[19] Fiorina, Morris P., and Paul E. Peterson (2000). The New American Democracy. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0321070585.

[DD-20] Adams, J.Q., and Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 078728145X.

[Society_in_Focus-21] Thompson, William, and Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 020541365X.

[22] Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture, 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0253344794. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States. Thousand Oaks, California, London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0803959125.

[c2010-23] 2010 United States Census statistics

[24] Ohio State University. Diversity Dictionary. 2006. September 4, 2006. OSU.edu

[loc-25] "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-27.

[26] Latino chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic By D. H. Figueredo

[27] 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

[28] 100 MILLION IMMIGRATION RECORDS GO ONLINE. ancestry.co.uk. Accessed 2011-01-12

[Poverty_rate-29] "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF).

[Median_household_income_newsbrief,_US_Census_Bureau_2005-30] "Median household income newsbrief, US Census Bureau 2005". Archived from the original on 2006-09-03. Retrieved 2006-09-24.

[US_Census_Bureau,_Personal_income_for_Asian_Americans,_age_25+,_2006-31] "US Census Bureau, Personal income for Asian Americans, age 25+, 2006". Retrieved 2006-12-17.

[32] Wright Brothers: Popular Science Jan 1929.

[censusblack-33] McKinnon, Jesse. "The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2007.

[factfinder.census.gov-34] United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009. Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2010-12-09.

[35] "The size and regional distribution of the black population". Lewis Mumford Center. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

[36] "African American" in the American Heritage Dictionary

[tthqvu-37] United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000.

[38] 2009 American community Survey: Ancestry

[39] Oprah's Roots, An African American Lives Special

[b02001-40] "B02001. RACE - Universe: TOTAL POPULATION". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-02-28.

[41] "B02001. RACE - Universe: TOTAL POPULATION [regions and states]". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-04-25.

[42] 2009 American community Survey: Asian American Ancestry

[43] Jones, Nicholas A. "The Two or More Races Population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-05-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[44] "B02010. AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-05-11.

[45] "B02012. NATIVE HAWAIIAN AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-05-11.

[USCB_Lang-46] "Table 53—Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2007" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2009-09-21.

[47] "Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning" (PDF). MLA. fall 2002. Retrieved 2006-10-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[ILW-48] Feder, Jody (2007-01-25). "English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress" (PDF). Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service). Retrieved 2007-06-19.

[49] "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4". Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau. 1978-11-07. Retrieved 2007-06-19.

[50] Dicker, Susan J. (2003). Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. pp. 216, 220–25. ISBN 1853596515.

[51] "California Code of Civil Procedure, Section 412.20(6)". Legislative Counsel, State of California. Retrieved 2007-12-17. "California Judicial Council Forms". Judicial Council, State of California. Retrieved 2007-12-17.

[52] "U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved January 1, 2007.

[53] Eck, Diana (2002). A New Religious America : the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation. HarperOne. p. 432. ISBN 978-0060621599. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[ARIS2008-54] Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar (2009). "AMERICAN RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION SURVEY (ARIS) 2008" (PDF). Hartford, Connecticut, USA: Trinity College. Retrieved 2009-04-01.

[ciafact-55] "CIA Fact Book". CIA World Fact Book. 2002. Retrieved 2007-12-30.

[Pew-56] "Religious Composition of the U.S." (PDF). U.S. Religious Landscape Survey. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-09.

[57] Newport, Frank (2008-07-28). "Belief in God Far Lower in Western U.S." The Gallup Organization. Retrieved 2010-09-04.

[58] Feldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 10 ("For the first time in recorded history, they designed a government with no established religion at all.")

[59] Marsden, George M. 1990. Religion and American Culture. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp.45–46.

[D-60] The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

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v t e European Americans
Central Europe	Austrian Czech German Amish German Texan Pennsylvania Dutch German Mennonites from Russia Hungarian Hungarian Ohioans Kashubian Liechtensteiner Polish Silesian Texas Slovak Sorbian Swiss
Eastern Europe	Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Dagestani Lezgin Chechen Circassian Cossack Georgian Kalmyk Russian Rusyn Ukrainian
Northern Europe	Danish Estonian Faroese Finnish Findian Greenlandic Icelandic Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Norwegian Dakotan Norwegian Minnesotan Sámi Swedish
Southeast Europe	Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Cypriot Croatian Greek Kosovan Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romanian Slovene Serbian Alaskan Serbs Turkish Yugoslav
Southern Europe	Asturian Basque Canarian Catalan Corsican Galician Italian Maltese Portuguese Sammarinese Sicilian Spanish
Western Europe	Belgian Breton British Cornish English Dutch Jersey Dutch French Acadian Cajun Canadian Huguenot Frisian Irish Irish Traveller Luxembourgian Manx Occitan Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots Scottish Walloon Wisconsin Welsh
Other Europeans	White Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Melungeon Métis French Louisianian Alabama Creoles and Cajuns Isleños Louisiana Creole Cajun Creoles of color French Canadian Acadian Cajun
By region	California Los Angeles San Francisco Hawaii White Southerners Arkansas Louisiana Maryland

v t e Asian Americans
Central Asian	Afghan Baloch Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Turkmen Uyghur Uzbek
East Asian	Cantonese Hongkonger Macanese Chinese Fuzhou/Hokchiu Hakka Hoklo/Hokkien Japanese in Hawaii Korean in Hawaii Mongolian Ryukyuan Okinawans Taiwanese Tibetan
South Asian	Bangladeshi Bengali Bhutanese Indian Indo-Caribbean Gujarati Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Telugu Sri Lankan
Southeast Asian	Burmese Cambodian Filipino Hmong Indonesian Karen Laotian Malaysian Mien Singaporean Thai Vietnamese
Other	Asian Hispanic and Latino Punjabi Mexican Multiracial Americans Afro-Asian Amerasian
History	Immigration Military Internment of Japanese Americans
Topics	Arts and Entertainment Broadcast journalism Demographics Politics Science and technology Sports Stereotypes East and Southeast Asians South Asians Model minority myth
Regions	California Los Angeles San Francisco Metro Detroit Hawaii Houston Louisiana Maryland New York City Nevada North Carolina Philadelphia Puerto Rico Washington Washington, D.C. Virginia

v t e Rights of Native Americans in the United States
Case law	Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857) New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858) Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879) Ex parte Crow Dog (1883) Elk v. Wilkins (1884) Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896) Talton v. Mayes (1896) Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903) United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941) Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955) Williams v. Lee (1959) Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960) Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968) McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (1973) Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974) Bryan v. Itasca County (1976) United States v. Antelope (1977) Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978) Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe (1982) Solem v. Bartlett (1984) County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985) South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. (1986) Hodel v. Irving (1987) Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989) Duro v. Reina (1990) South Dakota v. Bourland (1993) Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997) Idaho v. United States (2001) United States v. Lara (2004) City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005) Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009) Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013) Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020) Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022) List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
Legislation	Blood quantum laws (1705 onwards) Nonintercourse Act (1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) Civilization Act (1819) Indian Removal Act (1830) Dawes Act (1887) Curtis Act (1898) Burke Act (1906) Indian Citizenship Act (1924) Indian Reorganization Act (1934) Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (1936) Nationality Act (1940) Public Law 280 (1953) Indian Relocation Act (1956) Indian Civil Rights Act (1968) Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971) Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) Diminishment (1984) Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988) Native American Languages Act (1990) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) Indian Arts and Crafts Act (1990) Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art (2008)
Federal and State recognition	Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians Legal status of Hawaii Federally recognized tribes State recognized tribes
Related	Aboriginal title Bureau of Indian Affairs Cherokee Commission Dawes Rolls Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Eagle feather law Eagle-bone whistle Hunting license In the Courts of the Conqueror Indian reservations Long Walk of the Navajo National Indian Gaming Commission Native American civil rights Native American gaming Native American Rights Fund Recognition of sacred sites Seminole Wars Survivance Trail of Tears Treaty rights Tribal sovereignty Self-determination United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

v t e Middle Eastern Americans
By nation	Egyptian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Palestinian Saudi Syrian Turkish Yemeni
By ethnicity	Arab Assyrian Kurdish
By location	Detroit

v t e Pacific Islander Americans
Melanesians	Fijian
Micronesians	Chamorros Marshallese Micronesian Palauan
Polynesians	French Polynesian Māori Native Hawaiians Samoan Tongan
Related ethnic groups	Australian New Zealander
Related topics	Oceanian Americans Pacific Islanders Asian Pacific Americans