List of natural disasters by death toll: Difference between revisions
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A [[natural disaster]] is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, lots of collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss. |
A [[natural disaster]] is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, lots of collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss. Mass flatulence is the largest cause of natural disasters. |
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Revision as of 14:59, 22 October 2013
A natural disaster is a sudden event that causes widespread destruction, lots of collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. In order to be classified as a disaster it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently incurs financial loss. Mass flatulence is the largest cause of natural disasters.
Ten deadliest natural disasters
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 - 4 million*[1] | 1931 China floods | China | July, August, 1931 |
2 | 900,000–2,000,000[2] | 1887 Yellow River flood | China | September, October, 1887 |
3 | 830,000[3] | 1556 Shaanxi earthquake | China | January 23, 1556 |
4 | 242,000–779,000 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | China | July 1976 |
5 | 500,000-1,000,000[1] | 1970 Bhola cyclone | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | November 13, 1970 |
6 | 300,000[4] | 1839 India Cyclone | India | November 25, 1839 |
6 | 300,000[5] | 1737 Calcutta cyclone | India | October 7, 1737 |
8 | 273,400[6] | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | China | December 16, 1920 |
9 | 250,000–300,000[7] | 526 Antioch earthquake | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | May 526 |
10 | 260,000[8] | 115 Antioch earthquake | Roman Empire (now Turkey) | December 13, 115 |
* Estimate by Nova's sources are close to 4 million and yet Encarta's sources report as few as 1 million. Expert estimates report wide variance.
The list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).
An alternative listing is given by Hough in his 2008 book Global Security.[9]
Ten deadliest natural disasters since 1900
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event* | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,000,000–4,000,000 | 1931 China floods | China | July 1931 |
2. | 650,000–779,000 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | China | July 1976 |
3. | 500,000 | 1970 Bhola cyclone | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | November 1970 |
4. | 234,117 | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | China | December 1920 |
5. | 230,000 | 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami | Indian Ocean | Error in Template:Date table sorting: '26th December 2004' is an invalid date |
6. | 229,000 | Typhoon Nina—contributed to Banqiao Dam failure | China | August 7, 1975 |
7. | 159,000 | 2010 Haiti earthquake | Haiti | January 12, 2010 |
8. | 145,000 | 1935 Yangtze river flood | China | 1935 |
9. | 142,000 | 1923 Great Kanto earthquake | Japan | September 1923 |
10. | 138,866 | 1991 Bangladesh cyclone | Bangladesh | April 29, 1991 |
Does not include industrial or technological accidents or epidemics nor the 1938 Yellow River flood.
Lists of natural disasters by cause
Ten deadliest avalanches
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 20,000 | 1970 Huascarán avalanche; triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake[10] | Peru | 1970 |
2. | 4,000 | 1962 Huascarán avalanche[10] | Peru | 1962 |
3. | 265 | Winter of Terror | Austria-Switzerland | 1951 |
4. | 172 | 2010 Salang avalanches | Afghanistan | 2010 |
5. | 125 | Kolka-Karmadon rock ice slide | Russia | 2002 |
6. | 102 | 2010 Kohistan avalanche | Pakistan | 2010 |
7. | 96 | Wellington, Washington avalanche | United States | 1910 |
8. | 90 | Frank Slide | Canada | 1903 |
9. | 62 | 1910 Rogers Pass avalanche | Canada | 1910 |
10. | 59 | 1993 Bayburt Üzengili avalanche | Turkey | 1993 |
Ten deadliest blizzards
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 4,000 | 1972 Iran blizzard | Iran | 1972 |
2. | 3,000 | Carolean Death March | Sweden | 1719 |
3. | 926 | 2008 Afghanistan blizzard | Afghanistan | 2008 |
4. | 400 | Great Blizzard of 1888 | United States | 1888 |
5. | 318 | 1993 North American Storm Complex | United States | 1993 |
6. | 235 | Schoolhouse Blizzard | United States | 1888 |
7. | 199 | Hakko-da Mountains incident | Japan | 1902 |
8. | 154 | North American blizzard of 1996 | United States | 1996 |
9. | 144 | Armistice Day Blizzard | United States | 1940 |
10. | 133 | 2008 Chinese winter storms | China | 2008 |
Ten deadliest tropical cyclones
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 500,000 | 1970 Bhola cyclone | East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | November 13, 1970 |
2. | 300,000[11] | 1839 India Cyclone | India | November 25, 1839 |
2. | 300,000[12] | 1737 Calcutta cyclone | India | October 7, 1737 |
4. | 229,000 | Super Typhoon Nina—contributed to Banqiao Dam failure | China | August 7, 1975 |
5. | 200,000[13] | Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876 | India (now Bangladesh) | October 30, 1876 |
6. | 138,866 | 1991 Bangladesh cyclone | Bangladesh | April 29, 1991 |
7. | 138,366 | Cyclone Nargis | Myanmar | May 2, 2008 |
8. | 100,000[14] | 1882 Bombay cyclone | India | 1882 |
9. | 80,000[15] | 1874 Bengal cyclone | India | October 1874 |
10. | 75,000[16] | 1847 Bengal cyclone | India | October 1847 |
50 Deadliest earthquakes
Rank | Death toll (estimate) | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 830,000 | 1556 Shaanxi earthquake | China | January 23, 1556 |
2. | 650,000–779,000[17][18][19] | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | China | July 28, 1976 |
3. | 273,400[6] | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | China | December 16, 1920 |
3. | 250,000–300,000[20] | 526 Antioch earthquake | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | May 526 |
5. | 260,000[8] | 115 Antioch earthquake | Roman Empire (now Turkey) | December 13, 115 |
6. | 230,000 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake | Indonesia | December 26, 2004 |
6. | 230,000 | 1138 Aleppo earthquake | Syria | October 11, 1138 |
8. | 200,000 [21] | 1303 Hongdong earthquake | China | September 17, 1303 |
8. | 200,000 | 856 Damghan earthquake | Iran | December 22, 856 |
8. | 200,000[22] | 1780 Tabriz earthquake | Iran | January 8, 1780 |
11. | 170,000[23] | 896 Udaipur earthquake | India | 896 |
12. | 159,000[24] [25] | 2010 Haiti earthquake | Haiti | January 12, 2010 |
13. | 150,000 | 893 Ardabil earthquake | Iran | March 23, 893 |
14. | 142,807[26][27] | 1923 Great Kanto earthquake | Japan | September 1, 1923 |
15. | 130,000[28] | 533 Aleppo earthquake | Syria | November 29, 533 |
16. | 123,000[1] | 1908 Messina earthquake | Italy | December 28, 1908 |
17. | 110,000 | 1948 Ashgabat earthquake | Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union (now Turkmenistan) | October 5, 1948 |
18. | 100,000 | 1290 Chihli earthquake | China | September 27, 1290 |
18. | 100,000 | 1970 Ancash earthquake | Peru | May 31, 1970 |
18. | 100,000[29] | 2005 Kashmir earthquake | Pakistan (Azad Kashmir) | October 8, 2005 |
21. | 87,587[30][31] | 2008 Sichuan earthquake | China | May 12, 2008 |
22. | 80,000[32] | 1721 Tabriz earthquake | Iran | April 26, 1721 |
22. | 80,000[33] | 458 Antioch earthquake | Turkey & Syria | September 458 |
22. | 80,000 | 1667 Shamakhi earthquake | Azerbaijan | November 1667 |
22. | 80,000 | 1854 Great Nankaidō earthquake | Japan | November 1854 |
22. | 80,000[34] | 1169 Aleppo earthquake | Syria | 1169 |
27. | 77,000 | 1727 Tabriz earthquake | Iran | November 18, 1727 |
28. | 73,000[35] | 1718 Gansu earthquake | China | June 19, 1718 |
29. | 70,000[36] | 1033 Ramala earthquake | Palestine | December 10, 1033 |
29. | 70,000[37] | 847 Damascus earthquake | Syria | 847 |
29. | 70,000[38] | 1868 Ecuador earthquakes | Ecuador | August 15, 1868 and August 16, 1868 |
32. | 60,000[39] | 587 Antioch earthquake | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | September 30, 587 |
32. | 60,000[40] | 1101 Iran earthquake | Iran | 1101 |
32. | 60,000 | 1268 Cilicia earthquake | Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (now Turkey) | 1268 |
32. | 60,000 | 1693 Sicily earthquake | Italy | January 11, 1693 |
32. | 60,000 | 1935 Balochistan earthquake | British India (now part of Pakistan) | May 31, 1935 |
37. | 50,000[41] | 844 Damascus earthquake | Syria | September 18, 844 |
37. | 50,000[42] | 1042 Tabriz earthquake | Iran | November 4, 1042 |
37. | 50,000 | 1783 Calabrian earthquakes | Italy | 1783 |
37. | 50,000 | 1990 Manjil-Rudbar earthquake | Iran | June 21, 1990 |
37. | 40,000–50,000 [43] | 1755 Lisbon earthquake | Portugal | November 1, 1755 |
42. | 45,000[44] | 850 Iran earthquake | Iran | July 15, 850 |
42. | 45,000[45] | 856 Corinth earthquake | Greece | December 856 |
42. | 45,000[46] | 856 Tunisia earthquake | Tunisia | December 3, 856 |
45. | 42,571[47] | 1668 Shandong earthquake | China | July 25, 1668 |
46. | 40,900 | 1927 Gulang earthquake | Gansu, China | 1927 |
47. | 40,000[48] | 342 Antioch earthquake | Byzantine Empire (now Turkey) | 342 |
47. | 40,000[49] | 662 Damghan earthquake | Iran | April 26, 662 |
47. | 40,000[50] | 1455 Naples earthquake | Italy | December 5, 1455 |
47. | 40,000[51] | 1754 Cairo earthquake | Egypt | September 2, 1754 |
47. | 40,000[52] | 1755 Tabriz earthquake | Iran | June 7, 1755 |
47. | 40,000 | 1797 Riobamba earthquake | Ecuador | 1797 |
Ten deadliest floods / landslides
Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans, for example, the dams, levees, seawalls and retaining walls failure.
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,000,000–4,000,000[53] | 1931 China floods | China | 1931 |
2. | 900,000–2,000,000 | 1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood | China | 1887 |
3. | 229,000 [54] | Failure of 62 dams, the largest of which was Banqiao Dam, result of Typhoon Nina. | China | 1975 |
4. | 145,000 | 1935 Yangtze river flood | China | 1935 |
5. | more than 100,000 | St. Felix's Flood, storm surge | Netherlands | 1530 |
6. | 100,000 | Hanoi and Red River Delta flood | North Vietnam | 1971 |
7. | up to 100,000 [citation needed] | 1911 Yangtze River flood | China | 1911 |
8. | 50,000–80,000 | St. Lucia's flood, storm surge | Netherlands | 1287 |
9. | 60,000 | North Sea flood, storm surge | Netherlands | 1212 |
10. | 36,000 | St. Marcellus flood, storm surge | Netherlands | 1219 |
The list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).
Deadliest heat waves
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 70,000 | 2003 European heat wave | Europe | 2003 |
2. | 56,000 | 2010 Russian heat wave | Russia | 2010 |
3. | 5,000–10,000 | 1988 United States heat wave | United States | 1988 |
4. | 1,700-5,000 | 1980 United States heat wave | United States | 1980 |
5. | 1,718 | 2010 Japanese heat wave | Japan | 2010[55] |
6. | 1,500 | 2003 Southern India heat wave | India | 2003[56] |
7. | 946 | 1955 Los Angeles heat wave | United States | 1955 |
8. | 891 | 1972 New York City heat wave | United States | 1972 |
9. | 739 | 1995 Chicago heat wave | United States | 1995[57] |
10. | 475 | 1900 Argentina heat wave | Argentina | 1900 |
Deadliest lightning strikes
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 4,000 | Palace of the Grand Master Explosion, Rhodes | Greece | 1856[58] |
2. | 3,000 | Church of San Nazaro Explosion, Brescia | Italy | 1769 |
Deadliest limnic eruptions
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,744 | Lake Nyos | Cameroon | 1986 |
2. | 37 | Lake Monoun | Cameroon | 1984 |
10 deadliest storms (non-cyclone)
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 15,100 | Torrential rains and mudslides | Venezuela | 1999 |
2. | 1,000 | Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides | Brazil | 2011 |
3. | 500 | Lofoten, Heavy storm | Norway | 1849 |
4. | 250 | Great Lakes Storm of 1913 | United States and Canada (Great Lakes region) | 1913 |
5. | 242 | 1996 Amarnath Yatra tragedy | India | 1996 |
6. | 210 | Trøndelag, storm ("Follastormen") | Norway | 1625 |
7. | 189 | Eyemouth, Scotland, storm ("Black Friday") | United Kingdom | 1881 |
8. | 140 | Trøndelag, storm ("Titran disaster") | Norway | 1899 |
9. | 128 | 2008 Santa Catarina floods and mudslides | Brazil | 2008 |
10. | 96 | Lofoten, storm | Norway | 1868 |
10 deadliest tornadoes
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,300 | The Daulatpur-Salturia Tornado | Manikganj, Bangladesh | April 26, 1989 |
2. | 923 | 1969 East Pakistan Tornado | East Pakistan, Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | 1969 |
3. | 695 | The Tri-State Tornado | United States (Missouri–Illinois–Indiana) | March 18, 1925 |
4. | 681 | 1973 Dhaka Tornado | Bangladesh | 1973 |
5. | 600 | The Valletta, Malta Tornado | Malta | 1551 |
6. | 500 | The Sicily Tornadoes | Sicily, Two Sicilies (now Italy) | 1851 |
6. | 500 | The Narail-Magura Tornadoes | Jessore, East Pakistan, Pakistan (now Bangladesh) | 1964 |
6. | 500 | The Comoro Tornado | Comoro | 1951 |
9. | 440 | The Tangail Tornado | Bangladesh | 1988 |
10. | 400 | The Ivanovo-Yaroslavl, Russia, Tornado | Soviet Union (now Russia) | 1984 |
10 deadliest tsunamis
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 230,000 | 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami | Sumatra | December 26, 2004 |
2. | 123,000[1] | 1908 Messina earthquake | Italy | December 28, 1908 |
3. | 36,417–120,000 | 1883 eruption of Krakatoa | Indonesia | August 26, 1883 |
4. | 40,000–50,000 [59] | 1755 Lisbon earthquake | Portugal | November 1, 1755 |
5. | 40,000 (est.) | Minoan Eruption | Greece | Template:Dtsh2nd Millennium BCE |
6. | 31,000 | 1498 Meiō Nankaidō earthquake | Japan | September 20, 1498 |
7. | 30,000 | 1707 Hōei earthquake | Japan | October 28, 1707 |
8. | 27,122[60] | 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake | Japan | June 15, 1896 |
9. | 25,674 | 1868 Arica earthquake | Chile | August 13, 1868 |
10. | 23,024 | 1293 Kamakura earthquake | Japan | May 27, 1293 |
A 1782 possible tsunami causing about 40,000 deaths in the Taiwan Strait area may have been of "meteorological" origin (a cyclone) [61]
10 deadliest volcanic eruptions
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 92,000 | Mount Tambora (see also Year Without a Summer) | Indonesia | April 10, 1815 |
2. | 36,000 | Krakatoa | Indonesia | August 26–27, 1883 |
3. | 33,000 | Mount Vesuvius | Pompeii and Herculaneum, Italy | August 24, 79 A.D. |
4. | 29,000 | Mount Pelée | Martinique | May 7 or May 8, 1902 |
5. | 23,000 | Nevado del Ruiz (Armero tragedy) | Colombia | November 13, 1985 |
6. | 15,000 | Mount Unzen | Japan | 1792 |
7. | 10,000 | Mount Kelud | Indonesia | 1586 |
8. | 9,350 | Laki. Killed about 25% of the population | Iceland | June 8, 1783 |
9. | 6,000 | Santa Maria | Guatemala | 1902 |
10. | 5,115 | Mount Kelut | Indonesia | May 19, 1919 |
10 Deadliest wildfires / bushfires
Rank | Death toll | Event | Location | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | 1,200–2,500 | Peshtigo Fire, Wisconsin | United States | October 8, 1871 |
2. | 1,200 | Kursha-2 Fire | Soviet Union | August 3, 1936 |
3. | 453 | Cloquet Fire, Minnesota | United States | October 12, 1918 |
4. | 418 | Great Hinckley Fire, Minnesota | United States | September 1, 1894 |
5. | 282 | Thumb Fire, Michigan | United States | September 5, 1881 |
6. | 273 | Matheson Fire, Ontario | Canada | July 29, 1916 |
7. | 240 | Sumatra and Kalimantan Fires | Indonesia | 1997 |
8. | 230 | Landes region | France | 1949 |
9. | 213 | Black Dragon Fire | China | May 1987 |
10. | 173 | Black Saturday bushfires | Australia | February 7 – March 14, 2009 |
See also
- List of all known deadly earthquakes since 1900
- List of natural disasters in Haiti
- List of natural disasters in the United States
- Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
- Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth
- List of epidemics
- List of famines
Other lists organized by death toll
- List of wars and disasters by death toll
- List of accidents and disasters by death toll
- List of battles and other violent events by death toll
- List of disasters in Australia by death toll
- List of Canadian disasters by death toll
- List of New Zealand disasters by death toll
- List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll
- List of United States disasters by death toll
- Tsunamis in the United Kingdom
References
- ^ a b c d The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved 2010-10-29.
- ^ "NOVA Online | Flood! | Dealing with the Deluge". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- ^ "Top 10 Deadliest Earthquakes". Time. January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- ^ "The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
- ^ "10 'Worst' Natural Disasters". Eas.slu.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- ^ a b http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/16/c_13652388.htm
- ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=131&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
- ^ a b http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=64&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
- ^ Understanding Global Security, Peter Hough, 2008, chapter 8, page 192, table 8.1 'The ten worst natural disasters in history'
- ^ a b "The Peru Earthquake: A Special Study". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Oct 1970: 17.
- ^ "The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
- ^ "10 'Worst' Natural Disasters". Eas.slu.edu. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- ^ ThinkQuest Team #C003603. "Hurricanes: case studies". Library.thinkquest.org. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/Cyclon.htm
- ^ http://www.nih.ernet.in/rbis/india_information/Cyclon.htm
- ^ Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tangshan_earthquake#Death_toll
- ^ ja:地震の年表#.E8.A2.AB.E5.AE.B3.E3.81.8C.E5.A4.A7.E3.81.8D.E3.81.AA.E5.9C.B0.E9.9C.87
- ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=131&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
- ^ http://www.kepu.net.cn/english/quake/ruins/
- ^ http://earthquakes.sciencedaily.com/l/1320/Iran-Tabriz
- ^ ja:地震の年表#.E5.8D.97.E3.83.BB.E4.B8.AD.E5.A4.AE.E3.83.BB.E8.A5.BF.E3.82.A2.E3.82.B8.E3.82.A2.E3.83.BB.E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.E4.BB.A5.E5.89.8D
- ^ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13623699.2010.535279
- ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php
- ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&day=1&submit=View+Date
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- ^ http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol._2_No._4%3B_March_2011/20.pdf
- ^ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/year/2008/2008_deaths.php
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- ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=335&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
- ^ The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University, 2006
- ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=217&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
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- ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=607&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
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- ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=1336&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
- ^ "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
- ^ 229,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998
- ^ Kanoko Matsuyama; Shigeru Sato (13 July 2011). "Heatstroke Deaths Quadruple as Japan Shuns Air Conditioners to Save Power". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 1 June 2012. "last year, when a record 1,718 people died of heatstroke as the summer heat broke records."
- ^ 2003 Southern India heat wave
- ^ Eric Klinenberg (July 30, 2002). "Dead Heat: Why don't Americans sweat over heat-wave deaths?". Slate. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
- ^ http://dailydisaster.wordpress.com/2009/04/03/april-3-1856-palace-of-the-grand-masters-explosion-rhodes/
- ^ The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. Discussion Paper 06/03, Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University, 2006
- ^ http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2489&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display
- ^ Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea
External links
- Natural Hazards Data from NOAA National Geophysical Data Center
- "When Nature Attacks" from Newsweek
- World's worst natural disasters since 1900
- USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
- EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database managed by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
- Disasters Database Report from Emergency Management Australia