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Revision as of 04:49, 25 April 2019

"Sri Lanka Easter massacre" redirects here. For the attack during World War II, see Easter Sunday Raid.

2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
Part of terrorism in Sri Lanka, persecution of Christians in the modern era, terrorism linked to ISIL
Three of the major targets. Clockwise from upper left: St. Anthony's Shrine, The Kingsbury, Shangri-La Hotel
class=notpageimage|
Location of bombings in Colombo City
2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings is located in Sri Lanka
Colombo
Colombo
St. Sebastian's Church, Negombo
St. Sebastian's Church, Negombo
Zion Church, Batticaloa
Tropical Inn, Dehiwala
class=notpageimage|
Location of targeted cities around Sri Lanka
LocationChurches
Hotels
Housing complex
Date21 April 2019 (2019-04-21)
TargetChristians and tourists
Attack type
Suicide bombings[1]
WeaponsRDX and Acetone peroxide Explosive Shrapnel
Deaths359[2]
Injuredappr. 500[3]
Perpetrators9 suicide bombers[4]
MotiveState Minister Ruwan Wijewardene: "Retaliation for Christchurch mosque shootings"[8][9][10][11]
InquiryPresident Sirisena invoked emergency laws, providing Police extensive powers; The president later stated that emergency laws would be confined to dealing with the current terrorism threat and would not be used to impinge freedom of expression.[12]
Charges9 charged with supplying paraphernalia used in connection with an act of terrorism due to appear in Colombo Magistrates Court on 6 May 2019 [13]

The 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that occurred on 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday, when three Christian churches across Sri Lanka and three luxury hotels in the commercial capital Colombo were targeted in a series of suicide bombings. Later that day, there were smaller explosions at a housing complex in Dematagoda and a guest house in Dehiwala. At least 359 people were killed,[2] including at least 39 foreign nationals[15] and three police officers, and at least 500 were injured.[16][17][18][19][20]

The church bombings were carried out during Easter services in Negombo, Batticaloa and Colombo; the hotels bombed were the Shangri-La, Cinnamon Grand, Kingsbury and Tropical Inn.[21][22][23][24] A minor explosion was also recorded in Savoy Cinema, Colombo during the raids conducted by police officers on 24 April 2019.[25]

According to government officials, all seven of the suicide bombers in the near-simultaneous attacks were Sri Lankan citizens associated with National Thowheeth Jama'ath, a local militant Islamist group with suspected foreign ties, previously known for attacks against Buddhists.[5] State Minister of Defence Ruwan Wijewardene said in parliament that initial investigations had revealed that the attack was in retaliation for the attack against Muslims in Christchurch on 15 March 2019.[8][9][10][11] However, analysts believe the attacks to have been planned before the Christchurch attack.[26][27]

On 23 April 2019, Amaq News Agency, a propaganda outlet for the militant Islamic terrorism organisation, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), claimed that the bombers were ISIL fighters answering its call to attack citizens of the coalition which has intervened against the group.[7] However, Sri Lanka was not part of the anti-ISIL coalition and the overwhelming majority of those killed were Sri Lankan citizens.[28]

Background

Further information: Persecution of Christians in the modern era § Sri Lanka, and List of non-state terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka

There is a long history of terrorism in Sri Lanka. Most of the attacks were by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which was defeated in 2009 in its effort to violently seize control of the country from the Sinhalese ethnic majority to create an independent Tamil state, and the Marxist-Leninist, communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), which was involved in armed uprisings in 1971 and 1987-89.[29][30][31] While there were 13 non-state terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka in the 2000s, since the defeat of the LTTE, the 2019 attack is the first major attack of the 2010s.

The main religions in Sri Lanka are Buddhism (70%), Hinduism (13%), Islam (10%) and Christianity (7%), with 82% of the Christians being Roman Catholics. The remaining Christians are evenly split between the Anglican Church of Ceylon and other Protestant denominations.[32]

During the 2010s, a low but persisting number of attacks and threats were made against Christian congregations and individuals, as well as other religious minorities.[33][34] Anglican Bishop of Colombo Dhiloraj Canagasabey called for constitutional rights on religion to be protected.[35] In 2018, the National Christian Evangelical Alliance of Sri Lanka (NCEASL) reported a large increase in the number of attacks against Christians in the country that year. This coincided with a Supreme Court ruling against a Catholic organisation in August, which deemed that proselytism was not protected by the constitution (though individual freedom of religion remained protected).[36][37]

Easter Sunday is one of Christianity's holiest days and church attendance in Sri Lanka is very high on this day.[38]

The New York Times and AFP reported on a police chief warning security officials in an advisory ten days before the attacks of a threat to prominent churches from a radical Islamist group, National Thowheeth Jama’ath.[39] No information in this regard had been passed to the senior politicians of the country;[40][41] however, Minister Harin Fernando then tweeted images of an internal memo and report by the police intelligence of a terror attack planned by the leader of National Thowheeth Jama’ath, Mohammed Zahran.[15]

The information on potential terrorist attacks were received by Sri Lankan authorities from Indian Intelligence Agencies based on interrogation of a suspected ISIS recruit.[42] first time since 2009, the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War, that the country had experienced a major terrorist attack.[43] The last time such terrorist attack took place with deaths in triple digits was the 2006 Digampathana bombing.

Attacks

Christians were celebrating Easter Sunday services when the bombings took place, targeting churches and hotels around Sri Lanka. The sequence and coordination of the bombings were planned to cause maximum destruction, targeting Christians during worship services across the island nation, and targeting guests at the height of breakfast in luxurious beachfront hotels in the capital. All six of the first set of blasts targeting the churches and hotels were carried out by suicide bombers.[40]

The first blast took place in the Shrine of St. Anthony, a historic church in the capital, where more than 50 people were killed. The second blast took place in St. Sebastian's Church in the Christian-majority suburb of Negombo, to the north of Colombo and Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte.[44] St. Sebastian's is also close to Sri Lanka's main airport, Bandaranaike International Airport, where security was heightened.[40]

Sri Lankan media reported at least 40 people killed in Colombo, between St. Anthony's and the hotels.[45][46]

Timeline of bombings

Time (UTC+05:30) Locations[47][48]
8:45 AM Colombo: Shrine of St. Anthony Church, Shangri-La Hotel, Kingsbury Hotel

Negombo: St.Sebastian's Church

8:50 AM Colombo: Cinnamon Grand Hotel
9:05 AM Batticaloa: Zion Evangelical Church
1:45 PM Dehiwala: Guesthouse near the National Zoo
2:15 PM Dematagoda: Housing complex

Churches

The Catholic Shrine of St. Anthony in Kotahena, Colombo, was the first to be hit, followed by the Catholic Church of St. Sebastian in Negombo.[49] Sri Lankan news media reported at least 93 people killed at St. Sebastian's.[45][46]

The Zion Church in Batticaloa, a Protestant congregation, was also bombed.[39] Local news reported at least 27 killed in Batticaloa,[45][46] with 9 of these reported by a police official to be tourists.[21] A hospital official in the region said that more than 300 people had been admitted following the explosion.[23] The BBC reported that the suicide bomber had attempted to enter the church under the guise of filming it, but was denied access because of the ongoing service. Instead, he detonated his bomb in the churchyard, killing many children from the attached Sunday school who were taking a break.[50]

Hotels

Three 5-star hotels on the beachfront in central Colombo were attacked around the same time as the churches: the Shangri-La Hotel, the Cinnamon Grand Hotel and The Kingsbury.[16][51]

The Shangri-La bomber struck at 08:57 hours (UTC+05:30) during breakfast in the Table One Restaurant on the hotel's third floor, which was reportedly full of foreign tourists who made up the bulk of the hotel's clientele.[46]

The suicide bomber who struck at the Taprobane restaurant in the Cinnamon Grand hotel checked into the hotel with a fake name the night prior, under the false pretense of a business trip. Carrying a plate, the bomber entered the queue of the packed restaurant's breakfast buffet the next morning and detonated explosives strapped to his back as he was about to be served. One of the hotel's managers who was present welcoming guests was among those killed instantly.[52]

The reception hall of a guest house, the Tropical Inn in Dehiwala, was also attacked later in the day, with two deaths reported.[24][53][54]

Residence

A further bombing occurred later in the day when police began to search a suspect's house in the suburbs of Colombo; a suicide bombing was carried out at a housing complex in Dematagoda killing three police officers: a sub-inspector and two constables.[55][56] The suicide bomber, a pregnant female, also killed herself and her three children. She was the wife of Ilham Ibrahim, the Shangri-La suicide bomber, and the sister-in-law of Inshaf Ahmed Ibrahim, the Cinnamon Grand suicide bomber.[57]

Aftermath

Proclamation of emergency laws.

On 22 April 2019, the Sri Lankan government declared a state of emergency from midnight after the imposing of a new curfew and the government also further announced that it would hold the national day of mourning, the following day. Social media apps were blocked for use, restricting public communication over the internet.[58][59]

The government closed facilities for security; the Defence Ministry issued a curfew starting at 18:00 local time on the day of the attacks, and imposed a temporary social media ban,[60] whilst the Minister of Education, Akila Viraj Kariyawasam, had all schools closed for the following two days.[61] The Colombo Stock Exchange announced that its operations will be temporarily suspended following the terror attacks, not opening as planned on 22 April 2019.[62][63]

Thwarted attacks

An improvised explosive device[64] was found near the Bandaranaike International Airport in Colombo and was dismantled by the Sri Lankan Air Force.[65]

On 22 April, the Special Task Force (STF), the elite counter-terrorism unit of the Sri Lanka Police, located a van belonging to the attackers near St. Anthony's Shrine, the site of one of the prior day's blasts. Upon inspection, the vehicle was found to have been rigged with 3 bombs. After the STF's bomb defusing unit evacuated the surrounding area, the bombs exploded simultaneously during an unsuccessful defusing attempt.[66] The same day, police reportedly found 87 items of bomb paraphernalia at the Bastian Mawatha Private Bus Station in Pettah.[67]

Victims

Deceased by nationality[68]
Nationality Number
 Sri Lanka 318
 India[69] 11
 United Kingdom[70] 6
 Denmark[71] 3
 Netherlands[72] 3
 Australia[73] 2
 Saudi Arabia[74][75] 2
 Spain[76] 2
  Switzerland[67] 2[a]
 Turkey[77] 2
 UK/ US[78] 2
 United States[79] 2
 Bangladesh[80] 1
 China[81] 1
 Japan[82] 1
 Portugal[83] 1
Total 359[b]

The bombings killed 359 people[2] and injured at least 500. The majority of the dead are Sri Lankans, with at least 41 foreigners among those killed.[15]

Shantha Mayadunne, a Sri Lankan TV chef, and her daughter were among the dead.[84] The Danish dead were three of the four children of Anders Holch Povlsen, CEO of Danish clothing retailer Bestseller.[85][86] The Bangladeshi victim was an 8-year-old grandson of a cousin of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina.[87][88][89][90] At least 45 children died in the attacks, including nine who were foreigners.[90][67][91]

On 23 April, the first mass funeral was held at St. Sebastian's Church, Negombo.[92]

Investigation

Sri Lanka's Minister of Telecommunication Harin Fernando had tweeted that Police Chief Pujith Jayasundara sent an alert by his Deputy Inspector General Priyalal Dissanayake dated 11 April 2019 relaying an Indian intelligence report[93][94][95][96] from 4 April that suicide bombers affiliated with NTJ planned to attack prominent churches and the Indian embassy in Colombo.[97][98][99] Indian intelligence service reissued the warnings two days and two hours before the attacks. Following the attacks, it disclosed that some of the information about the attacks was gleaned from an ISIS suspect arrested in Delhi, who revealed the name of a man, Zahran Hashim, the leader of the NTJ.[100]

After initial government denials of the alert's authenticity, Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe stated that "information was there," about the attacks, and that his government must "look into why adequate precautions were not taken."[40] The State Defense Minister had earlier requested that the media not publish the names of the attackers, and said the government believes the attacks were carried out by a single group of religious extremists.[39][101]

The bomber at the Cinnamon Grand Hotel was a guest who registered under the name of "Mohamed Azzam Mohamed" and gave a false address.[102] The Shangri-La Hotel bomber was identified by police as Insan Seelavan, a factory owner, nine of whose employees have been arrested.[103]

On 23 April 2019, three Sri Lankan government and military sources told Reuters that a Syrian national had been held in custody for questioning over the attacks.[104]

Later on 23 April, the Sri Lankan State Defense Minister, Ruwan Wijewardene, said that initial investigations have revealed that Islamic extremists "carried out the attacks in retaliation for a March attack on two mosques in New Zealand".[8][9][10][11] However this has been doubted by New Zealand’s Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and by analysts as the attacks were likely planned before the Christchurch attacks.[26][27][105] New Zealand security expert Paul Buchanan said that "Christchurch seems to be a convenient justification for something that was being planned before March 15".[26] Shortly afterward, Amaq News Agency claimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) inspired the attacks.[7] It released a photo and a video showing eight suicide bombers pledging allegiance to ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Zahran Hashim of the NTJ was identified as their leader.[100]

Investigators also believe the bombs were made of acetone peroxide.[106]

Perpetrators

Local police arrested eight people residing in the Colombo suburb of Dematagoda on the day of the attacks.[22][39][107][108][109][110] Five more suspected attackers and accomplices were arrested at a house during the night.[15] Police confirmed on the day after the bombings that 24 people were arrested.[111] However, by 23 April 2019 the number of people arrested was 40.[112] Three police officers and two civilians were killed by bombs that exploded during the captures.[113] Nine suicide bombers, including one woman, were involved in the attacks.[4]

Health Minister Rajitha Senaratne confirmed that all of the bombers were Sri Lankan citizens associated with National Thowheeth Jama'ath (NTJ), a local militant radical Islamist group, but foreign links are suspected.[114] There had been no claim of responsibility before 23 April. NTJ's leadership had been condemned by several Sri Lankan Muslim organisations in 2016 for advocating extreme fundamentalist indoctrination of children and for clashes with Buddhist monks,[115] and was linked in 2018 to vandalism of Buddhist statues following anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka.[116][117] NTJ's member and "bombing mastermind" Moulavi Zahran Hashim, a radical islamist imam from Sri Lanka, preached on a pro-ISIL Sri Lankan Facebook account, known as "Al-Ghuraba" media, and on YouTube.[118][119]

Social media blockade

The government temporarily blocked major social media networks and messaging services Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Viber, Snapchat and YouTube within hours of the attack. The officials said they "can't trust Facebook and WhatsApp to filter out fake news about the Easter bombings."[120] The blocking included VPN service providers that could be used to circumvent the blocks.[121]

Some commentators condoned the move and viewed it as evidence that social media sites had failed to stop misinformation.[122] Others criticised the block for cutting off Sri Lankans from means of communicating with relatives during a disaster[123] and saw it as counterproductive in reducing fake news.[124][125]

Political fallout

See also: 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis

The Inspector General Police Pujith Jayasundara came under heavy criticism following the bombings with the United People's Freedom Alliance urging that he resign for this total failure to prevent the bombings.[126] Later, former Presidental candidate Field Marshal Sarath Fonseka claimed it was unfair to blame the IGP and claimed it was a conflict between the functioning of military intelligence and criminal investigators, and called for better intelligence mechanism and security clearances to be streamlined.[127]

In a speech delivered in parliament, former president and current opposition leader Mahinda Rajapaksa slammed the government for weakening the intelligence services over the years. He stated that in January 2015, he handed over a secure and peaceful country with a strong national security apparatus. He claimed the present government is squarely responsible for the 2019 Easter bombings, stating that on an important occasion such as Easter, representatives of the government usually attend Mass; however, on this occasion, no representatives were present in or near churches. He blamed the government for diluting the powers of the national security apparatus and claimed this terrorist attack would never have occurred under his administration. Additionally, the government was preparing to repeal the Prevention of Terrorism Act; he questioned what kind of position the government would have been in to respond to the incident had they been successful in having the Act repealed.[128]

On 24 April 2019, President Sirisena promised major changes to the leadership of the security forces within the next 24 hours and pledged a "complete restructure" of the police and national security forces in the coming weeks. These changes come amidst allegations that a rift between the President and Prime Minister contributed to the failure to effectively respond to threats that undermine national security. The incident also caused a major setback for the government and for other political parties just before 2019 Sri Lankan presidential election [129]

Reactions

Domestic responses

Leaders of the country condemned the attacks: President Maithripala Sirisena said "I have given instructions to take very stern action against the persons who are responsible for this conspiracy",[130] the Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said "I strongly condemn the cowardly attacks on our people today,[131] Opposition Leader and former President Mahinda Rajapaksa called the attacks "absolutely barbaric" and said that the nation will stand united as one against "acts of terrorism",[132] and Finance Minister Mangala Samaraweera described the attacks as a "well co-ordinated attempt to create murder, mayhem and anarchy".[21]

The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Colombo, Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith, said "It’s a very very sad day for all of us. I wish therefore to express my deepest sorrow and sympathy [...] I condemn to the utmost of my capacity this act that has caused so much death and suffering to the people."[133] Following the attack, the Archbishop's House in Colombo cancelled all Catholic Easter services planned for the evening of Easter Sunday.[134]

International responses

Numerous world leaders expressed condolences and condemnation.[c]

Buildings around the world were dimmed or lit in Sri Lanka’s colours in solidarity.[176] The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France dimmed its lights on the night of the attacks in honor of the victims of the Sri Lanka bombings.[177] Additionally, the Toronto sign was dimmed in honor of the victims of the attack.[178] Buildings and bridges that were lit up in the colours of Sri Lanka's flag included the Finlandia Hall in Helsinki, Finland, the Tel Aviv City Hall in Tel Aviv, Israel, multiple landmarks in Sunderland, UK and Abu Dhabi, UAE and several buildings and bridges across Australia including Flinders Street Station, the Bolte Bridge, Melbourne Town Hall, Arts Centre Melbourne, NGV, Melbourne Museum and the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne and the Story Bridge, Victoria Bridge and the Brisbane City Hall in Brisbane among others.[179][180][181][182][183][184] The NASDAQ sign at Times Square in New York City also paid tribute to the victims of the Sri Lanka attacks.[185]

Additionally, the New York Stock Exchange paused for a moment of silence before the opening bell on the day after the attacks.[186] Real Madrid C.F. also paused for a moment of silence before the commencement of the La Liga match on the night of the attacks.[186] Candlelight vigils were held and flags were also flown at half-mast around the world including in Canada, Scotland, Pakistan, Indonesia and New Zealand among others.[186]

Religious leaders

Representatives and leaders of the main world religions responded with prayers and support for the victims.[187]

Olav Fykse Tveit, the general secretary of the ecumenical World Council of Churches (WCC), expressed his condolences, saying "As a global fellowship of churches, we stand in special solidarity with the Christians of Sri Lanka who have been attacked in this vicious way."[188]

Pope Francis pledged his closeness and solidarity after the attacks. During his Urbi et Orbi address in St. Peter's Square, he said "I wish to express my heartfelt closeness to the Christian community of Sri Lanka, wounded as it was gathered in prayer, and to all the victims of such cruel violence." He also urged the international community to offer the needed help to Sri Lanka, and called on them "not to hesitate in condemning those terrorist and inhuman acts that are never justifiable".[189]

All Ceylon Jamiyyathul Ulama, a council of Muslim theologians, stated that "On behalf of the Sri Lankan Muslim community, we offer our condolences to the people of Christian faith and extend our hands of friendship in solidarity."[190] They also called for security at all religious sites and for "maximum punishment to everyone involved in these dastardly acts."[190] Several of the theologians met with Malcolm Ranjith, the Archbishop of Colombo, following the attacks. The National Shoora Council, composed of 18 Muslim organizations, also expressed its condolences and requested that the Sri Lankan government not "leave any stone unturned in its efforts to apprehend the culprits whoever they may be and to whatever part of the populace they may belong to."[190]

Condolences were also offered by the leaders of Anglican,[191] Latter-day Saints,[192] Methodist,[193] Jewish,[187] Orthodox,[194][195] Evangelical,[196] and Reformed churches.[197]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ One of whom also held citizenship of another country; the Sri Lankan-national members of a Swiss-Sri Lankan family who were killed are not included.
  2. ^ Multiple citizenships above only counted once
  3. ^ World leaders giving condolences included those of Afghanistan,[135] Australia,[136] Bangladesh,[137] Brazil,[138] Bulgaria,[139] Canada,[140] China,[141] Denmark,[142] Finland,[143] the Holy See,[144] Hungary,[145] India,[146] Indonesia,[147] Iran,[148] Israel,[149] Italy,[150] Japan,[151] Lebanon,[152][153] Malaysia,[154] Morocco,[155] New Zealand,[156] Pakistan,[157] Palestine,[158][159] the Philippines,[160] Poland,[161] Portugal,[162] Russia,[163] Saudi Arabia,[164] Serbia,[165] Singapore,[166] Slovakia,[167] South Korea,[168] Thailand,[169] the United Arab Emirates,[170] the United Kingdom,[171] the United States,[172] Venezuela[173][174] and Vietnam.[175]

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Template:2019 in Sri Lanka

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