List of active separatist movements in Europe
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognized as a national minority.[4]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members;
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy);
- They are citizens/peoples of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy;
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state;
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession;
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region;
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control;
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession;
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations;
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities;
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state -- in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be Irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the List of active irredentist movements.
Albania
- People: Greeks in Albania
- Political parties: Omonoia, Unity for Human Rights Party (seeks autonomous status or union with Greece)
Azerbaijan
Breakaway state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians
- De facto state: Republic of Artsakh
- Government-in-exile: Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
Belgium
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state:
Flanders
- Political parties:
New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, and Vlaams Belang member of the Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty-Group - Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state:
Wallonia
- Political parties: Walloon Rally
- Proposed state:
Wallonia and Brussels-Capital Region[7]
- People: French
- Proposed state: Unification with the
French Republic
- Political parties: Wallonia France Rally, Brussels France Rally[7]
- Proposed state: Unification with the
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Republika Srpska; Unification with
Serbia
- Proposed state: Republika Srpska; Unification with
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state:
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina (formerly unification with 
Croatia)
- Proposed state:
Czech Republic
- People: Silesians
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement (EFA member)[10]
Denmark
- For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America.
- People: Danish
- Proposed autonomous region: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party (Bornholms selvstyreparti)[11][12]
- Proposed autonomous region: Bornholm
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Movement: Faroese independence movement
- Proposed state:
Finland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: Unification with the
Basque Country and 
Navarre— Euskal Herria[13][14][15]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Batasuna, Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Egi, Gazte Abertzaleak, Iritzarri, Segi
- Militant organisations: ETA, Irrintzi
- Proposed state: Unification with the
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and parts of 
Pays de la Loire
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state:
Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Political parties: Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann, Breiz Atao
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state:
Northern Catalonia / Roussillon (predominantly Pyrénées-Orientales)
- People: Catalans
- Proposed state: Unification with
Catalonia — Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (EFA member), Unitat Catalana (EFA member), Candidatura d'Unitat Popular[17]
- Proposed state: Unification with
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state:
Corsica
- Political party: Corsica Libera
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Savoy
- Political party: Liga de la Savouè (Savoyan League)
- Proposed state:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed state:
Occitania
- Political party: Partit de la Nacion Occitana
- Proposed state:
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Alsace
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Niçard
- Proposed autonomous area:
County of Nice
- Political party: Partit Nissart (Parti niçois (fr))[18]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Normans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Normandy
- Political party: Mouvement normand (Normand Movement)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area: Savoy
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan (EFA member), Iniciativa per Occitània, Anaram au Patac, Hartèra
- Proposed autonomous area:
Georgia
Breakaway states:
- People: Abkhaz
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
Republic of Abkhazia - Political organisation:Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazia Army
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: South Ossetia Army
Germany
- People: Bavarians
- Proposed state:
Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party
- Proposed state:
- People: Frisians
- Proposed autonomous region: East Frisia
- Political party: Die Friesen
- Proposed autonomous region: East Frisia
- People: Franconians
- Proposed autonomous area: Franconia
- Political party: Party for francs[citation needed]
- Proposed autonomous area: Franconia
- People: Sorbs
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- Political party: Lusatian Alliance
- Proposed autonomous area: Lusatia
- People: Danish, Frisians
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
- Political party: South Schleswig Voter Federation
- Proposed autonomous area: Southern Schleswig
Italy
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan, Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front[20]
- Free Territory of Trieste
- Political movements : Movimento Trieste Libera;[21] Territorio Libero di Trieste
- Proposed state:
- People: Lombards
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy
- Political parties: Independence Front Lombardy, Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[22]
- Proposed state:
- People: Sardinians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Sardinia
- Political parties: Sardinia Nation, Sardinian Action Party, Independence Republic of Sardinia, Project Republic of Sardinia, Lega Nord Sardinia, others
- Militant organisations: Fronte Nazionale de Liberazione de sa Sardigna (defunct), Movimentu Nazionalista Sardu (defunct), Movimento Armato Sardo (defunct)[23]
- Proposed state:
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily
- Political parties: Sicilian Independentist Movement, Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians, Free Sicilians[24]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[25] Sicilia Nazione,[26] Sicilian National Liberation Movement,[27]
- Proposed state:
- People: South Tyroleans (a subset of Tyroleans)
- Proposed state: Unification with
Tyrol (
Austria)
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen, South Tyrolean Freedom, Citizens' Union for South Tyrol, Lega Nord Alto Adige/Südtirol
- Militant organisations: South Tyrolean Liberation Committee (defunct)
- Proposed state: Unification with
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice
- Proposed state:
Padania
- Political parties: Lega Nord, Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- People: Ligures
- Proposed state:
Ligurian Republic
- Political parties: Ligurian Independence Movement, Lega Nord Liguria
- Proposed state:
Kosovo
- People: Serbs
- Proposed state: Re-unification with Serbia
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities (status unknown)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Macedonia
Albanian community in Macedonia
- People: Albanians
- Proposed state:
Republic of Ilirida
- Proposed state:
Moldova
Breakaway state:
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition
Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- De facto state: with partial de jure recognition
Proposed independent and autonomous movements:
- People: Gagauz
- Proposed state:
Republic of Gagauzia
- Political organisation: Gagauzian People Assembly
- Proposed state:
- People: Bulgarians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Taraclia
- Proposed autonomous area:
Netherlands
- People: Frisian
- Proposed autonomous area: Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[30]
- Proposed autonomous area: Frisia
- People: Groningers
- Proposed autonomous area:
Groningen[31]
- Political party: Groningen Centraal!
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Eindhovenaren
- Proposed state: Metropoolregio Eindhoven
- People: Limburgish
Poland
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[10]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Silesia
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed autonomous area: Kashubia
- Political party: Kaszëbskô Jednota
- Proposed autonomous area: Kashubia
Romania
Hungarian community in Romania
- People: Hungarians and Székelys
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy:
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[32] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[33] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Szekler autonomy in Szekely Land.[34] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[35][36]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council,[37] Hungarian National Council of Transylvania, Liga Pro Europa, a Romanian-Hungarian regionalist NGO,[38] Provincia, a group of intellectuals promoting regionalization of Romania.[38]
Other administrative proposals by regionalist organisations:
- Banat[39]
- Bukovina[40]
- Moldavia[41]
- Transylvania[42]
- Political organisations: Liga Transilvania-Banat, a regionalist party led by Sabin Gherman.[38]
- Advocacy organisations: Autonomy for Transylvania (AFT) campaign, it demands autonomy for Transylvania.[43] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată), a regionalist NGO,[42] an active supporter of the "Autonomy for Transylvania" campaign,[44] League of Banat (Liga Banateana), a regionalist NGO.[39][45]
Russia
- People: Tatars
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
Tatarstan
- Russia's North Caucasus
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
- People: Chechens
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile)[46][47][48][49]
- People: Circassian
- Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (member of UNPO)
- Proposed entity: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as north Kabardino-Balkaria, north Karachay–Cherkessia, south-east Krasnodar Krai, and south Stavropol Krai)
- People: Balkar, Karachay
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
- Goals: Autonomy for the
Karachay and 
Balkaria, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism) - Proposed autonomous republic: Karachay-Balkar Republic (includes south Kabardino-Balkaria and south Karachey-Cherkessia)
Serbia
- People: Serbs, Hungarians in Serbia
- Proposed state:
Republic of Vojvodina
- Political parties: League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina
- Proposed autonomous area: Hungarian Regional Autonomy in Northern Vojvodina[citation needed]
- Political parties (autonomist): League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, Reformists of Vojvodina, Vojvodina's Party
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Hungarians of Vojvodina
- Political parties: Hungarian Coalition[citation needed] composed of three political parties (Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians,[citation needed] Democratic Party of Vojvodina Hungarians,[citation needed] Democratic Fellowship of Vojvodina Hungarians[citation needed])
- Proposals for Hungarian territorial autonomy in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak, List for Sandžak, Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[50]
Breakaway state
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Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- Proposed:
Republic of Kosovo
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 58% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Slovakia
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of sporadic Hungarian presence.[51]
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[52] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[53]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of sporadic Hungarian presence.[51]
Spain
- Secessionist movements
- People: Andalusian
- Proposed state:
Andalusia
- Political parties (nationalist): Partido Andalucista (dissolved), Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas, Partido Comunista del Pueblo Andaluz
- Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Asamblea Nacional de Andalucía, Candidatura Unitaria de Trabajadores
- Youth movements: Jaleo!!!, Juventud Independentista Revolucionaria Andaluza, Juventudes Andalucistas
- Trade union: Sindicato Andaluz de Trabajadores
- Proposed state:
- People: Aragonese
- Proposed state
- Socialist:
Aragon - Federalist:
Aragon
- Political party (nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista (EFA member), Tierra Aragonesa
- Political party (secessionist): Estau Aragonés, Puyalón de Cuchas,
- Youth movements: Purna Astral, Chobenalla Aragonesista
- Trade union: Sindicato Obrero Aragonés (SOA)
- Other pro-independence organisations: A Enrestida, Sindicato d'Estudiants Independentistas y Revolucionarias d'Aragón (SEIRA), Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- Socialist:
- Proposed state
- People: Asturians
- Proposed state:
Asturias
- Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, Unión Renovadora Asturiana
- Political parties (nationalist): Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (EFA member), Unidá, Bloque por Asturies, Compromisu por Asturies
- Political parties (secessionist): Andecha Astur
- Youth movements: Darréu, UNA-Mocedá, Fai!
- Trade unions: Corriente Sindical d'Izquierda, SUATEA
- Other pro-independence organisations: Sofitu
- Proposed state:
- People: Balearics — Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Balearic Islands — 
Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States)
- Political parties: Partit Socialista de Mallorca-Entesa Nacionalista (in Majorca)
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- Proposed state:
Basque Country (autonomous community) and 
Navarre
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[13]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Amaiur, Aralar, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Batasuna (illegalised due to terrorism support)
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA)
- Proposed state:
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo,
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
- People: Cantabrians
- Proposed state:
Cantabria
- Political party: Cantabrian Nationalist Council
- Youth movement: Regüelta (Revolt)
- Trade union: Intersindical Cántabra
- Proposed state:
- People Castilians
- Proposed states:
Castile
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Castellano PCas
- Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana
- Youth movements: Yesca
- Proposed states:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic — Catalan Countries (Confederation of Catalan States) (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Government-in-exile: Government of Catalonia under Puigdemont's cabinet[54]
- Political parties:
- JuntsxCat (34/135), Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (32/135): coalition to stand in the Catalan parliamentary election, 2017 supported by Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135 seats in the Catalan parliament) and Democrats of Catalonia (3/135), Left Movement (1/135) and other small parties and civil organisations
- Popular Unity Candidacy - Constituent Call, coalition to stand in the Catalan parliamentary election, 2015 supported by Popular Unity Candidacy (4/135) and other small parties and civil organisations
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Unió de Joves
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galicia. Some groups also propose a unification with 
Portugal — 
Portugalicia (See reintegrationism)
- Political party: Bloque Nacionalista Galego (Galician Nationalist Block) (autonomist) (EFA member), Nós-Unidade Popular (WE-Popular Unity) (independentist), Frente Popular Galego (Galician Popular Front) (independentist), Partido Galeguista (The Galician Party), Terra Galega Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Alternativa Galega de Esquedas (Galician Left Alternative)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, AGIR, CAF
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
- People: Leonese
- Proposed states:
Leonese Country
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: Conceyu Xoven, RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[55]
- Advocacy groups: AGORA País Llionés
- Militant organisations: Tierra Lleunesa
- Proposed states:
- People: Navarran or Navarrese (a subgroup of Basque people)
- Proposed states: Unification with the Basque Country – Euskal Herria
- Political parties: Geroa Bai, Bildu, Basque Nationalist Action, Batasuna, Euskal Herritarrok
- Militant organisations: ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) (ceasefire since 2011), Iraultza (disbanded), Komando Autonomo Antikapitalistak (merged with ETA)
- Proposed states: Unification with the
- People: Valencians — Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or 
Kingdom of Valencia — with the option for a free association with the rest of Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[56][57]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, Youths of Compromís (mostly soveranist and non-secessionist), Youths of Republican Left of the Valencian Country
- Trade union: Intersindical Valenciana
- Other organisations: Valencian Sovereignty (Sobirania Valenciana)
- Proposed state:
Additionally, there are a number of almost extinct secessionist or soveranist movements in other autonomous communities and historical territories, e.g. Extremadura and Murcia.
- People: Extremadurans
- Proposed state:
Extremadura
- Political parties (sovereignist): Bloque Popular de Extremadura
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Extremeña, Extremadura Unida
- Trade union: Unión Extremeña de Trabajadores
- Proposed state:
- People: Murcians
- Proposed state:
Murcia
- Political parties (nationalist): Partido Federal Murciano, Partido del País Murciano, Unión de los Pueblos de Murcia
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Regionalista Murciano, Partido Murcianista, Nueva Región, Unión Democrática de la Región de Murcia-Coalición Ciudadana Regional
- Proposed state:
Local secessionist (mostly autonomist) movements include Aranesism, Bercianism, Cartagenism, Majorcanism, Manchego autonomism, Navarrism, Valencian Blaverism and Eastern Andalusian autonomism.
- People: Aranese (a subset of Gascon Occitans)
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley — within Catalonia
- Proposed autonomous area: Aran Valley — within
Switzerland
- Secessionist movements
Canton of Jura or wider Jura region (including the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District)[58]
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed state:
Free State of Jura
- Political party: Mouvement Indépendantiste Jurassien (Jurassian Independentist Movement)[59]
- Proposed state:
Canton of Ticino[citation needed]
- People: Ticinesi (Italian-speaking)
- Proposed state: Unification with
Lombardy
- Political party: Lega Sud Ticino
- Pressure groups: Domà Nunch
- Proposed state: Unification with
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: Unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[60] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[61]
- Proposed autonomous area: Unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
Ukraine
- Proposed autonomous regions
- People: Hungarian Ukrainians, Rusyn Ukrainians[62]
- Proposed autonomous area: Transcarpathian Regional Confederation of the Hungarian and Rusyn People[63]
- Political parties: People's Parliament Carpathian Rusyns, which demands autonomy of Ruthenia
- Proposed autonomous area: Transcarpathian Regional Confederation of the Hungarian and Rusyn People[63]
United Kingdom
- Secessionist movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state:
Cornwall
- Political Parties: Cornish Nationalist Party
- Militant groups: Cornish Republican Army[64]
- Proposed state:
- People: English
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats[65]
- Militant groups: English People's Liberation Army
- Proposed state:
- People: Irish
- Proposed state: Reunification with
Republic of Ireland - Movement: United Ireland
- Political parties: Sinn Féin, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Republican Sinn Féin, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Fianna Fáil, éirígí, Workers' Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party
- Militant organisations: Real Irish Republican Army, Continuity Irish Republican Army, Óglaigh na hÉireann
- Advocacy group: Celtic League,[16] 32 County Sovereignty Movement
- Proposed state: Reunification with
- People: Ulster Scots
- Proposed state:
Ulster
- Militant organisations: Some elements within the Ulster Defence Association
- Proposed state:
- People: Scots
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Green Party, RISE,[66] Scottish Socialist Party
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[16]
- Proposed state:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state:
Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Cymru Annibynnol, Cymru Sovereign
- Advocacy groups: Cymuned, Celtic League[16]
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[65] UKIP[71]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[72]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Londoners
- Proposed autonomous area:
London
- Political parties: Labour Party[73]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political parties: Canvey Island Independent Party
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[77] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[78][79]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League, Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Tyr Gwyr Gweryn,[80][81] Wessex Constitutional Convention[82]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed autonomous area:
Wessex
- Political parties: Wessex Regionalists - the Party for Wessex
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- Proposed autonomous area:
Yorkshire[84][85][86][87]
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats, Yorkshire First
- Advocacy group: Yorkshire Devolution Movement[88][89]
- Proposed autonomous area:
North East England or North East Combined Authority area (which excludes Tees Valley)
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area:
North East England or 
Northumbria[90]
- Political parties: North East Party[91]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Shetlanders and Orcadians
- Proposed autonomous area: Northern Isles
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[92]
- Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP, Tavish Scott MSP,[92] and some local independent councillors[93]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Orcadians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Orkney
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[92]
- Advocates: Liam McArthur MSP[92]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Shetlanders
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Political parties: Liberal Democrats[92]
- Advocates: Tavish Scott MSP,[92]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of the Outer Hebrides
- Proposed autonomous area: Outer Hebrides[93]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Mercia
- Proposed autonomous area:
Mercia
- Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia
- Proposed autonomous area:
- Independence movements of dependent territories
- People: Manx
- Proposed State:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Advocacy group: Celtic League[16]
See also
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of micro-regional organizations
- List of states with limited recognition
- Independence referendum
References
- ^ "Separatism", Free Dictionary
- ^ Merriam; Webster, "Separatism", Dictionary
- ^ "Separatism", The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia, 2008
- ^ Harris, Jerry (2009). The Nation in the Global Era Conflict and Transformation. Brill. p. 320. ISBN 90-04-17690-X.
- ^ "Directory of Minorities". Minority rights. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
he size of the Greek minority is especially contentious on account of the history of claims to southern Albania made by the Greek government in Athens, and of the substantial support within Greece and among Greeks in Albania, for the establishment of an autonomous district of 'Northern Epirus'.
- ^ Andreevska, Elena (1998). The national minorities in the Balkans under the European and UN system of protection of human and minority rights. Magor. ISBN 978-998985105-6. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Omonia's previous policy of improvements for ethnic Greeks within Albania has been progressively abandoned in favour of either autonomy or enosis
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{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Robins, David; Xylas, Nick (15 March 2003). The Case for Wessex (PDF). Wessex Constitutional Convention. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9544667-0-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2006. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
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External links
- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won’t work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible