1931
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1931 by topic |
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| Subject |
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| By country |
| Lists of leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1931 MCMXXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2684 |
| Armenian calendar | 1380 ԹՎ ՌՅՁ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6681 |
| Baháʼí calendar | 87–88 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1852–1853 |
| Bengali calendar | 1338 |
| Berber calendar | 2881 |
| British Regnal year | 21 Geo. 5 – 22 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2475 |
| Burmese calendar | 1293 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7439–7440 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚午年 (Metal Horse) 4628 or 4421 — to — 辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4629 or 4422 |
| Coptic calendar | 1647–1648 |
| Discordian calendar | 3097 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1923–1924 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5691–5692 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1987–1988 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1852–1853 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5031–5032 |
| Holocene calendar | 11931 |
| Igbo calendar | 931–932 |
| Iranian calendar | 1309–1310 |
| Islamic calendar | 1349–1350 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 6 (昭和６年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1861–1862 |
| Juche calendar | 20 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4264 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 20 民國20年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 463 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2473–2474 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金马年 (male Iron-Horse) 2057 or 1676 or 904 — to — 阴金羊年 (female Iron-Goat) 2058 or 1677 or 905 |
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1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1931st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 931st year of the 2nd millennium, the 31st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1930s decade.
Events
January
- January – The National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act is formed to work for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States.
- January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics.
- January 3 – Albert Einstein begins doing research at the California Institute of Technology, along with astronomer Edwin Hubble.
- January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa.
- January 6 – Thomas Edison submits his last patent application.
- January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.
- January 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India.[citation needed]
- January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France.
- January 30 – Release of the movie City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin.
February
- February 3 – Hawke's Bay earthquake: Much of the New Zealand cities of Napier and Hastings are destroyed in an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale killing 256 people.
- February 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states : "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." Intensification of the First Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union for industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
- February 10 – Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.[1]
- February 11 – National Socialist (NSDAP) and German National People's Party (DNVP) members walk out of the German Reichstag in protest against changes in the parliament's protocol intended to limit heckling.
- February 12 – Vatican Radio first broadcasts.
- February 14 – The original film version of Dracula with Bela Lugosi is released in the United States.
- February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.
- February 20 – California gets the go-ahead by the United States Congress to build the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge.
- February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima.
March
- March 1 – The USS Arizona is placed back in full commission after a refit.
- March 1 – Sir Oswald Mosley founds the New Party as a breakaway from the Labour Party in the United Kingdom.
- March 3 – The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the United States' National anthem.
- March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact.
- March 7 – The new House of Representatives opens in Helsinki, Finland.
- March 11 – The Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR programme, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.
- March 17 – Nevada legalizes gambling.
- March 19 – Westminster St George's by-election in the U.K. results in the victory of the Conservative candidate Duff Cooper. The by-election has been treated virtually as a referendum on the leadership of the Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin, and Duff Cooper's victory ends the campaign by the press barons Lord Beaverbrook and Viscount Rothermere to oust Baldwin.
- March 23 – Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj.
- March 25 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape.
- March 27 – English writer Arnold Bennett dies of typhoid in London shortly after returning from a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe.
- March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people.
April
- April 1 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in China is launched by the Kuomintang government to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi province.
- April 6 – The Portuguese government declares martial law in Madeira and in the Azores because of an attempted military takeover in Funchal.
- April 9 – Argentinian anarchist Severino Digiovanni is executed.
- April 12 – Municipal elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy, result in the triumph for the republican parties.
- April 14 – The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed in Madrid. Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the Republican Left of Catalonia, Francesc Macià proclaims in Barcelona the Catalan Republic, as state of the Iberian Federation.
- April 15 – The Castellammarese War ends with the assassination of Joe "The Boss" Masseria, briefly leaving Salvatore Maranzano as capo di tutti i capi ("boss of all bosses") and undisputed ruler of the American Mafia. Maranzano is himself assassinated less than 6 months later, leading to the establishment of the Five Families.
- April 17 – After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes into Generalitat of Catalonia, a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.
- April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the USA recognize the Spanish Republic.
- April 25 – The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart.
May
- May 1 – Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City.
- May 4 – Kemal Atatürk is re-elected president of Turkey.
- May 5 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).
- May 11 – The Creditanstalt, Austria's largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.
- May 13 – Paul Doumer is elected president of France.
- May 14 – Ådalen shootings: Five people are killed in Ådalen, Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.
- May 15
- The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang forces.
- Pope Pius XI issues the encyclical Quadragesimo anno on the "reconstruction of the social order".
- May 31 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in defeat of the Kuomintang.
June
- June 3 – Salvador Dalí's The Persistence of Memory is put on display for the first time in Paris at the Galerie Pierre Colle.
- June 5 – German Chancellor Dr. Heinrich Brüning visits London, where he warns the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the Creditanstalt, has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.
- June 12 – English cricketer Charlie Parker equals J. T. Hearne's record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets.
- June 14 – Saint-Philibert disaster: the overloaded pleasure craft Saint-Philibert, carrying trippers home to Nantes from the Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the river Loire in France; over 450 drown.
- June 19
- In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President Herbert Hoover issues the Hoover Moratorium.
- The Geneva Convention (1929) relative to the treatment of prisoners of war enters into force.
- June 23–July 1 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout from Roosevelt Field, New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.[2]
July
- July – John Haven Emerson of Cambridge, Massachusetts perfects his negative pressure ventilator ("iron lung") just in time for the growing polio epidemic.
- July 1 – Rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station officially opens in Italy.
- July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy.[3]
- July 13 – Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the Maharaja Hari Singh of the Indian princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.[4]
- July 16 – Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first constitution of Ethiopia.
- July 26 – The millennialist Bible Student movement adopts the name Jehovah's Witnesses at a meeting in Columbus, Ohio.
- July 31 – The May Report in the United Kingdom recommends extensive cuts to government expenditure. This produces a political crisis as many members of the Labour Party (at this time in government) object to the proposals.
August
- The 1931 China floods reach their peak in possibly the deadliest natural disaster yet recorded.
- Warner Brothers releases the first Merrie Melodies cartoon, Lady, Play Your Mandolin.
- August 9 – Referendum in Prussia for dissolving the Landtag ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of Otto Braun, which is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the "yes" side were the NSDAP, the DNVP and the Communist Party (KPD) while supporting the "no" side were the SPD and Zentrum.
- August 11 – Run on the British pound leads to political and economic crisis in Britain.
- August 24 – The Labour Government of Ramsay MacDonald resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.
September
- September 5 – John Thomson, Scottish football player, dies as the result of an accident during a Celtic–Rangers match.
- September 7 – Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London. Mahatma Gandhi represents the Indian National Congress.
- September 10 – The worst hurricane in British Honduras history kills an estimated 1,500.
- September 15 – Invergordon Mutiny: Strikes are called in the British Royal Navy due to decreased pay.
- September 16 – Hanging of resistance leader Omar Mukhtar in Italian Libya.
- September 18
- Japanese military stage the Mukden Incident as a pretext for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
- Geli Raubal commits suicide in her uncle Adolf Hitler's apartment.
- September 20 – With a gun literally pointed to his head the Chinese commander of Kirin province announces the annexation of that territory to Japan.
- September 22 – The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard.
October
- October – The Caltech Department of Physics faculty and graduate students meet with Albert Einstein as a guest.
- October 4 – Dick Tracy, the comic strip detective character created by cartoonist Chester Gould, makes his debut appearance in the Detroit Mirror newspaper.
- October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, from Misawa, Japan, to East Wenatchee, Washington, in 41½ hours.[5]
- October 11 – Rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the Harzburg Front being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the Stahlhelm and various other right-wing fractions.
- October 17
- American gangster Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion in Chicago.
- Leeds Bradford International Airport is opened as Leeds and Bradford Municipal Aerodrome in England.
- October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At 3,500 feet (1,100 m)*, it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest main span in the world.
- October 27 – United Kingdom general election results in the victory of the National Government and the defeat of Labour Party in the country's greatest ever electoral landslide.
November
- November 7 – The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong.
- November 8
- French police launch a large-scale raid against Corsican bandits.
- The Panama Canal is closed for a couple of weeks due to damage caused by earthquakes.
- Our Gang kid Darla Hood is born in Leedey, Oklahoma.
- November 21 – The infamous Red-and-White Party, given by Arthur Jeffress in Maud Allan’s Regent's Park townhouse in London, marks the end of the "Bright young things" subculture in Britain.[6]
- November 25
- Heavy hydrogen, later named deuterium, is discovered by chemist Harold Clayton Urey.
- Ali Fethi Okyar forms a new government in Turkey (third government).
- Release of James Whale's film of Frankenstein in New York.
December
- December 5 – Original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (1883) is dynamited by order of Joseph Stalin.
- December 8 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler is appointed Reich Price Commissioner in Germany to enforce the deflationary policies of the Brüning government.
- December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931, effectively establishing the Second Spanish Republic.
- December 10
- Jane Addams became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
- Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.
- December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.
- December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.
- December 26 – Phi Iota Alpha, the oldest surviving Latino fraternity, is founded in the United States.
Date unknown
- Ust-Abakanskoye becomes Abakan.
Births
January
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- January 2 – Toshiki Kaifu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Japan
- January 5
- Alvin Ailey, American choreographer (d. 1989)
- Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
- Robert Duvall, American actor and director
- January 6
- Fern Battaglia, American professional baseball player (d. 2001)
- E. L. Doctorow, American author (d. 2015)
- January 8 – Bill Graham, German concert promoter (d. 1991)
- January 10 – Peter Barnes, English playwright and screenwriter (d. 2004)
- January 12 – Roland Alphonso, Jamaican musician (d. 1998)
- January 13 – Charles Nelson Reilly, American actor (d. 2007)
- January 14 – Caterina Valente, French singer and actress
- January 16
- Ellen Holly, American actress
- Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
- January 17 – James Earl Jones, American actor
- January 18 – Chun Doo-hwan, President of South Korea
- January 19
- Pat Hunt, New Zealand National Party politician
- Robert MacNeil, Canadian journalist
- January 20 – David Lee, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- January 22 – Sam Cooke, American singer (d. 1964)
- January 24 – Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (d. 2012)
- January 25 – Dean Jones, American actor (d. 2015)
- January 26 – Alfred Lynch, English actor (d. 2003)
- January 27 – Mordecai Richler, Canadian author (d. 2001)
- January 29 – Ferenc Mádl, President of Hungary (d. 2011)
- January 30 – Allan W. Eckert, American historian, naturalist, and author (d. 2011)
- January 31 – Ernie Banks, American baseball player (d. 2015)
February
- February 1 – Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia (d. 2007)
- February 2
- Dries van Agt, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1977 until 1982
- Les Dawson, British comedian (d. 1993)
- Hillel Zaks, Polish-born Israeli rabbi (d. 2015)
- Walter Burkert, German writer (d. 2015)
- February 4 – Isabel Martínez de Perón, former President of Argentina from 1974 until 1976
- February 6
- Rip Torn, American actor and director
- Mamie Van Doren, American actress and author
- February 8 – James Dean, American actor (d. 1955)
- February 9
- Thomas Bernhard, Austrian author (d. 1989)
- Jack Van Impe, American televangelist
- February 11 – Larry Merchant, American author and boxing commentator
- February 13 – Geoff Edwards, American actor and game show host (d. 2014)
- February 15 – Claire Bloom, English actress
- February 16
- George E. Sangmeister, American politician (d. 2007)
- Ken Takakura, Japanese actor (d. 2014)
- February 18
- Johnny Hart, American cartoonist (d. 2007)
- Toni Morrison, American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
- Bob St. Clair, American football player (d. 2015)
- February 24 – Brian Close, English cricketer
- February 25 – Eric Edgar Cooke, Australian serial killer (d. 1964)
- February 28
- Dean Smith, American basketball coach (d. 2015)
- Gavin MacLeod, American actor and Mayor of Pacific Palisades
March
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- March 2
- Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the Soviet Union, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- Tom Wolfe, American novelist and journalist
- March 3 – John Smith, American actor (d. 1995)
- March 4
- Wally Bruner, American journalist and television host (d. 1997)
- William Cardinal Keeler, American Roman Catholic prelate
- Alice Rivlin, American economist
- March 8 – Neil Postman, American media theorist and cultural critic (d. 2003)
- March 9
- Jackie Healy-Rae, Irish Politician (d. 2014)
- León Febres Cordero, President of Ecuador (d. 2008)
- March 11
- Janosch, German writer
- Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born publisher
- March 12 – Herb Kelleher, American businessman
- March 15 – Ted Marchibroda, American football player (d. 2016)
- March 18
- Shirley Stovroff, American female professional baseball player (d. 1994)
- Vlastimil Bubník, Czech ice hockey and football player (d. 2015)
- March 20
- Hal Linden, American actor and singer
- Karen Steele, American actress (d. 1988)
- March 22
- Burton Richter, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- William Shatner, Canadian actor
- March 24 – Connie Hines, American actress (d. 2009)
- March 26 – Leonard Nimoy, American actor and director (d. 2015)
- March 27 – David Janssen, American actor (d. 1980)
- March 29
- Aleksei Gubarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2015)
- Norman Tebbit, British politician
April
- April 1
- Ita Ever, Estonian actress
- Rolf Hochhuth, German writer
- April 5 – Héctor Olivera, Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter
- April 6 – Suchitra Sen (Roma Dasgupta), legendary Bengali actress (d. 2014)
- April 11
- Luis Cabral, Guinea-Bissauan President (d. 2009)
- Mustafa Dağıstanlı, Turkish free-style wrestler
- Johnny Sheffield, American child actor (d. 2010)
- April 15
- Helen Maksagak, Canadian, first Inuk and woman to be the Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. 2009)
- Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet and translator, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2015)
- April 27 – Igor Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist
- April 29
- Frank Auerbach, German-born painter
- Lonnie Donegan, Scottish musician (d. 2002)
May
- May 6 – Willie Mays, American baseball player
- May 7 – Teresa Brewer, American pop and jazz singer (d. 2007)
- May 10 – Ichirō Nagai, Japanese voice actor (d. 2014)
- May 13
- András Hajnal, Hungarian mathematician
- Jim Jones, American cult leader (d. 1978)
- Jiří Petr, Czech university president
- May 14 – Alvin Lucier, American composer
- May 15
- Joseph A. Califano, Jr., Chairman of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse
- Ken Venturi, American golfer (d. 2013)
- May 16
- Jack Dodson, American actor (d. 1994)
- Natwar Singh, Indian politician
- May 17 – Marshall Applewhite, Heaven's Gate religious sect founder (d. 1997)
- May 18
- Robert Morse, American actor
- Don Martin, American artist (d. 2000)
- May 19 – Éric Tappy, Swiss tenor
- May 20 – Ken Boyer, American baseball player (d. 1982)
- May 23
- Barbara Barrie, American actress
- Patience Cleveland, American actress and diarist (d. 2004)
- May 25 – Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut
- May 27 – Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (d. 2015)
- May 28 – Carroll Baker, American actress
- May 30 – Father John O'Brien, Irish priest and musician (d. 2008)
- May 31
- John Schrieffer, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Shirley Verrett, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2010)
June
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- June 2 – Larry Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1990)
- June 3
- Raúl Castro, President of Cuba
- Lindy Remigino, American athlete
- June 7 – Malcolm Morley, English-born painter
- June 8 – Dana Wynter, German-born American actress (d. 2011)
- June 9
- Jackie Mason, American comedian
- Joe Santos, American actor
- June 10 – João Gilberto, Brazilian musician
- June 13 – Moysés Baumstein, Brazilian holographer and artist (d. 1991)
- June 14
- Kenneth Cope, English actor
- Ross Higgins, Australian actor
- Marla Gibbs, American comedic actress and singer
- Junior Walker, American saxophonist and singer (d. 1995)
- June 18 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil
- June 20
- Olympia Dukakis, American actress
- Arne Nordheim, Norwegian composer (d. 2010)
- June 21 – Margaret Heckler, American Secretary of Health and Human Services
- June 23 – Ola Ullsten, Swedish politician and diplomat
- June 24
- Emilio Fede, Italian anchorman, journalist and writer
- Billy Casper, American golfer
- Árpád Bárány, Hungarian fencer
- June 25 – Vishwanath Pratap Singh, Prime Minister of India (d. 2008)
- June 26 – Colin Wilson, British writer (d. 2013)
- June 27
- Graziella Galvani, Italian stage, television and film actress
- Martinus J. G. Veltman, Dutch physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- June 29 – Brian Hutton, Baron Hutton, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland and British Lord of Appeal in Ordinary
July
- July 1
- Leslie Caron, French actress
- Seyni Kountché, former President of Niger (d. 1987)
- Marilyn Hickey, American televangelist, speaker and author
- July 2 – Robert Ito, Canadian actor
- July 4 – Stephen Boyd, Irish actor (d. 1977)
- July 5 – Ismail Mahomed, South African and Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000)
- July 6
- Antonella Lualdi, Italian actress and singer
- Jean Campeau, French Canadian businessman and politician
- Della Reese, American actress, singer and evangelist
- Robert Dunham, American actor and writer (d. 2001)
- July 7 – David Eddings, American novelist (d. 2009)
- July 10
- Nick Adams, American actor (d. 1968)
- Julian May, American science fiction, fantasy, horror, science
- Alice Munro, Canadian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
- July 11 – Tab Hunter, American actor and singer (Damn Yankees)
- July 15
- Joanna Merlin, American actress
- Clive Cussler, American author
- July 17 – Caroline Graham, English playwright, screenwriter and novelist
- July 19 – Mary Lou Studnicka, American female professional baseball player
- July 23 – Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, Māori queen (d. 2006)
- July 26 – Fred Foster, American songwriter and record producer
- July 27 – Jerry Van Dyke, American comedian and actor
August
- August 2 – Ruth Maria Kubitschek, German actress
- August 7 – Charles E. "Charlie" Rice, American legal scholar and author
- August 9 – Mário Zagallo, Brazilian football player and manager
- August 10 – Tom Laughlin, American actor (Billy Jack) (d. 2013)
- August 12 – William Goldman, American author
- August 15
- Joe Feeney, American singer (d. 2008)
- Richard F. Heck, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015)
- August 16 – Marion Patrick Jones, Trinidadian writer (d. 2016)
- August 18
- Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister (d. 2010)
- Bramwell Tillsley, General of The Salvation Army
- August 19 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (d. 2003)
- August 20 – Don King, American boxing promoter
- August 23
- Barbara Eden, American actress and singer
- Lyle Lahey, American cartoonist (d. 2013)
- Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- August 25
- Hal Fishman, Los Angeles based local news anchor (d. 2007)
- Regis Philbin, American television personality
- August 27 – Sri Chinmoy, Bengali spiritual teacher, poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. 2007)
- August 28 – John Shirley-Quirk, English bass-baritone (d. 2014)
- August 30
- Jacques Braunstein, Romanian-born Venezuelan economist, publicist and disc jockey (d. 2009)
- Jack Swigert, American astronaut (d. 1982)
- August 31
- Jean Béliveau, Canadian hockey player (d. 2014)
- Kenny Burrell, American jazz musician
- Noble Willingham, American actor (d. 2004)
September
- September 1
- Cecil Parkinson, British politician (d. 2016)
- Javier Solís, Mexican ranchera & bolero singer (d. 1966)
- September 4 – Mitzi Gaynor, American actress, singer and dancer
- September 8 – Jack Rosenthal, English playwright (d. 2004)
- September 10 – Philip Baker Hall, American actor
- September 12
- Ian Holm, British actor
- George Jones, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2013)
- September 13 – Barbara Bain, American actress
- September 15 – Brian Henderson, Australian broadcaster
- September 17 – Anne Bancroft, American actress (d. 2005)
- September 21
- Gertrude Alderfer, American female professional baseball player
- Gloria Cordes, American female professional baseball player
- Larry Hagman, American actor and director (d. 2012)
- September 22
- Fay Weldon, British author
- George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie, British politician (d. 2003)
- September 23 – Gerald Merrithew, Canadian educator and statesman (d. 2004)
- September 27 – Freddy Quinn, Austrian singer and actor
- September 29
- James Watson Cronin, American nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2016)
- Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (d. 2015)
- September 30
- Angie Dickinson, American actress
- Wesley L. Fox, U.S. Marine Corps officer
October
- October 1 – Alan Wagner, American opera critic (d. 2007)
- October 2 – Morris Cerullo, American televangelist
- October 3 – Denise Scott Brown, American architect
- October 6 – Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- October 7
- Cotton Fitzsimmons, American basketball coach (d. 2004)
- Desmond Tutu, South African Anglican archbishop and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- October 13 – Eddie Mathews, baseball player (d. 2001)
- October 15 – Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, President of India (d. 2015)
- October 16
- James Chace, American historian (d. 2004)
- Rosa Rosal, Filipino actress and humanitarian
- Charles Colson, American politician; Watergate conspirator (d. 2012)
- October 17
- José Alencar, Brazilian politician (d. 2011)
- Ernst Hinterberger, Austrian writer (d. 2012)
- October 19
- John le Carré, English novelist
- Manolo Escobar, Spanish singer and actor. (d. 2013)
- October 20 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (d. 1995)
- October 21 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor and director (d. 2011)
- October 22 – Ann Rule, American true-crime writer (d. 2015)
- October 23
- Jim Bunning, American baseball player and U.S. Senator
- Diana Dors, English actress (d. 1984)
- October 25 – Jimmy McIlroy, Irish footballer and football manager
- October 26 – Hank Garrett, American actor and comedian
- October 28 – Harold Battiste, American composer and arranger (d. 2015)
- October 31 – Dan Rather, American television news reporter
November
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- November 2 – Phil Woods, American saxophonist (d. 2015)
- November 3
- Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association bishop (d. 2007)
- Monica Vitti, Italian actress
- November 4 – Marie Mansfield, American professional baseball player
- November 5 – Ike Turner, African-American singer and songwriter (d. 2007)
- November 6 – Mike Nichols, German-American television actor, writer and director (d. 2014)
- November 8
- Darla Hood, American actress, voice actress, and singer (d. 1979)
- Morley Safer, Canadian journalist (d. 2016)
- November 9 – Whitey Herzog, American baseball player
- November 10 – Don Henderson, British actor (d. 1997)
- November 12 – Mary Louise Wilson, American actress and singer
- November 15 – Mwai Kibaki, third President of Kenya
- November 16 – Hubert Sumlin, American blues musician (d. 2011)
- November 21
- Revaz Dogonadze, Georgian physicist (d. 1985)
- Malcolm Williamson, Australian composer (d. 2003)
- November 26 – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- November 28
- Dervla Murphy, Irish author
- Tomi Ungerer, French book illustrator and writer
- November 29 – Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor (d. 1997)
December
- December 1
- Jimmy Lyons, American musician (d. 1986)
- Jim Nesbitt, American country music singer (d. 2007)
- December 2
- Nigel Calder, British science writer (d. 2014)
- Edwin Meese, American attorney, law professor, and author; 75th Attorney General of the United States (1985–1988)
- December 3 – Jaye P. Morgan, American singer, chanteuse
- December 9 – Ladislav Smoljak, Czech film and theater director, actor and screenwriter (d. 2010)
- December 11 – Rita Moreno, Puerto Rican-American actress
- December 12 – Lionel Blair, British actor, choreographer, dancer, headmaster and TV presenter
- December 15 – Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (d. 2015)
- December 17 – Dave Madden, Canadian American actor (d. 2014)
- December 23 – Ronnie Schell, American actor
- December 24 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (d. 2008)
- December 27 – Edward E. Hammer, American electrical engineer and inventor (d. 2012)
- December 28 – Martin Milner, American actor (d. 2015)
- December 30 – Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004)
- December 31 – Bob Shaw, Irish writer (d. 1996)
Deaths
January
- January 3 – Joseph Joffre, French World War I general (b. 1852)
- January 4
- Art Acord, American actor (b. 1890)
- Roger Connor, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857)
- Louise, Princess Royal, British royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)
- January 11 – James Milton Carroll, Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. 1852)
- January 14 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (b. 1855)
- January 22 – Alma Rubens, American actress (b. 1897)
- January 23
- Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (b. 1881)
- Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1862)
February
- February 11 – Charles Algernon Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854)
- February 16 – Wilhelm von Gloeden, German photographer (b. 1856)
- February 18 – Louis Wolheim, American actor (b. 1880)
- February 23
- Eduard von Capelle, German admiral (b. 1855)
- Dame Nellie Melba, Australian soprano (b. 1861)
- February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847)
- February 28 – Thomas S. Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1858)
March
- March 5 – Arthur Tooth, Anglican clergyman (b. 1839)
- March 7
- Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865)
- Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter (b. 1883)
- March 11 – F. W. Murnau, German director (b. 1888)
- March 20
- Joseph B. Murdock, United States Navy admiral and New Hampshire politician (b. 1851)
- March 21 – Bhagat Singh, Indian revolutionary (b. 1908)
- March 24 – Robert Edeson, American actor (b. 1868)
- March 25 – Ida Wells, African-American lynching crusader.
- March 27 – Arnold Bennett, English novelist (b. 1867)
- March 28 – Ban Johnson, American baseball executive (b. 1864)
- March 31 – Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888)
April
- April 8 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- April 9 – Nicholas Longworth, American politician, Speaker of the House (b. 1869)
- April 10 – Khalil Gibran, Lebanese poet and painter (b. 1883)
- April 14 – Richard Armstedt, German historian (b. 1851)
- April 15 – Joe Masseria, Italian-born American gangster (b. 1886)
- April 20 – Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, British baronet and Titanic survivor (b. 1862)
- April 26 – George Herbert Mead, American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (b. 1863)
- April 30 – Sammy Woods, English cricketer (b. 1867)
May
- May 2 – George Fisher Baker, American financier and philanthropist (b. 1840)
- May 9 – Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
- May 14 – David Belasco, American Broadway impresario, theater owner and playwright (b. 1853)
June
- June 2 – Joseph W. Farnham, American screenwriter (b. 1884)
- June 4 – Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Arab nationalist
- June 8 – Virginia Frances Sterrett, American artist and illustrator (b. 1900)
July
- July 4
- Buddie Petit, American jazz musician
- Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta (b. 1869)
- July 12 – Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1866)
August
- August 6 – Bix Beiderbecke, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1903)
- August 15 – Nigar Shikhlinskaya, Azerbaijani World War I nurse (b. ca. 1878)
- August 26
- Frank Harris, Irish author and editor (b. 1856)
- Hamaguchi Osachi, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1870)
- August 27 – Francis Marion Smith, American businessman (b. 1846)
September
- September 5 – John Thomson, Scottish footballer (b. 1909)
- September 10 – Salvatore Maranzano, Italian-American mobster (b. 1886)
- September 12
- Francis J. Higginson, United States Navy admiral (b. 1843)
- Joseph Le Brix, French aviator and naval officer (b. 1899)
- September 16 – Omar Mukhtar, the leader of Libyan resistance (b. 1858)
- September 17
- Marcello Amero D'Aste, Italian admiral and politician (b. 1853)
- Marvin Hart, American World Heavyweight Boxing Champion (b. 1876)
- September 18 – Geli Raubal, Hitler's niece (b. 1908)
- September 19 – David Starr Jordan, American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and peace activist (b. 1851)
October
- October 3 – Carl Nielsen, Danish composer (b. 1865)
- October 13 – Ernst Didring, Swedish writer (b. 1868)
- October 18 – Thomas Edison, American inventor (b. 1847)
- October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian author and dramatist (b. 1862)
- October 24 – Sir Murray Bisset, South African cricketer and Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1876)
November
- November 4 – Buddy Bolden, African-American musician (b. 1877)
- November 6 – Jack Chesbro, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1874)
- November 11 – Shibusawa Eiichi, Japanese industrialist (b. 1840)
- November 13 – Ivan Fichev, Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military historian, and academician (b. 1860)
- November 20 – Julius Drewe, English businessman, retailer and entrepreneur (b. 1856)
- November 21 – Bruno von Mudra, German general (b. 1851)
December
- December 2 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer (b. 1851)
- December 5 – Vachel Lindsay, American poet (b. 1879)
- December 9 – Antonio Salandra, Italian statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1853)
- December 18 – Jack Diamond, American gangster (b. 1897)
- December 23 – Tyrone Power, Sr., American actor (b. 1869)
- December 26 – Melvil Dewey, American librarian, inventor of Dewey Decimal Classification (b. 1851)
- December 27 – José Figueroa Alcorta, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1860)
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – not awarded
- Chemistry – Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius
- Physiology or Medicine – Otto Heinrich Warburg
- Literature – Erik Axel Karlfeldt
- Peace – Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
References
- ^ "New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony". The Times. No. 45744. London. February 11, 1931. p. 12.
- ^ "Wiley Post". centennialofflight.gov. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012.
- ^ BBC History, July 2011, p12.
- ^ "J&K observes Martyrs` day: CM Omar pays tributes". Zee News. July 13, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
- ^ "Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site". Aviation: From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms. National Park Service. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "The Red and White Party". Cocktails With Elvira. October 26, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
External links
- The 1930s Timeline: 1931 — from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
- 1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century by Henry Hartshorne