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Foreign relations of Sri Lanka

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Politics of
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Foreign relations
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Foreign relations of Sri Lanka refers to the diplomatic and commercial relations between Sri Lanka and other countries. Sri Lanka has stressed its principle of friendship towards all, enmity towards none in its diplomacy. Sri Lanka traditionally follows a non-aligned foreign policy and does not take sides with major powers.

Since the end of the Cold War, the country has pursued better relations with all major powers and seeks to strengthen its diplomatic, economic and military ties with India, Bangladesh, Russia, United States, China, Pakistan, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea and European Union. Sri Lanka has also forged close ties with the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), African Union and Arab League.

Sri Lanka participates in multilateral diplomacy, particularly at the United Nations, where it seeks to promote sovereignty, independence, and development in the developing world. Sri Lanka was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). It also is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Colombo Plan. Sri Lanka continues its active participation in the NAM, while also stressing the importance it places on regionalism by playing a strong role in SAARC.

History

The goal of Sri Lanka's foreign policy is to maintain a strong, independent, powerful and unitary Sri Lanka; The Sri Lankan foreign policy establishment maintains that in achieving this goal.

Sri Lanka's foreign policy has been founded in the national interest. In a period of rapid and continuing change, foreign policy capable of responding optimally to new challenges and opportunities. It has to be an integral part of the larger effort of building the nation's capabilities through economic development, strengthening social fabric and well-being of the people and protecting Sri Lanka's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Sri Lanka's foreign policy is a forward-looking engagement with the rest of the world, based on a rigorous, realistic and contemporary assessment of the bilateral, regional and global geo-political and economic milieu.

Military

The Sri Lanka Armed Forces is the overall unified military of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka encompassing the Sri Lanka Army, the Sri Lanka Navy, the Sri Lanka Air Force which comes under preview of the Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka) (MOD). They receive military support from mainly India, China, Pakistan, Israel and Russia. The United States also gives limited support.

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Angola See Foreign relations of Angola
 Kenya 1970 See Kenya–Sri Lanka relations

Diplomatic relations between Sri Lanka and Kenya was established in 1970. Sri Lanka has a High Commission in Nairobi. Sri Lanka's mission in Nairobi also serves Ethiopia, Tanzania, UNEP and UN-HABITAT, Rwanda, Mali and South Sudan.

 Malawi See Foreign relations of Malawi
 Mauritius See Foreign relations of Mauritius
 Mozambique See Foreign relations of Mozambique
 Nigeria See Foreign relations of Nigeria
 Seychelles See Foreign relations of Seychelles
 South Africa See South Africa–Sri Lanka relations

Sri Lanka established diplomatic relations on 12 September 1994 following the end of apartheid and the election of Nelson Mandela to the new Government of South Africa of its post apartheid period.Sri Lanka is represented in South Africa through its High Commission in Pretoria.The Government of South Africa established its resident High Commission in Colombo in September 2007.

 Tanzania See Foreign relations of Tanzania
 Zambia See Foreign relations of Zambia
 Zimbabwe See Foreign relations of Zimbabwe

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina See Foreign relations of Argentina
 Brazil See Foreign relations of Brazil
 Canada See Foreign relations of Canada
 Chile See Foreign relations of Chile
 Colombia See Foreign relations of Colombia
 Cuba See Cuba–Sri Lanka relations
 Dominica 17 April 2018

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 2018.[1][2][3]

 Guyana 14 July 1974
 Mexico 19 April 1960 See Mexico–Sri Lanka relations
  • Mexico is accredited to Sri Lanka from its embassy in New Delhi, India and maintains an honorary consulate in Colombo.[5]
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[6]
 Peru See Foreign relations of Peru
 United States See Sri Lanka–United States relations
President Jayewardene of Sri Lanka presents a baby elephant to President Reagan and the American people in 1984
  • The U.S. Embassy in Sri Lanka is located in Colombo, as are U.S. Agency for International Development offices and Public Affairs offices. IBB offices are located near Chilaw, 75 km north of Colombo.
 Venezuela See Foreign relations of Venezuela

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan See Foreign relations of Afghanistan
 Azerbaijan See Foreign relations of Azerbaijan
 Bangladesh See Bangladesh – Sri Lanka relations

Relations are historically tied together even beyond the sub-continent's colonisation by the British. Sri Lanka's first King (to be mentioned in the ancient Pali chronicles) was alleged to have ancestors from the Vanga Kingdom which occupied an area now known as Bangladesh. Bangladesh's Buddhist minority gifted Sri Lanka with a few strands of hair said to have belonged to Buddha as a sign of goodwill. It is a worshipped object on Poya Day, a Buddhist public holiday in Sri Lanka.

In August 2008, both heads of states discussed the implementation of new air links in hope of increasing trade, investment and stronger cultural links. Sri Lanka's current investments have been in Bangladesh's garment and banking sector and expect to diversify into different areas. Bangladesh also hosts a number of Sri Lankan medical students and cricket as a form of friendly communications between their people. There has been discussion to increase bilateral relations, cooperation between the two navies and sending Sri Lankan Naval personal to study in Bangladesh.

 Bhutan 1987
  • Diplomatic relations began in 1987.
  • The ambassador of the Sri Lankan High Commission in New Delhi is accredited to Bhutan.
  • The ambassador of the Bhutanese Embassy in Dhaka is accredited to Sri Lanka.[7]
  • Bhutan has an honorary consulate in Colombo.
 Brunei See Foreign relations of Brunei
 Cambodia See Foreign relations of Cambodia
 China See China–Sri Lanka relations

In 1411, the Ming dynasty fought a war against the Kingdom of Kotte. This conflict was known as the Ming-Kotte War.

China and Sri Lanka are now engaged in healthy relations, as China provided valuable equipment and materials to the Sri Lankan Army, to help defeat the LTTE. In the summer of 2012, Chinese officials visited Sri Lankan military officials. Currently, Sri Lanka seems intent on maintaining a good relationship with China, both militarily and politically.

 India See India–Sri Lanka relations

Bilateral relations between Sri Lanka and India have been generally friendly, but were affected by the Sri Lankan civil war and by the failure of Indian intervention during the Sri Lankan civil war. India is Sri Lanka's only neighbour, separated by the Palk Strait; both nations occupy a strategic position in South Asia and have sought to build a common security umbrella in the Indian Ocean.[8]

India-Sri Lanka relations have undergone a qualitative and quantitative transformation in the recent past. Political relations are close, trade and investments have increased dramatically, infrastructural linkages are constantly being augmented, defence collaboration has increased and there is a general, broad-based improvement across all sectors of bilateral cooperation. India was the first country to respond to Sri Lanka's request for assistance after the tsunami in December 2004. In July 2006, India evacuated 430 Sri Lankan nationals from Lebanon, first to Cyprus by Indian Navy ships and then to Delhi & Colombo by special Air India flights.

There exists a broad consensus within the Sri Lankan polity on the primacy of India in Sri Lanka's external relations matrix. Both the major political parties in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and the United Nationalist Party have contributed to the rapid development of bilateral relations in the last ten years. Sri Lanka has supported India's candidature to the permanent membership of the UN Security Council.[9]

 Indonesia 1952 See Indonesia–Sri Lanka relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran 1961 See Iran–Sri Lanka relations

Iran and Sri Lanka have had official diplomatic relations since 1961.[10]

Diplomatic relations between Iran and Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) began in 1961 via the Ceylonese embassy in Islamabad, which was the closest Ceylon had to a presence on Iranian soil until the opening of the Tehran embassy office in 1990. Tehran set up its Colombo office in 1975.

After Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became President of Iran, Sri Lanka was the first country he visited on his inaugural Asian tour.[11] Mahinda Rajapaksa also made ties with Iran a priority after he ascended to office.[12]

 Iraq See Sri Lanka–Iraq relations

Iraq was the largest buyer of Sri Lankan tea during the reign of Saddam Hussein. Ties between Sri Lanka and Iraq were disrupted during the Iraq War. However, in 2018 Iraq re-emerged as the largest buyer of Sri Lankan Tea.[15]

 Israel See Israel–Sri Lanka relations

Sri Lanka has a close relationship with Israel, and its military is a major user of Israeli weapons systems that include the IAI Kfir Fighter Jet, the Super Dvora Mk III class Patrol Vessel, and the Gabriel missile. In May 2011, the Israeli Minister of Agriculture visited Sri Lanka with an agro-business delegation to promote cooperation between the two countries.[16]

 Japan See Japan – Sri Lanka relations

During World War II, an air raid was carried out by Japan to bomb the city of Colombo in Sri Lanka. Later on, Japan and Sri Lanka became friendly and established a relation in 1952. Japan has an embassy in Colombo.[17] Sri Lanka has an embassy in Tokyo.[18] Sri Lankan President JR Jayawardene played a major role in re-admitting Japan to the world community at the San Francisco Conference

 Kazakhstan See Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
 South Korea 14 November 1977

Diplomatic relations between both nations were established on 14 November 1977. The Republic of Korea's Investment in Sri Lanka (cumulative total at the end of June 2014) totals $731million.[19] The Republic of Korea has an embassy in Colombo. Sri Lanka has an embassy in Seoul.

 Laos See Foreign relations of Laos
 Malaysia See Malaysia–Sri Lanka relations

Malaysia has a High Commission in Colombo,[20] and Sri Lanka has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.[21]

 Maldives See Maldives–Sri Lanka relations

Official and economic relations between the neighboring Indian Ocean countries of the Maldives and Sri Lanka, have been positive since the Maldives became independent in 1965. The Maldives first established a mission in Sri Lanka in July 1965, and today has a High Commission in Colombo.

 Mongolia See Foreign relations of Mongolia
 Myanmar See Foreign relations of Myanmar
   Nepal 1 July 1957 Foreign relations of Nepal

Nepal and Sri Lanka established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1957. Nepal opened an honorary consulate general in Colombo in 1975 and established its embassy in 1995. Sri Lanka has a residential embassy in Kathmandu since 1993. Around sixty thousand Sri Lankans visit Lumbini annually to pay homage to Gautam Buddha's birthplace Lumbini, so Government of Sri Lanka has built a rest house and constructed a Buddhist monastery complex in Lumbini.

Following the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, Sri Lanka was one of the first three countries to send medical and search-and-rescue teams to the country. The Air Force sent flights of C-130 Hercules aircraft, and SriLankan Airlines sent Airbus A330 aircraft, carrying Army emergency teams.[22]

 Pakistan See Pakistan–Sri Lanka relations
  • Sri Lanka's ties with Pakistan have historically been very warm. During the Indo-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 Sri Lanka served as a transit point for air travel between West Pakistan and East Pakistan, as Indian airspace was closed. Pakistan supplies military equipment to the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. In the past, Pakistan has been a major ally of Sri Lanka in supplying High-Tech military equipment to the Sri Lankan army in the civil war against the Tamil rebels prevailing in the country.
  • There is a Pakistani embassy located in Sri Lanka and a Sri Lankan embassy situated in Pakistan.
  • The Sri Lankan government and the Pakistani government are determined to increase their military as well as economic ties. They are also working on a mutual cooperation agreement on combatting terrorism.
 Palestine See Palestine–Sri Lanka relations
  • Palestine has very close ties to Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka has made monetary donations to Palestine on various occasions.Sri Lankan president Maithripala Sirisena also assured that Sri Lanka is committed to stand by the struggle for independence of the Palestinian people.[23] There is an embassy for the state of Palestine in Colombo.[24]
 Philippines See Philippines–Sri Lanka relations

Sri Lanka and Philippines have very close ties since the second World War. Visa on arrival, however is only available to Filipino citizens, and not for Sri Lankans Who want to visit The Philippines.

 Russia See Russia–Sri Lanka relations
President Mahinda Rajapaksa with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, at St. Petersburg Economic Forum, in June 2011.
  • During the war between the Sri Lanka Armed Forces (Government of Sri Lanka) and Tamil Tigers, Russia helped Sri Lanka by providing education on battle field tactics to Sri Lanka Army.
  • Sri Lanka also reacted in favor of Russia during the Ukrainian crisis, and acknowledged the concerns of Russia as justifiable.
  • Russia has an embassy in Colombo. Sri Lanka has an embassy in Moscow.
 Saudi Arabia See Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia
 Singapore See Foreign relations of Singapore
 Thailand See Foreign relations of Thailand
 United Arab Emirates See Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates
 Vietnam July 1970 See Foreign relations of Vietnam
  • The diplomatic relations between Vietnam and Sri Lanka, established in July 1970, have been continuously developing in many fields. Visa on arrival to Vietnam is, however, not an option available to Sri Lankan citizens. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has made no efforts to address this imbalance.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania See Foreign relations of Albania
 Armenia See Foreign relations of Armenia
  • Armenia is accredited to Sri Lanka from its embassy in New Delhi, India.[25]
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[25]
 Austria See Foreign relations of Austria
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Austria has an embassy in Colombo.
 Belgium See Foreign relations of Belgium
 Bulgaria See Foreign relations of Bulgaria
 Croatia 4 February 1997 Foreign relations of Croatia
  • Sri Lanka recognized Croatia on 27 May 1992.[26]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1997.[26]
  • Both countries have agreed on bilateral treaties in various fields.[27]
 Cyprus
  • Cyprus is accredited to Sri Lanka by its High Commission in New Delhi, India[28] and an honorary consulate in Colombo.[29]
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Rome, Italy[30] and an honorary consulate in Larnaca.[31]
  • Both countries have agreed on bilateral treaties in various fields.[32]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Czech Republic
  • Historical relations between the Czech Republic and Sri Lanka have been good with foundations to build upon in strengthening bilateral cooperation.
  • There have been state visits by both sides.[33]
  • The Czech Republic has a consulate in Colombo.[34]
  • In 2000 Czech Republic provided RM-70 multiple rocket launchers for Sri Lanka Army.[35]
 Denmark See Denmark–Sri Lanka relations
 Estonia 10 October 1991 See Estonia–Sri Lanka relations
  • Sri Lanka recognised Estonia on 10 October 1991.
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Stockholm which covers Estonia.
  • Estonia has an honorary consulate in Sri Lanka.
  • Economic relations between Sri Lanka and Estonia are at moderate level.
 Finland See Foreign relations of Finland
 France See Foreign relations of France
 Germany 8 December 1963
  • Sri Lanka has an Embassy in Berlin, a Consulate General in Frankfurt and Honorary Consulates in Hamburg, Bremen, Düsseldorf, Stuttgart, Munich, Mainz, Hanover and Leipzig
  • Germany has an Embassy in Sri Lanka.
  • Both countries will celebrate the 65th anniversary of their diplomatic relations in 2018.
 Greece 1957
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1957.[36]
  • Greece is accredited to Sri Lanka from its embassy in New Delhi, India.[37]
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[36][37]
 Holy See 1978 See Holy See–Sri Lanka relations
  • Formal relations Began in 1978.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature in Colombo. Sri Lanka has an embassy in Rome.
 Hungary See Hungary–Sri Lanka relations
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Vienna, Austria that is accredited to Hungary.[38] and has a consul in Budapest[39]
  • Hungary maintains a consulate in Colombo.[40]
  • The relationship is low-keyed, but there are no outstanding issues. Hungary contributed to relief after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, and has since stepped up aid to Sri Lanka.[41]
 Iceland See Foreign relations of Iceland
 Ireland See Foreign relations of Ireland
 Italy See Foreign relations of Italy
 Latvia See Foreign relations of Latvia
 Lithuania See Foreign relations of Lithuania
 Luxembourg See Foreign relations of Luxembourg
 Malta See Foreign relations of Malta
 North Macedonia 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994.[42]

 Norway See Foreign relations of Norway
 Poland See Foreign relations of Poland
 Portugal See Foreign relations of Portugal
 Romania 15 September 1957 See Romania–Sri Lanka relations

The Romanian Ambassador in New Delhi is concurrently accredited to Sri Lanka, while the Sri Lanka Mission in Warsaw, Poland is concurrently accredited to Romania.[43] The President of Sri Lanka, Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga characterized relations between the two countries in 2003 as "close and friendly".[44]

Diplomatic relation between Sri Lanka and Romania were established on 15 September 1957. Initially maintained at Legation level, the relations were later raised to Ambassadorial level in 1967. In 1963 Romania opened a Commercial Office in Colombo, this was upgraded to as embassy in 1976 with a chargé d'affaires. The Romanian Mission in Colombo was closed in 1995 but reopened as a Commercial Office in 1998.

In 1978, the Sri Lankan minister of Foreign Affairs visited Romania.[43]

Romania provided 32,000 euros worth of humanitarian aid to Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami devastated the country in December 2004.[45]

The ambassador designate of Sri Lanka in Bucharest was Clarence Felician Chinniah[45] until his death in January 2009.[46][47]

In December 2009, Valerica Epure presented her credentials to President Mahinda Rajapaksa to become Ambassador-Designate of Romania to Sri Lanka.[48][49][50][51]

In December 2009 with the end of the civil war in Sri Lanka 46 Sri Lankan Tamil refugees were sent to Romania to be processed for resettlement from Indonesia on their way to Australia.[52]

Bilateral trade between Sri Lanka and Romania was valued at US$8.87 million in 2007, up from US$7.9 million in 2006.[53] Efforts have been made to expand trade in Ceylon tea to Romania.[54] In 2009, Chairman and CEO of the Sri Lanka Export Development Board Anil Koswatte has singled out Romania as country for which exports could be increased.[55]

 Serbia 1956
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1956.[56]
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[57]
 Slovakia See Foreign relations of Slovakia
 Slovenia See Foreign relations of Slovenia
 Spain See Foreign relations of Spain
 Sweden See Foreign relations of Sweden
  Switzerland See Sri Lanka–Switzerland relations

In the 1980s political relations between Switzerland and Sri Lanka intensified with many Sri Lankan Tamils fleeing from the ethnic conflict to find asylum in Switzerland.

 Turkey See Foreign relations of Turkey
  • Since 2012, Sri Lanka has an embassy in Ankara.[58]
  • Since 2013, Turkey has an embassy in Colombo.[58]
 Ukraine See Foreign relations of Ukraine
 United Kingdom See Sri Lanka–United Kingdom relations
  • Sri Lanka has a High Commission in London.
  • United Kingdom has a High Commission in Colombo.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia See Australia–Sri Lanka relations
 Fiji See Foreign relations of Fiji
 New Zealand See Foreign relations of New Zealand

New Zealand and Sri Lanka have a strong relationship since the 1800s. New Zealand has longstanding Commonwealth, migrant and sporting ties with Sri Lanka.

  • New Zealand has a High Commission in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka has a High Commission in Wellington and consulate-general in Auckland.

New Zealand visits to Sri Lanka:

  • Prime Minister John Key and Minister of Foreign Affairs Hon Murray McCully visited Sri Lanka for the 23rd Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013.
  • Hon Murray McCully, Minister of Foreign Affairs, June, August 2013
  • Sri Lankan Parliamentary Delegation attending the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Conference, October 1998
  • Agriculture, Lands & Forestry Minister Jayaratne, May 1996

[59]

 Papua New Guinea See Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea
 Solomon Islands July 2013

Sri Lanka and the Commonwealth of Nations

Sri Lanka has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1948, when it became independent as the Dominion of Ceylon.

In 1972, Ceylon became a Commonwealth republic under the name of Sri Lanka.

William Gopallawa, the last Governor-General of Ceylon became the first President of Sri Lanka.

In November 2013, Sri Lanka hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.

See also

References

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  3. ^ [3]
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  5. ^ Embassy of Mexico in India
  6. ^ Embassy of Sri Lanka in the United States
  7. ^ "Topic: News in Bhutan other than Dzongkha and English". KuenselOnline. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  8. ^ India's Sri Lankan scars. BBC News (4 May 2000). Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  9. ^ Brief on India-Sri Lanka Relations, Ministry of External Affairs (BSM Division: Sri Lanka)
  10. ^ Sri Lanka – Iran Bilateral Relations Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Embassy of Sri Lanka in Iran
  11. ^ The Group of 15 (G- 15) Government of Sri Lanka – 14 May 2010
  12. ^ Sri Lanka, Iran mutual friends – Minister Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Daily News.lk – 20 February 2010
  13. ^ http://www.slembirq.org
  14. ^ http://mofamission.gov.iq/en/SriLank
  15. ^ https://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/ceylon-tea-articles/iraq-emerges-to-be-the-no-1-buyer-of-sri-lankan-tea-in-2018.html
  16. ^ Israeli agriculture minister visits Sri Lanka Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  18. ^ "Embassy of Sri Lanka in Japan". Archived from the original on 18 October 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  19. ^ http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20071018/1_24381.jsp?menu=m_30_10
  20. ^ "Official Website of High Commission of Malaysia, Colombo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  21. ^ "Sri Lanka High Commission, Kuala Lumpur". High Commission of Sri Lanka in Malaysia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  22. ^ "Sri Lanka to send emergency relief to Nepal". 25 April 2015.
  23. ^ http://www.sundaytimes.lk/171231/news/president-expresses-support-for-palestine-275558.html
  24. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  34. ^ "Embassy of Czech Republic in Sri Lanka". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  35. ^ Sri Lanka Army Equipment. globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  36. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  38. ^ "Embassy and Permanent Mission of Sri Lanka". Sri Lankan Embassy in Vienna. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
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  40. ^ "Consulate of the Republic of Hungary". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Hungary. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
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