Central Philippine languages
| Central Philippine | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Philippines |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | cent2246 |
The Central Philippine languages are the most geographically widespread demonstrated group of languages in the Philippines, being spoken in southern Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, and Sulu. They are also the most populous, including Tagalog (and Filipino), Bikol, and the major Visayan languages Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kinaray-a, and Tausug, with some forty languages altogether.[1]
Classification
Overview
The languages are generally subdivided thus (languages in italics refer to a single language):
- Bikol (8 languages in the Bicol Peninsula)
- Mansakan (11 languages of the Davao Region)
- Tagalog (at least 3 dialects found in southern Luzon)
- Visayan (18 languages in and around the Sibuyan and Visayan Seas, including northern Mindanao)
- Manide–Inagta (2 languages)
There are in addition several Aeta hill-tribal languages of uncertain affiliation: Ata, Sorsogon Ayta, Tayabas Ayta, Karolanos (Northern Binukidnon), Magahat (Southern Binukidnon), Sulod, and Umiray Dumaget.
Most of the Central Philippine languages in fact form a dialect continuum and cannot be sharply distinguished as separate languages. For instance, in the Sorsogon and Masbate regions of the Philippines, the Bikol and Visayan languages transition into each other, forming the Bisakol languages. Blust (2009) notes that the relatively low diversity found among the Visayan languages is due to recent population expansions.[2]
Zorc (1977)
The expanded tree of the Central Philippine languages below is given in David Zorc's 1977 Ph.D. dissertation.[3] The Visayan subgrouping is Zorc's own work, while the Bikol subgrouping is from McFarland (1974)[4] and the Mansakan subgrouping from Gallman (1974).[5]
Individual languages are marked by italics, and primary branches by bold italics.
- Tagalog
- Standard Filipino
- Marinduque
- Lubang
- Bikol
- Pandan (North Catanduanes)
- Inland Bikol
- Iriga (Rinconada Bikol)
- Albay Bikol
- Coastal Bikol(Naga City Dialect)
- Central Bikol
- Virac (South Catanduanes)
- Visayan
- 1. South (spoken on the eastern coast of Mindanao)
- Butuan–Tausug
- Surigao
- Surigaonon, Jaun-Jaun, Kantilan, Naturalis
- 2. Cebuan (spoken in Cebu, Bohol, western Leyte, northern Mindanao, and eastern Negros)
- 3. Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region)
- 4. Banton/Asi (spoken in northwestern Romblon Province)
- 5. West
- Aklan (spoken in northern Panay)
- Kinarayan (spoken in Panay)
- North-Central (spoken on Tablas Island and the southern tip of Mindoro)
- Bulalakaw, Dispoholnon, Looknon, Alcantaranhon
- Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west of Panay and Romblon, as well as the southern tip of Mindoro)
- Datagnon, Santa Teresa, Semirara
- Kuyonon
- 1. South (spoken on the eastern coast of Mindanao)
- Mansakan
- Mamanwa
Gallman (1997)
Andrew Gallman (1997:4, 103) classifies the Central Philippine languages as follows:
- Tagalog
- Bikol
- South Central Philippine (Bisayan)
- West Bisayan
- Banton
- Central Bisayan
- Cebuan
- East Mindanao
- North East Mindanao
- Cebuano
- Mamanwa
- Surigaonon
- Butuanon-Tausug
- Central East Mindanao
- Kamayo
- Davawenyo Banganga
- Davawenyo Digos
- South East Mindanao
- Mandaya Kabasagan
- Mandaya Caraga
- Mansaka, Mandaya Maragusan, Mandaya Boso
- (Branch)
- Mandaya Islam
- Kalagan Kaagan, Kalagan Tagakaulu
- (Branch)
- North East Mindanao
Greater Central Philippine (Blust)
Blust (1991) notes that the central and southern Philippines has low linguistic diversity. He expands the Central Philippine branch with South Mangyan, Palawan, Mindanao, and Gorontalo–Mongondow languages, the latter found in northern Sulawesi. (See Philippine languages.) The 2008 study fully supported a similar group that included South Mindanao and Kalamian, but excluded Gorontalo–Mongondow.
References
- ^ Ethnologue.
- ^ Blust, Robert A. The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 2009. ISBN 0-85883-602-5, ISBN 978-0-85883-602-0.
- ^ Zorc, David Paul. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1977, p. 33.
- ^ McFarland, Curtis D. The Dialects of the Bikol Area. Ph.D. dissertation. New Haven: Dept. of Liunguistics, Yale University, 1974.
- ^ Gallman, Andrew Franklin. A Reconstruction of Proto-Mansakan. M.A. dissertation. Arlington, Texas: Dept. of Liunguistics, University of Texas at Arlington, 1974.
- Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30: 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084.
- Gallman, Andrew Franklin. 1997. Proto East Mindanao and its internal relationships. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, Special monograph issue, no. 44. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.