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Joan A. Steitz

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Joan Steitz
Born
Joan Elaine Argetsinger

(1941-01-26) January 26, 1941 (age 83)
Minneapolis, Minnesota
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater
SpouseThomas Steitz
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisStudies of the R17A protein (1968)
Doctoral advisorJames D. Watson[4]
Doctoral studentsMichael Lerner[5]
Website

Joan Elaine Argetsinger Steitz (born January 26, 1941) is Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University and Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. She is known for her discoveries involving RNA, including ground-breaking insights into how ribosomes interact with messenger RNA by complementary base pairing and that introns are spliced by small nuclear ribonucleic proteins (snRNPs), which occur in eukaryotes.[6][7][8][9][10]

Early life and education

Steitz was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[11] She grew up in Minnesota in the 1950s and 60s at a time when there were virtually no female role models in molecular biology. She attended the then all-girls Northrop College for high school.

In 1963, Steitz received her Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Antioch College, Ohio, where she first became interested in molecular biology at Alex Rich's Massachusetts Institute of Technology laboratory as an Antioch "coop" intern.

After completing her undergraduate degree, Steitz applied to medical school rather than graduate school since she knew of female medical doctors but not women scientists.[12] She was accepted to Harvard Medical School, but having been excited by a summer working as a bench scientist in the laboratory of Joseph Gall at the University of Minnesota, she declined the invitation to Harvard Medical School and instead applied to Harvard's new program in biochemistry and molecular biology. There, she was the first female graduate student to join the laboratory of Nobel Laureate James Watson, with whom she first worked on bacteriophage RNA.[13]

Career

Steitz completed postdoctoral research at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge (UK), where she collaborated with Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, and Mark Bretscher. At the LMB, Steitz focused on the question of how bacteria know where to start the "reading frame" on mRNA. In the process, Steitz discovered the exact sequences on mRNA at which bacterial ribosomes bind to produce proteins. In 1969 she published a seminal paper inNature showing the nucleotide sequence of the binding start points.[14]

In 1970, Steitz joined the faculty at Yale. In 1975, she published the research for which she is widely known, demonstrating that ribosomes use complementary base pairing to identify the start site on mRNA.[15][16]

In 1980, Steitz published another critical paper, identifying the novel entity snRNPs and their role in splicing.[6] A snRNP is a short length of RNA, around 150 nucleotides long, that are involved in splicing introns from newly transcribed RNA (pre-mRNA) -- spliceosomes. Steitz's paper "set the field ahead by light years and heralded the avalanche of small RNAs that have since been discovered to play a role in multiple steps in RNA biosynthesis," noted Susan Berget.[12]

Steitz later discovered another kind of snRNP particle, the snoRNP, demonstrating conclusively that introns are not "junk DNA" as they had often been described. Her work helps explain the phenomenon of "alternative RNA splicing."[citation needed] Part of the reason her discovery is so important is that it explains how humans are able to have only double the number of genes of a fly. "The reason we can get away with so few genes is that when you have these bits of nonsense, you can splice them out in different ways," she said. "Sometimes you can get rid of things and add things because of this splicing process so that each gene has slightly different protein products that can do slightly different things. So it multiplies up the information content in each of our genes."[17]

Steitz's research[18] may yield new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune disorders such as lupus, which develop when patients make antibodies against their own DNA, snRNPs, or ribosomes.[19]

Steitz has commented on the sexist treatment of women in science, noting that a woman scientist needs to be twice as good for half the pay.[20] She has been a "tireless promoter of women in science," noted Christine Guthrie, who described Steitz as "one of the greatest scientists of our generation."[12]

Steitz has served in numerous professional capacities, including as scientific director of the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research (1991–2002) and as editorial board member of Genes & Development.

Personal life

Steitz (born Joan Argetsinger) married Thomas Steitz, also Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale and the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate, in 1966. They have one son, Jon, who played baseball with the Milwaukee Brewers for three years and then entered Yale Law School in 2004, from which he graduated in 2007.[21][22] Prior to entering law school, Jon earned a Bachelor of Arts in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry in 2002.[22][23] Jon is married to Katherine Van Loon, a gastrointestinal cancer specialist at UCSF.[23] At the time of their meeting, Van Loon was a Master of Public Health candidate at Yale University.[23][24] Prior to that, Van Loon earned a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Duke University in 2000.[24]

Awards and honors

Steitz has won numerous awards and honours including:

Her nomination for the Royal Society reads:

Joan Steitz is one of the pioneers of the field of RNA biology who is world-renowned for her many seminal contributions. She showed how ribosomal RNA is used to initiate translation at the start site of mRNA. She discovered spliceosomes, the particles that are the sites of splicing of pre-messenger RNA into the final mature mRNA and elucidated many of their roles. She discovered that introns, which were thought to be inert, code for sno RNAs that target the modification of other cellular RNAs during their maturation. More recently she has found new roles for microRNAs in gene regulation.[3]

References

  1. ^ Joan A. Steitz, Yale University, nasonline.org
  2. ^ a b "Joan A. Steitz (1941– )". National Medal of Science 50th Anniversary. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Professor Joan Steitz ForMemRS". London: The Royal Society. Archived from the original on 2014-12-20.
  4. ^ Steitz, J (2011). "Joan Steitz: RNA is a many-splendored thing. Interview by Caitlin Sedwick". The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (5): 708–9. doi:10.1083/jcb.1925pi. PMC 3051824. PMID 21383073.
  5. ^ Lerner, Michael Rush (1981). Small Ribonucleoproteins Precipitated by Antibodies from Lupus Patients (PhD thesis). Yale University.
  6. ^ a b Lerner, M. R.; Boyle, J. A.; Mount, S. M.; Wolin, S. L.; Steitz, J. A. (1980). "Are snRNPs involved in splicing?". Nature. 283 (5743): 220–4. doi:10.1038/283220a0. PMID 7350545.
  7. ^ Vasudevan, S.; Tong, Y.; Steitz, J. A. (2007). "Switching from Repression to Activation: MicroRNAs Can Up-Regulate Translation". Science. 318 (5858): 1931–1934. doi:10.1126/science.1149460. PMID 18048652.
  8. ^ Steitz, T. A.; Steitz, J. A. (1993). "A general two-metal-ion mechanism for catalytic RNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (14): 6498–502. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.14.6498. PMC 46959. PMID 8341661.
  9. ^ Joan Steitz (Yale & HHMI): SNURPs and Serendipity on YouTube, iBioMagazine
  10. ^ Friedberg, E. C. (2008). "Joan Steitz interview". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 9 (6): 428. doi:10.1038/nrm2421.
  11. ^ Steitz CV, Yale
  12. ^ a b c ASCB Profile: Joan Argetsinger Steitz, June 2006.
  13. ^ Margaret A. Woodbury, "Trailblazer Turned Superstar," HHMI Bulletin, Feb. 2006.
  14. ^ Steitz, J. A. (1969). "Polypeptide Chain Initiation: Nucleotide Sequences of the Three Ribosomal Binding Sites in Bacteriophage R17 RNA". Nature. 224 (5223): 957–64. doi:10.1038/224957a0. PMID 5360547.
  15. ^ Steitz, J. A.; Jakes, K (1975). "How ribosomes select initiator regions in mRNA: Base pair formation between the 3' terminus of 16S rRNA and the mRNA during initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 72 (12): 4734–4738. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.12.4734. PMC 388805. PMID 1107998.
  16. ^ Joan Steitz – Biography, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Digital archives
  17. ^ Elaine Carey, "Female scientist 'a hero in her field': Yale's Joan Steitz, 65 honoured", Toronto Star April 3, 2006, p.A04; (Archived 2007-09-27(Timestamp length) at the Wayback Machine).
  18. ^ Joan Steitz publications in Google Scholar
  19. ^ Lerner, M. R.; Steitz, J. A. (1979). "Antibodies to small nuclear RNAs complexed with proteins are produced by patients with systemic lupus erythematosus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 76 (11): 5495–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.11.5495. PMC 411675. PMID 316537.
  20. ^ ("Unless you know what's going on inside the department, it all looks perfectly reasonable. If a woman is a star, there aren't that many problems. If she is as good as the rest of the men, it's really pretty awful. A woman is expected to be twice as good for half as much.") "The Reluctant Feminist," The New York Times, April 8, 2001.
  21. ^ Gonzalez, Susan (June 29, 2011). "Yale pitcher is grabbed in draft's early rounds". Yale Bulletin & Calendar.
  22. ^ a b "Jon Steitz". LinkedIn.
  23. ^ a b c Mallozzi, Vincent M. (November 25, 2007). "Katherine Van Loon and Jon Steitz". The New York Times.
  24. ^ a b "Katherine Van Loon, MD, MPH". UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center.
  25. ^ Honorary Degree Recipients for 2011 Announced, Columbia University

Further reading

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