Jump to content

Lega Nord

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rossbawse (talk | contribs) at 03:58, 2 March 2016. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Lega Nord
Federal SecretaryMatteo Salvini
Federal PresidentUmberto Bossi
Founded4 December 1989 (alliance)
8 January 1991 (party)
Merger ofLiga Veneta
Lega Lombarda
Piemont Autonomista
Uniun Ligure
Lega Emiliano-Romagnola
Alleanza Toscana
Headquartersvia Bellerio, 41
20161 Milan
Youth wingYoung Padanians
Membership (2008)150,000[1]
IdeologyRegionalism[2][3][4]
Federalism[5][6]
Populism[2][7][8]
Anti-immigration[9]
Euroscepticism[10]
Anti-globalization[11]
Political positionRight-wing[12][13] to Far-right[14][15][16]
European affiliationEFA (1989–94)
EAF[17][18] (2013–14)
MENL[19] (2014–present)
European Parliament groupRainbow (1989–94)
ELDR (1994–99)
TGI (1999–2001)
I/D (2004–07)
UEN (2007–09)
EFD (2009–14)
ENL (2015–present)
International affiliationnone
Southern counterpartUs with Salvini
Colours  Green
Chamber of Deputies
14 / 630
Senate
12 / 315
European Parliament
5 / 73
Regional Government
2 / 20
Party flag
Website
www.leganord.org

Lega Nord (LN; literal translation: "North League"), whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania ("North League for the Independence of Padania"), is a regionalist political party in Italy. The party is often referred to as Northern League by English-language media and literature, while in Italy it is also referred to simply as Lega or Carroccio.

Lega Nord was founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of northern and central Italy, most of which had arisen in the 1980s (Liga Veneta, Lega Lombarda, Piemont Autonomista, Uniun Ligure, Lega Emiliano-Romagnola and Alleanza Toscana), plus the newly formed regional parties of the other northern regions.

The party's political programme advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism and greater regional autonomy, especially for northern regions. At times the LN has advocated secession of the North, called by party members Padania. Prior to the party's adoption of the term, Padania was infrequently used to name the Po Valley and was promoted since 1963 by sports journalist Gianni Brera as a modern name for Cisalpine Gaul.

Lega Nord's founder and former long-standing leader is Umberto Bossi, who was minister for Federal Reform in Berlusconi IV Cabinet. From 2012 to 2013, the party secretary was Roberto Maroni, President of Lombardy and former minister of the Interior, then in December 2013 Matteo Salvini became the new secretary after defeating Umberto Bossi in the leadership election. Other leading members include Luca Zaia (President of Veneto), Roberto Calderoli, Giancarlo Giorgetti, Gian Marco Centinaio, Massimiliano Fedriga, Roberto Cota, Roberto Castelli, Francesco Speroni, Massimo Bitonci and Attilio Fontana.

In the most recent regional elections Lega Nord was the largest party in Veneto (where Zaia was re-elected President by a landslide 50.1% of the vote in 2015) and Lombardy, the second-largest in Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany, the third-largest in Liguria, Marche and Umbria, the fourth-largest in Piedmont, and the fifth-largest in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino.

History

Precursors and foundation

Umberto Bossi at the first rally in Pontida, 1990

At the 1983 general election Liga Veneta, based in Veneto, elected a deputy, Achille Tramarin, and a senator, Graziano Girardi. At the 1987 general election another regional party, Lega Lombarda, based in Lombardy, gained national prominence when its leader Umberto Bossi was elected to the Senate. The two parties, along with other regionalist outfits, ran as Alleanza Nord in the 1989 European Parliament election, gaining 1.8% of the vote.

Lega Nord, which was first launched as an upgrade of Alleanza Nord in December 1989, was officially transformed into a party in February 1991 through the merger of various regional parties, notably including Lega Lombarda and Liga Veneta. These continue to exist as "national sections" of the federal party, which presents itself in regional and local contests as "Lega Lombarda–Lega Nord", "Liga Veneta–Lega Nord", "Lega Nord–Piemont", and so on.[20][21][22]

The League exploited resentment against Rome's centralism (with the famous slogan Roma ladrona, which loosely means "Rome big thief") and the Italian government, common in northern Italy as many northerners felt that the government wasted resources collected mostly from northerners' taxes.[23] Cultural influences from bordering countries in the North and resentment against illegal immigrants were also exploited. The party's electoral successes began roughly at a time when public disillusionment with the established political parties was at its height. The Tangentopoli corruption scandals, which invested most of the established parties, were unveiled from 1992 on.[21][22] However, contrarily to what many pundits observed at the beginning of the 1990s, Lega Nord became a stable political force and it is by far the oldest party among those represented in the Italian Parliament.

Lega Nord's first electoral breakthrough was at the 1990 regional elections, but it was with the 1992 general election that the party emerged as a leading political actor. Having gained 8.7% of the vote, 56 deputies and 26 senators,[24] it became the fourth largest party of the country and within Parliament. In 1993 Marco Formentini, a left-wing leghista, was elected mayor of Milan, the party won 49.3% in the provincial election of Varese[25] and, by the end of the year, before Silvio Berlusconi launched his own political career and party, it was polled around 16–18% in electoral surveys (half of that support was later siphoned by Berlusconi).[26]

First alliance with Berlusconi

In early 1994, some days before the announcement of the Bossi–Berlusconi pact which led to the formation of the Pole of Freedoms, Roberto Maroni, Bossi's number two, signed an agreement with Mario Segni's centrist Pact for Italy, which was later cancelled.[27][28]

The party thus fought the 1994 general election in alliance with Berlusconi's Forza Italia party within the Pole of Freedoms coalition. Lega Nord gained just 8.4% of the vote, but, thanks to a generous division of candidacies in northern single-seats constituencies, its parliamentary representation was almost doubled to 117 deputies and 56 senators.[29] The position of President Chamber of Deputies was thus given to a leghista, Irene Pivetti, a young woman hailing from the Catholic faction of the party.

After the election, the League joined FI, National Alliance (AN) and the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) to form a coalition government under Berlusconi and the party obtained five ministries in Berlusconi's first cabinet: Interior for Roberto Maroni (who was also Deputy Prime Minister), Budget for Giancarlo Pagliarini, Industry for Vito Gnutti, European affairs for Domenico Comino and Institutional Reforms for Francesco Speroni. However, the alliance with Berlusconi and the government itself were both short-lived: the latter collapsed before the end of the year, with the League being instrumental in its demise.

The last straw was a proposed pension reform, which would have hurt some of the key constituencies of the LN, but the government was never a cohesive one and relations among coalition partners, especially those between the LN and the centralist AN, were quite tense all the time.

When, in December, Bossi finally decided to withdraw from the government, Maroni vocally disagreed and walked out.

In January 1995 the League gave a vote of confidence to the newly formed cabinet led by Lamberto Dini, along with the Italian People's Party and the Democratic Party of the Left. This caused several splinter groups to leave the party, including the Federalist Party (which was actually founded in June 1994) of Gianfranco Miglio, the Federalists and Liberal Democrats of Franco Rocchetta, Lucio Malan and Furio Gubetti[30] and the Federalist Italian League of Luigi Negri and Sergio Cappelli. All these groups later merged into FI, while a few other MPs, including Pierluigi Petrini, floor leader in the Chamber of Deputies, joined the centre-left. By 1996 total of 40 deputies and 17 senators had left the party, while Maroni, after months of coldness with Bossi, had instead returned to the party's fold.[31][32]

Between 1995 and 1998 Lega Nord joined centre-left governing coalitions in many local contexts, notably including the Province of Padua to the city of Udine.

Padanian separatism

Main articles: Padanian nationalism and Padanian Declaration of Independence

After a huge success at the 1996 general election, its best result ever (10.1%, 59 deputies and 27 senators),[33] Lega Nord announced that it wanted the secession of northern Italy under the name of Padania. The party gave to the expression, previously referring to the Po Valley, a broader meaning that has steadily gained currency, at least among its followers. The party even organised a referendum on independence and elections for a "Padanian Parliament" (see below).

The years between 1996 and 1998 were particularly good for the League, which was the largest party in many provinces of northern Italy and was able to win in single-seat constituencies and provincial elections by running alone against both the centre-right and the centre-left.

However, after the 1996 election, which Lega Nord had fought outside the two big coalitions, the differences between those who supported a new alliance with Berlusconi (Vito Gnutti, Domenico Comino, Fabrizio Comencini, etc.) and those who preferred to enter Romano Prodi's Olive Tree (Marco Formentini, Irene Pivetti, etc.) re-emerged. A total of 15 deputies and 9 senators left the party to join either centre-right or centre-left parties.[34] Pivetti left a few months after the election.[35] Comencini left in 1998 to launch Liga Veneta Repubblica[36] with the mid-term goal of joining forces with FI in Veneto.[37] Gnutti and Comino were expelled in 1999, after they had formed local alliances with the centre-right.[38][39] Also Formentini left in 1999 in order to join Prodi's Democrats.[40][41]

As a result, the party suffered a huge setback at the 1999 European Parliament election, in which it garnered a mere 4.5% of the vote. Since then the League de-emphasised demands for independence in order to rather focus on devolution and federal reform, paving the way for a return to coalition politics.

House of Freedoms

Umberto Bossi, 2001

After the defeat at the 1999 European Parliament election, senior members of the party thought it was not possible to achieve anything if the party continued to stay outside the two big coalitions. Some, including Maroni, who, despite 1994–1995 row with Bossi, had always been left-leaning in the heart, preferred an alliance with the centre-left. Bossi asked Maroni to negotiate an agreement with Massimo D'Alema, who had described Lega Nord as "a rib of the left". These talks were successful and Maroni was indicated as the joint candidate for President of Lombardy for the 2000 regional election. Despite this, Bossi decided instead to reproach Berlusconi, who was the front-runner in the upcoming 2001 general election.[42][43] The centre-right coalition won the 2000 regional elections and the League entered the regional governments of Lombardy, Veneto, Piedmont and Liguria.

One year later, Lega Nord was part of Berlusconi's House of Freedoms in the 2001 general election. According to its leader, the alliance was a "broad democratic arch, composed of the democratic right, namely AN, the great democratic centre, namely Forza Italia, CCD and CDU, and the democratic left represented by the League, the New PSI, the PRI and, at least I hope so, Cossiga".[44][45]

The coalition won handily the election, but the LN was further reduced to 3.9%, while being returned in Parliament thanks to the victories scored by Leghisti in single-seat constituencies. In 2001–2006, although severely reduced in its parliamentary representation, the party controlled three key ministries: Justice with Roberto Castelli, Labour and Social affairs with Roberto Maroni, and Institutional Reforms and Devolution with Umberto Bossi (replaced by Roberto Calderoli in June 2004). In March 2004 Bossi suffered a stroke that led many to question over the party's survival, but that ultimately confirmed Lega Nord's strength, due to a very organised structure and a cohesive set of leaders.

In government, the LN was widely considered the staunchest ally of Berlusconi and formed the so-called "axis of the North" along with FI (whose strongholds included Lombardy and Veneto as well as Sicily), through the special relationship between Bossi, Berlusconi and Giulio Tremonti, while AN and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), the party emerged from the merger of the CCD and the CDU in late 2002, became the natural representatives of Southern interests.[46][47][48][49][50]

During the five years in government with the centre-right, the Parliament passed an important constitutional reform, which included federalism and more powers for the Prime Minister. The alliance that Lega Nord forged with the Movement for Autonomy (MpA) and the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) for the 2006 general election was not successful in convincing southern voters to approve the reform, which was rejected in the 2006 constitutional referendum.

Fourth Berlusconi government

In the aftermath of the fall of Romano Prodi's government in January 2008, which led President Giorgio Napolitano to call an early election, the centre-right was re-organised by Berlusconi as The People of Freedom (PdL), now without the support of the UDC. Lega Nord ran the election in coalition with the PdL and the MpA, gaining a stunning 8.3% of the vote (+4.2%) and obtaining 60 deputies (+37) and 26 senators (+13).

Following this result, since May 2008 Lega Nord was represented in Berlusconi's fourth cabinet by four ministers (Roberto Maroni, Interior; Luca Zaia, Agriculture; Umberto Bossi, Reforms and Federalism; Roberto Calderoli, Legislative simplification) and five under-secretaries (Roberto Castelli, Infrastructures; Michelino Davico, Interior; Daniele Molgora, Economy and Finances; Francesca Martini, Health; Maurizio Balocchi, Legislative simplification).

In April 2009 a bill introducing a path towards fiscal federalism was approved by the Senate, after having passed by the Chamber. The bill gained bipartisan support by Italy of Values, that voted in favour, and the Democratic Party, that chose not to oppose the measure.[51] As of late March 2011 all the most important decrees of the reform were approved by the Parliament and Bossi publicly praised the Democrats' leader Pier Luigi Bersani for not having opposed the decisive decree on regional and provincial fiscality.[52][53] Lega Nord influenced the government also on illegal immigration, especially when dealing with immigrants coming from the sea. While the UNCHR and Catholic bishops expressed some concerns over the handling of asylum seekers,[54] Maroni's decision to send back to Libya the boats full of illegal immigrants was praised also by some leading Democrats, notably including Piero Fassino,[55][56] and was backed by some 76% of Italians according to a poll.[57]

In agreement with the PdL,[58] in the 2010 regional elections, Luca Zaia was candidate for President in Veneto[59] and Roberto Cota in Piedmont,[60] while in the other northern regions, including Lombardy, the League supported candidates of the PdL. Both Zaia and Cota were elected. The party became the largest in Veneto with 35.2% and the second-largest in Lombardy with 26.2%, while getting stronger all around the North and in some regions of central Italy.

In November 2011 Berlusconi resigned and was replaced by Mario Monti. The League was the only major party to oppose Monti's "technocratic" government.

From Umberto Bossi to Roberto Maroni

Further information: 2008–2011 internal developments
Roberto Maroni, 2010

Throughout 2011 the party was riven in internal disputes, which Bossi's weak-as-ever leadership was not able to stop. Roberto Maroni, a moderate figure who had been the party's number two since the start, was clearly Bossi's most likely successor. The rise of Maroni and his fellow Maroniani was obstacled by a group of Bossi's loyalists, whom journalists called the "magic circle". The leaders of this group were Marco Reguzzoni, floor leader in the Chamber of Deputies, and Rosi Mauro.

In January 2012, after being temporarily forbidden from speaking at the party's public meetings,[61] Maroni gained the upper hand[62] and, during a factional rally in Varese, he launched direct attacks on Reguzzoni and Mauro, at the presence of a puzzled Bossi. In that occasion, Maroni called for the celebration of party congresses and closed his speech paraphrasing Scipio Slataper and Che Guevara (the latter being one of his youth's heroes): "We are barbarians, dreaming barbarians. We are realistic, we dream the impossible".[63] On 20 January Bossi replaced Reguzzoni as leader in the Chamber with Gianpaolo Dozzo.[64] Two days later the federal council of the party scheduled provincial congresses by April and national (regional) congresses by June.[65] Maroni, whose flock included people as diverse as Flavio Tosi, a conservative liberal, and Matteo Salvini, a left-winger,[66][67] strengthened his grip on the party.

On 3 April 2012 a corruption scandal hit the magic circle and, consequently, the entire party. The party's treasurer Francesco Belsito was charged of money-laundering, embezzlement and fraud at the expenses of the League. Among other things, he was accused of having taken money away from the party's chest and paid it out to Bossi's family and other members of the magic circle, notably including Mauro.[68] Maroni, who had already called for Belsito's resignation as early as in January, asked for his immediate replacement. Belsito resigned a few hours later and was replaced by Stefano Stefani.[69][70]

More shockingly, on 5 April, Bossi resigned from federal secretary and the party's federal council appointed a triumvirate composed of Maroni, Calderoli and Manuela Dal Lago, who would lead the party until a new federal congress was held. Bossi was however elected federal president.[70] On 12 April the federal council expelled both Belsito and Mauro, and decided that a federal congress would be held at the end of June.[71] In the 6–7 May municipal elections the League was crushed almost everywhere,[72] while retaining the city of Verona, where Tosi, the incumbent mayor, was re-elected by a landslide.[73]

Leadership of Roberto Maroni

At the beginning of June, after having secured the leadership of several national sections of the party, Maroni and his followers scored two big victories at the congresses of the two largest "nations", Lombardy and Veneto: Matteo Salvini was elected secretary of Lega Lombarda with 74% of the votes,[74] while Flavio Tosi fended off a challenge by the Venetists' and Bossi's loyalists' standard-bearer Massimo Bitonci, defeating him 57%–43%.[75]

Roberto Maroni speaks at the federal congress in Milan, 1 July 2012

On 1 July 2012 Maroni was virtually unanimously elected federal secretary. The party's constitution was changed in order to make Bossi federal president for life, to restructure the federal organization and to give more autonomy to the national sections, in fact transforming the federation into a confederation.[76][77]

At the 2013 general election, which saw the rise of the Five Star Movement, the League won a mere 4.1% of the vote (–4.2% from 2008).[78] However, in the simultaneous Lombard regional election, the party won the big prize: Maroni was elected President, by defeating his Democratic opponent 42.8% to 38.2%. The League, which obtained 12.9% in Lombardy in the general election, garnered 23.2% (combined result of party list, 13.0%, and Maroni's personal list, 10.2%) in the regional election.[79] All three big regions of the North were thus governed by the League.

In September 2013 Maroni announced he would soon leave the party's leadership.[80][81] A congress was scheduled for mid December and, in accordance to the new rules set for the leadership election, five candidates filed their bid to become secretary: Umberto Bossi, Matteo Salvini, Giacomo Stucchi, Manes Bernardini and Roberto Stefanazzi.[82] Of these, only Bossi and Salvini gathered the 1,000 necessary signatures by party members to take part to the internal "primary", and Salvini collected four times the signatures gathered by Bossi.[83]

Leadership of Matteo Salvini

Matteo Salvini, 2015

On 7 December 2013 Salvini, who counted on the support by Maroni and most of the party's bigwigs (including Tosi, who had renounced a bid of his own), trounced Bossi with 82% of the vote in the "primary".[84] A week later, his election was ratified by the party's federal congress in Turin.[85] Under Salvini, the party embraced a very critical view of the European Union,[86] especially of the Euro, which he described a "crime against mankind".[87] Ahead of 2014 European Parliament election, Salvini started to cooperate with Marine Le Pen, leader of the French National Front, and Geert Wilders, leader of the Dutch Party for Freedom.[88][89][90] All this was criticised by Bossi, who re-called his left-wing roots,[91][92] and Tosi, who represented the party's centrist wing and defended the Euro.[93]

In April 2014 Salvini presented the party's logo for the EP election, with Basta Euro ("No more Euro") replacing Padania,[94] to emphasize the new political trend, focused on Euroscepticism and the exit from the Eurozone.[95] The party included in its slates candidates from other anti-Euro and/or autonomist movements (hence Autonomie, meanining "Autonomies"), notably comprising The Freedomites, a right-wing populist and separatist party active in South Tyrol (whose symbol was included too).[96]

In the EP election the party obtained 6.2% of the vote and 5 MEPs.[97] The result was far worse than that of the previous EP election in 2009 (–4.0%), but better than that of 2013 general election (+2.1%). The LN arrived third with 15.2% in Veneto (where Tosi obtained many more votes than Salvini, showing his popular support once for all and proving how the party was far from united on the anti-Euro stance),[98] ahead of Forza Italia (FI) and the other parties emerged from the defunct PdL, and fourth in Lombardy with 14.6%. Salvini was triumphant, despite the party had lost Piedmont to the Democrats, after Cota had been forced to resign, due to irregularities committed by one of its supporting lists in filing the slates for the 2010 election, and had decided not to stand. Moreover, Bitonci was elected mayor of Padua, a Democratic stronghold.

The party's federal congress, summoned in Padua in July, approved Salvini's political line, especially a plan for the introduction of a flat tax and the creation of a sister party in central-southern Italy and the Isles.[99] In November the Emilia-Romagna regional election represented a major step for Salvini's "national project": the LN, which won 19.4% of the vote, was the region's second-largest and far ahead of FI, paving the way for a bid for the leadership of the centre-right.[100] In December Us with Salvini (NcS) was launched. The party's growing popularity among voters was reflected also by a constant rise in opinion polls.

In March 2015, after a long struggle between Tosi and Zaia, backed by Salvini, over the formation of the slates for the upcoming regional election in Veneto, Tosi was removed from national secretary of Liga Veneta and ejected from the federal party altogether.[101] However, the 2015 regional elections were another success for the LN, especially in Veneto, where Zaia was handily re-elected with 50.1% of the vote and the combined score of party's and Zaia's personal lists was 40.9%. The party also came second in Liguria with 22.3%, second in Tuscany with 16.2%, third in Marche with 13.0% and third in Umbria with 14.0%. The LN had never polled so high in those five regions before.

Ideology

Statue of Alberto da Giussano, the Medieval knight who inspired Umberto Bossi

The party's ideology is a combination of political federalism, fiscal federalism, regionalism and defense of northern Italian traditions. The historical goal of the party is to transform Italy into a federal state, letting Padania keep more tax revenues collected there under a regime of fiscal federalism. Thus, through Lega Nord, federalism has become a major issue in the country. This is also the main difference between the League and most European regionalist parties (South Tyrolean People's Party,[102] Basque Nationalist Party, Republican Left of Catalonia, Scottish National Party, Vlaams Belang, etc.), which focus on special rights for their own regions.[103][104][105]

At times it has seemed possible that the League might unite with similar leagues in central and southern Italy, but it has not succeeded in doing so. The party continues dialogue with regionalist parties throughout Italy, notably the South Tyrolean People's Party, the Valdostan Union, the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party, the Movement for Autonomy and the Sardinian Action Party, and has some figures from the South in its parliamentary ranks. Notably, Angela Maraventano, former deputy mayor of Lampedusa, has been a senator of Lega Nord. Although it is no longer a member of the European Free Alliance, the party has ties with many regionalist parties around Europe, including left-wing parties such as the Republican Left of Catalonia.[106] Lega Nord has some ties also with the Swiss Ticino League.

Lega Nord's political culture is a mix of Northern Italian pride, resentment for some southern Italian habits and Roman authorities, distrust of Italy and especially its flag, some support for the free market, anti-statism, independentism, and claims of a Celtic heritage. The party boasts historical references to the anti-imperialist Lombard League and to Alberto da Giussano (stylized in the symbol), the hero of the wars against Frederick I Barbarossa.[107] These historical references are the base for the party's anti-monopolism and anti-centralism.

The original program of the party identified "federalist libertarianism" as ideology.[108] In fact the party has often varied its tone and policies, replacing its original libertarianism and social liberalism with a more socially conservative approach, alterning anti-clericalism with a pro-Catholic Church stance, Europeanism with a marked Euroscepticism,[109][110] and abandoning its original pacifism and uncompromising ecologism.[111] In 2008 Bossi explained in an interview that Lega Nord is "libertarian, but also socialist" and that the right-wing he likes is anti-statist and with a "libertarian idea of a state which does not weigh on citizens". When asked to tell his most preferred politician of the 20th Century he said Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist MP who was killed by Fascist squads in 1925, and remembered his anti-fascist and left-wing roots.[112]

Catch-all nature

Lega Nord aims at uniting all those northern Italians who support autonomy and federalism for their land. For this reason it has tended to be a multi-ideological catch-all party, especially at its beginnings,[113][114] following what Umberto Bossi stated in 1982 to his early followers: "It does not matter how old are you, what your job is and what your political tendency: what matters is that you and we are all Lombard. [...] It is as Lombards, indeed, that we have a fundamental common goal in face of which our division in parties should fall behind".[115] Writes Roberto Biorcio, a political scientist: "The political commitment of Umberto Bossi was influenced by his encounter with Bruno Salvadori, leader of the Valdostan Union [...]. The convictions of Salvadori on federalism, the self-determination of the peoples (the so-called nations without state) and the belonging to a people on the basis of cultural criteria and not on blood, were adopted by the future leader of the League".[116]

Since the beginning the electorate of the party has been very diverse on a left-right scale. At the 1992 general election, for instance, 25.4% of the party supporters were former Christian Democratic voters, 18.5% Communists, 12.5% Socialists and 6.6% former voters of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement.[117]

It is quite difficult to define it in the left-right spectrum because it is variously conservative, centrist and left-wing with regard to different issues. For example, the party supports both liberal ideas, such as deregulation, and social-democratic positions, such as the defense of workers' wages and pensions. This is because Lega Nord, as a "people's party" representing the North as a whole, includes both liberal-conservative and social-democratic factions.[118][citation needed]

Generally speaking, the party supports the social market economy and other typical issues of Christian-democratic parties,[citation needed] and has been described as a "neo-labour party" by some commentators[119] and also by some of its members.[120][121] Lega Nord is populist in the sense that it is an anti-monopolist and anti-elitist popular and participative party (it is one of the few Italian political parties not to permit freemasons to join), fighting against the "vested interests", once identified by Bossi in "Agnelli, the Pope and the Mafia". The party is also libertarian-populist in its promotion of small ownership, small and medium-sized enterprise, small government as opposed to governmental bureaucracy, waste of public funds, pork barrel spending and corruption.[122] These are the main reasons why the party is strong in the North, despite being obscured (especially at the beginning of its history) and badly presented by national media, television and newspapers.[123] According to a number of scholars, Lega Nord is an example of a right-wing populist,[5][124][125][126][127] radical right,[126][128][129] or extreme right-wing party,[130] while some see significant differences to typical European radical right-wing populist parties,[131] or reject the label of radical right as inadequate to describe the party's ideology.[7][132]

According to many observers, under Matteo Salvini the party has lurched to the right, but both Salvini, a former communist, and Luca Zaia insist the party is "neither right nor left",[133][134] while Roberto Maroni, another former radical leftist, stated: "we are a big political movement which has in its platform issues and people of right and left".[135]

Platform and policies

The party usually takes a socially conservative stance on social issues, such as abortion, euthanasia, medical embryonic stem cell research, artificial insemination, same-sex marriage (although there is an association called Los Padania, where "Los" stands for "free sexual orientation", linked to the party and Lega Nord was once in favour of same-sex marriage)[136] and drug use (although it did once support the legalization of marijuana along with Marco Pannella's Radicals). Despite this the party has been home to some social liberals: Giancarlo Pagliarini, Rossana Boldi, Giovanna Bianchi Clerici[137] and, to some extent, Roberto Castelli.

Campervan of Lega Nord for the 2005 Tuscan regional election in Florence

Lega Nord opposes statism,[105] supports lower taxes, especially for families and small entrepreneurs[138] and more recently in the form a flat tax,[139] and a stop to the flow of public money in help to big businesses facing crisis, as for FIAT[140] and Alitalia.[141][142] Other key policies include direct election of prosecutors,[143] as well as a regionalised judiciary and Constitutional Court.

The party, in its political programme, is committed to the environment, supporting public green areas, the establishment of natural parks, recycling, and the end (or regulation) of the construction of sheds in country areas, especially in Veneto.[144][145] Lega Nord, which has a strong agricultural wing, also supports the protection of traditional food, opposes GMOs and has campaigned for a revision of the quota system of the Common Agricultural Policy.[140][144]

In foreign policy, the League has never had a particularly pro-United States stance, although it admires the American federal political system. Its MPs opposed both the Gulf War in 1991 and the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999 in the name of pacifism, and Umberto Bossi personally met Slobodan Milošević during that war.[146][147] However, after the September 11 attacks and the emergence of Islamic terrorism, the League became a supporter of the American efforts in the War on Terror,[148][149][150][151] while expressing several reservations about American policy on Iraq.[152][153][154] The League is also a staunch supporter of Israel.[155] In 2011 the party was severely opposed to the Italian participation in the war in Libya,[156][157][158] while in 2014 it opposed the sanctions on Russia, a key economic partner of Lombard and Venetian entrepreneurs and a likely ally in the fight against Islamic terrorism and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[159][160]

Through the Associazione Umanitaria Padana, Lega Nord participates in humanitarian projects which are intended to respect local cultures, traditions, and identities. The campaigns are carried out in poor countries or in those that have suffered from war or natural catastrophes. Locations of missions include Darfur, Iraq, Afghanistan and Ivory Coast.[161] The association is led by Sara Fumagalli, wife of Roberto Castelli and born-again Catholic after a pilgrimage in Medjugorje.[162][163]

Federalist or separatist?

The Sun of the Alps, the proposed flag for Padania by Lega Nord

The exact program of Lega Nord was not clear in the early years: some opponents claimed it wanted secession of Padania, while at other times it appeared to be requesting only autonomy for northern regions. The League eventually settled on federalism, which rapidly became a buzzword and a popular issue in most Italian political parties.[164][165]

In 1996 the party switched to open separatism, calling for the independence of Padania. As a symbolic act of birth of the new nation, on 13 September 1996 Bossi took a bottle of water from the springs of Po River (Template:Lang-la, hence Padania), which was poured in the sea of Venice by a little girl two days later. The party constitution was reformed accordingly and still declares at article 1 that the LN aims at "the achievement the independence of Padania, through democratic means, and its international recognition as independent and sovereign federal republic".[166] A voluntary group of militants, the "Green Volunteers", often referred as "green shirts" (green being the colour of Padania), was also established, but it has been active mainly in civil defense and emergency management.

The renewed alliance with Berlusconi in 2001 forced the party to tone down its separatists spirits and Padania became the name of a proposed "macro-region", going back to the ideas by Miglio: an Italian federal republic, divided into three "macro-regions" ("Padania", "Etruria" and the "South") and some autonomous regions.[104][105] A new buzzword, devolution (often used in English), was also introduced, but with less success than "federalism". This tactical evolution caused some criticism within party ranks and led to the formation of some minor breakaway factions.[167] Moreover, as observed above, the peculiarity of the LN among European regionalist parties is that its main goal has long been the transformation of Italy into a federal state instead of simply demanding special rights and autonomy for northern regions.[102][103][104][105]

Euroscepticism

Lega Nord often criticises the European Union (it was the only party in the Italian Parliament, along with the Communist Refoundation Party, to vote against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, but voted in favour of the Treaty of Lisbon)[168] and opposes what it calls the "European superstate", favoring instead a "Europe of the Regions".[169][170][171] Especially under the leadership of Matteo Salvini and the influence of professor Claudio Borghi, the party has proposed the abandonment of the Euro by Italy, although this has been opposed by some party heavyweights, notably including Flavio Tosi.[172][173]

However, according to Roberto Maroni, the party is not Eurosceptic and stands for a "new Europeanism". In a public speech in 2012 he said to party activists: "We should start looking at Padania in a northern, European perspective. [...] The project of Padania is not anti-European, this is a new Europeanism which looks at the future: a Europe of the regions, a Europe of the peoples, a truly federal Europe."[63] Moreover, the party supports direct elect of the President of the European Commission, more powers for the European Parliament, acceleration of the four unions (political, economic, banking and fiscal), Eurobonds and project bonds, the European Central Bank as lender of last resort, and the "centrality of Italy in European politics".[174]

Immigration

Matteo Salvini speaks in a Lega Nord rally in Turin, 2013

The party takes a tough stance on crime, illegal immigration,[175] especially from Muslim countries, and terrorism. It supports the promotion of immigration from non-Muslim countries in order to protect the "Christian identity" of Italy and Europe, which, according to party officials, should be based on "Judeo-Christian heritage".[140][144] The party has been labeled as "xenophobic"[176][177] and "anti-immigrant".[178] In 1992 the League was compared by Le Nouvel Observateur to some national populist parties of the European far-right, including France's National Front, the Freedom Party of Austria and the Vlaams Blok: "the League rejects any association with neo-fascists but plays on themes of xenophobia regionalism and trivial racism".[179]

In 2002 the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) first denounced the party: "members of Lega Nord made a particularly intense use of racist and xenophobic propaganda, although it should be noted that even members of other parties used a xenophobic or otherwise intolerant political talk."[180] In 2006 the ECRI noticed that "some members of Lega Nord have intensified the use of racist and xenophobic political talk." While noting that those expressing themselvers this way "were mostly local representatives of this party, also some important political leaders of the party at the national level issued racist and xenophobic statements. These talks continued to target mainly non-EU immigrants, but also other members of minority groups such as Roma and Sinti." ECRI also recalled that "in December 2004, the court of first instance of Verona found six local representatives of Lega Nord guilty of incitement to racial hatred, in connection with a campaign aimed at ousting a group of Sinti from a temporary camp in the local territory."[181] However, in 2007 the Court of Cassation cancelled the sentence.[182]

Although several of its members tend to speak strongly against illegal immigrants (in 2003 Bossi suggested opening fire on the boats of illegal immigrants from Africa, whom he described as bingo-bongos,[183] and Giancarlo Gentilini labeled foreigners as "immigrant slackers", saying "we should dress them up like hares and bang-bang-bang",[184] the party's official line is more moderate. In a 2010 interview after some riots in Milan between South American and North African immigrants, Maroni, then minister of the Interior, stated that "the police state is not the solution" to integration problems and, calling for a "new model of integration", he maintained that "we should think that, other than a permit of stay, a job and a house, there are further conditions that today are missing for integration to succeed".[185] Bossi soon endorsed Maroni's position.[186]

Lega Nord rejects all charges of xenophobia, instead claiming that the North is the victim of discrimination and racism.[187][188] After more than 15 years of government by Lega Nord, the Province of Treviso is widely considered the place in Italy where immigrants are best integrated.[189][190] Similar things can be said about the city of Verona,[191] governed by Flavio Tosi, who evolved from being a hardliner to be one of the most popular mayors of Italy.[192][193] Moreover, the first and only, so far, black mayor in Italy belongs to the League: Sandy Cane (whose mother is Italian and father is an African American)[194] was elected mayor in Viggiù in 2009. In an interview with The Independent, Cane said that the League does not include racist or xenophobic members.[195] She eventually left the League in 2014.[196] More recently, Hajer Fezzani, a Tunisian-born lapsed Muslim, was appointed local coordinator in Malnate,[197] Souad Sbai, president of the association "Moroccan women in Italy" and former deputy of The People of Freedom, joined the party,[198] and, most notably, Tony Iwobi, a Nigerian-born long-time party member, was appointed at the head of the party's department on immigration ("Tony will do more for legal immigrants in a month than what Kyenge has done in an entire life", Salvini said during the press conference).[199]

International affiliation

Lega Nord was originally a member of the European Free Alliance (EFA) and its first two MEPs, Francesco Speroni and Luigi Moretti, joined the Rainbow Group in the European Parliament during the fourth parliamentary term (1989–1994). Between 1994 and 1997 it was a member of the Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR)[200][201] and one MEP of Lega Nord, Raimondo Fassa, continued to sit in the ELDR group until 1999. During the sixth parliamentary term (1999–2004), it was briefly a component of the Technical Group of Independents (TGI) along with Italian Radicals and then returned to the Non-Inscrits.[202][203][204][205]

Following the 2004 European Parliament election, Lega Nord joined the Independence/Democracy (I/D) group and later the Union for Europe of the Nations (UEN), a seemingly awkward affiliation for a party proposing a "Europe of the Regions"—but in the Lega Nord's view, a state's "regions" are populated by "nations" such as the Catalans or the Lombards. The party was affiliated to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe until 2006, when its members joined the European Democrat Group (EDG), a diverse group stretching from the Conservative Party (UK) to United Russia.[206]

Following the 2009 European Parliament election, Lega Nord joined the newly formed the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group.

One year after the 2014 European Parliament election, Lega Nord was a founding member of the Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENL) group.

Factions

Although there are almost no official factions within the party, it is possible to distinguish several tendencies or wings.

Regional and ideological divides

"Festival of the Padanian Peoples" in Venice, 2011

The wing from the province of Varese and, more broadly, the bulk of the original Lega Lombarda (including Umberto Bossi, Roberto Maroni and Marco Formentini) has tended to be the left-wing of the party, while that from the province of Bergamo (notably Roberto Calderoli) has tended to be more conservative. In fact both Bossi and Maroni hailed from the far-left of the political spectrum, having been active in the Italian Communist Party, il manifesto movement, the Party of Proletarian Unity, Proletarian Democracy and the Greens before starting Lega Lombarda,[207][208] and conceived Lega Nord as a centre-left (and, to some extent, social-democratic) political force.[31][209] From the left came also Marco Formentini, a long-time member of the left-wing of the Italian Socialist Party,[210] and Rosi Mauro, a trade unionist of the metal workers' section of the Italian Labour Union and, later, leader of the Padanian Trade Union (SinPa).[211]

Since its foundation, Liga Veneta was instead characterised as a liberal, centrist and economically libertarian outfit, due to the political upbringing of its early leaders and a more conservative electoral base. In the early 1990s, the League stole votes especially from the Communists and the Socialists in western and central Lombardy, while the party electorally replaced Christian Democracy in eastern Lombardy and Veneto.[212][213]

In fact, also Lega Lombarda included liberal-conservative figures, such as Gianfranco Miglio and Vito Gnutti, both former Christian Democrats, while Giovanni Meo Zilio, a Socialist partisan during the Italian Resistance, was one of the founding fathers of Liga Veneta.

In Emilia-Romagna, a left-wing heartland, the party has many former Communists in its ranks, and many others have Communist upbringings.[214][215][216]

However, with the passing of time, the party underwent a process of homogenisation.

Between Maroni and Calderoli, there has been a liberal-centrist wing including Roberto Castelli, a conspicuous group of former Liberals (Manuela Dal Lago, Daniele Molgora, Francesco Speroni, etc.) and a new generation of Leghisti (Roberto Cota, Giancarlo Giorgetti, Marco Reguzzoni, Luca Zaia, etc.).

During the years in government in Rome (2001–2006) in the party there were different viewpoints on coalitions: some, led by Calderoli and Castelli (with the backing of Bossi), vigorously supported the alliance with the centre-right, while others, represented by Maroni and Giorgetti, were less warm about it.[217][218][219] Some of them spoke about joining the centre-left some time after the 2006 general election, which they were certain to lose. This idea was ascribed to the fact that, without any support from the left, it seemed even more difficult to win the constitutional referendum, which would have turned Italy into a federal state.[220]

Traditional rally of Lega Nord in Pontida, 2013

Similar differences emerged during (and within) Berlusconi's fourth government (2008–2011). While Calderoli was again a keen supporter of the arrangement, Maroni was far less warm on Berlusconi and, at times, evoked an alliance with the centre-left Democratic Party. Calderoli's line had the backing of Federico Bricolo, Cota, Reguzzoni and, chiefly, Bossi, while Maroni was backed by Giorgetti, Speroni, Zaia and Tosi.[221][222] However, the alliance with the centre-right continued at the regional/local level (Veneto, Piedmont, Lombardy, municipalities, etc.) also after 2011.

Since Salvini's rise to leadership in 2013, the party has shown quite a high internal unity, despite the usual regional and ideological divides and, especially, that between Salvini and Tosi: the former has displayed a more populist attitude, strongly opposed the Euro and nominally supported separatism, while the latter has presented himself as a more centrist figure, supported European integration, been soft on independence and unveiled a liberal program[223] for his likely run in a putative centre-right prime-ministerial primary election.[224][225] As leader of Liga Veneta, Tosi, who was ejected from Lega Nord in March 2015, was confronted by the Venetist and separatist wings of the regional party,[226] having in Zaia and Massimo Bitonci their leading members (see Factions of Liga Veneta).

Issue-oriented groups

The League is home also to some issue-oriented groups. First, there is a group of Christian democrats, most of whom are affiliated to the Padanian Catholics, founded by late Roberto Ronchi and currently led by Giuseppe Leoni. Another leading Catholic is Massimo Polledri.[227] In fact many Leghisti are committed to Catholic social teaching and the social market economy, and several party members are former members or voters of Christian Democracy.

Then, there is a right-wing which is represented mainly by Mario Borghezio, a former Monarchist who is the leader of Christian Padania, which is a key advocate of social conservatism within party ranks and has some links with the traditionalist Society of St. Pius X.

Third and fourth, the party has always included also a group of libertarians, whose leading members Leonardo Facco, Gilberto Oneto and Giancarlo Pagliarini have since left the party, and an Independentist Unit.[228] The independentist wing crosses all the other factions and tendencies and in fact includes, among others, Borghezio and Francesco Speroni. Also Oneto, father of Padanian nationalism, and Pagliarini were close to this group.[229][230]

Finally, the party is home to an agricultural wing, which is particularly strong in southern Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna and Veneto, and is represented by the Cobas del latte, a farmers' trade union, the "Land Movement", whose leader was Giovanni Robusti,[231] and politicians such as Luca Zaia, a former Minister of Agriculture, Fabio Rainieri, one of the leader of Lega Nord Emilia, and Erminio Boso, a historic and now marginal figure from Trentino.

1997 Padanian elections

In October 1997 Lega Nord organised what it called "the first elections to the Padanian Parliament". Roughly 4 million northern Italians (6 million according to the party) went to the polls and chose between a number of Padanian parties. This is a short resume of the affiliations of leading party members:[231][232][233][234][235][236]

2008–2011 developments

Since 2008, besides the traditional regional divides, the party was increasingly divided among three groups. The first was the so-called "magic circle", that was to say Bossi's inner circle, notably including Marco Reguzzoni, Rosi Mauro and Federico Bricolo. The second was formed around Roberto Calderoli, who was the powerful coordinator of Lega Nord's national secretariats and had among his closest supporters Giacomo Stucchi and Davide Boni. The third one was led by Roberto Maroni, who tended to be more independent from Bossi and was somewhat critical of the centre-right affiliation of the party, and included Giancarlo Giorgetti, Attilio Fontana, Matteo Salvini and Flavio Tosi.[237][238][239] Gian Paolo Gobbo and Luca Zaia, leaders of the party in Veneto, although very loyal to Bossi, tended to be independent from "federal" factions and were engaged in a long power struggle with Flavio Tosi (see Factions of Liga Veneta).[240] Indeed, Corriere della Sera identified four main groups: the magic circle, Maroniani, Calderoliani and "Venetians" (or, better, Venetists),[241] leaving aside the core independentists (see below). Roberto Cota, leader of Lega Nord Piemont, the third largest "national" section of Lega Nord, was very close to Bossi and was part of the magic circle, but, since his election as President of Piedmont, he became more independent.[242] Equidistant from the main factions were also Roberto Castelli and Francesco Speroni.[238]

Traditional rally of Lega Nord in Pontida, 2011

By 2011 Maroniani clearly became the strongest faction within the party and Maroni, who was acclaimed at the traditional rally in Pontida in June, became Bossi's obvious successor.[243][244][245] Maroniani commanded wide support among rank-and-file members and were well represented in all regions,[246][247][248] notably including Veneto, where Tosi, despite being a conservative liberal, was loyal to Maroni.[249] Maroni and Calderoli, who had been on opposite sides for years, joined forces against the magic circle and its influence on Bossi.[250] After Pontida 2011, Mauro and Reguzzoni tried to convince Bossi to remove Giorgetti from the leadership of Lega Lombarda, but this move was strongly opposed by Maroni and Calderoli, who were supported in this also by Cota and most Venetians.[251][252][253] The attempted "coup d'etat" produced an umparalleled backclash against the magic circle: 49 deputies out of 59 wanted to replace Reguzzoni as floor leader in the Chamber of Deputies with Giacomo Stucchi, but Bossi imposed the status quo.[254][255][256][257]

After earning resounding victories in the provincial congresses of Verona, Belluno and oriental Veneto during the first half of 2011, Maroniani (with the support of Calderoliani) went on to win also in Brescia and Val Camonica, defeating the candidates of the magic circle by landslides.[258][259] In October, fearing a remake in Varese, his homeprovince, Bossi imposed his candidate, who was declared elected without a vote. In the event, Bossi was openly contested by many delegates at the congress. In fact, there had been an open vote, Maroniani would have prevailed.[260] These party infightings ended with Bossi's demise in February 2012 (see above).

Support for Lega Nord is diverse even within Padania and has varied over time, reaching a maximum of 10.1% of the vote at the 1996 general election (around 25% north of the Po River). That year, the League scored 29.3% of the vote in Veneto, 25.5% in Lombardy, 23.2% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 18.2% in Piedmont, 13.2% in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, 10.2% in Liguria, 7.2% in Emilia-Romagna, 1.8% in Tuscany, 1.5% in the Marche, and 1.0% in Umbria. The party got 59 deputies and 27 senators (39 and 19, respectively, in single-seat constituencies), helping the centre-left to win, due to its victories in some northern constituencies characterised by three-way races. The League won barely all the seats in the provinces of the so-called Pedemontana, the area at the feet of the Prealps, from Udine to Cuneo, encompassing Friuli, Veneto, Trentino, Lombardy and Piedmont.[261][262][263] Lega Nord is stronger in the areas of the late Republic of Venice and among Catholics.[264]

At the 2008 general election Lega Nord scored 8.3% at the national level, slightly below the result of 1996: 27.1% in Veneto, 21.6% in Lombardy, 13.0% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 12.6% in Piedmont, 9.4% in Trentino-Alto Adige, 7.8% in Emilia-Romagna, 6.8% in Liguria, 2.2% in the Marche, 2.0% in Tuscany and 1.7% in Umbria.[265][266]

At the 2009 European Parliament election Lega Nord won 10.2% of the vote: 28.4% in Veneto, 22.7% in Lombardy, 17.5% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 15.7% in Piedmont, 9.9% in Trentino-Alto Adige, 11.1% in Emilia-Romagna, 9.9% in Liguria, 5.5% in the Marche, 4.3% in Tuscany, 3.6% in Umbria and other surprising results, such as 24.6% in Lampedusa, 5.1% in Ogliastra, Sardinia and 1.2% in Reggio Calabria.[267]

At the 2010 regional elections the party gained 35.2% of the vote in Veneto, 26.2% in Lombardy, 16.7% in Piedmont, 13.7% in Emilia-Romagna, 10.2% in Liguria, 6.3% in the Marche, 6.5% in Tuscany and 4.3% in Umbria.[268] At the 2014–2015 regional elections it obtained 40.9% in Veneto, 20.3% in Liguria, 19.4% in Emilia-Romagna, 16.2% in Tuscany, 14.0% in Umbria e 13.0% in Marche, marking its best results ever in those six regions.

Electoral results by region

The electoral results of Lega Nord (and its predecessors) in northern and north-central regions are shown in the table below.[269][270][271]

Regional elections

Year Aosta V. Liguria Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino S. Tyrol Friuli-VG Emilia-R. Tuscany Marche Umbria
1985 - 0.9 1.1 0.5 3.7 - - - 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4
1990 - 6.1 5.1 18.9 7.2 - - - 2.9 0.8 0.2 0.2
1993 7.6 - - - - 16.2 3.0 26.7 - - - -
1995 - 6.6 9.9 17.7 16.7 - - - 3.4 0.7 0.5 -
1998 3.4 - - - - 8.8 0.9 17.3 - - - -
2000 - 4.3 7.6 15.5 12.0 - - - 2.6 0.6 - 0.3
2003 - - - - - 6.2 0.5 9.3 - - - -
2005 - 4.7 8.5 15.8 14.7 - - - 4.8 1.3 0.9 -
2008 - - - - - 19.0 2.1 12.9 - - - -
2010 - 10.2 16.7 26.2 35.2 - - - 13.6 6.4 6.3 4.3
2013 w. SA - - 23.2[nb 1] - 6.2 2.5 8.3 - - - -
2014 - - 7.3 - - - - - 19.4 - - -
2015 - 20.3 - - 40.9[nb 2] - - - - 16.2 13.0 14.0

General elections

Year Liguria Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino-ST Friuli-VG Emilia-R. Tuscany Marche Umbria ITALY
1992 14.3 16.3 23.0 17.8 8.9 15.3 9.6 3.1 1.3 1.1 8.7
1994 11.4 15.7 22.1 21.6 7.6 16.9 6.4 2.2 - - 8.4
1996 10.2 18.2 25.5 29.3 13.2 23.2 7.2 1.8 1.5 1.1 10.1
2001 3.9 5.9 12.1 10.2 3.7 8.2 3.3 0.6 0.3 - 3.9
2006 3.7 6.3 11.7 11.1 4.5 7.2 3.9 1.1 1.0 0.8 4.1
2008 6.8 12.6 21.6 27.1 9.4 13.0 7.8 2.0 2.2 1.7 8.3
2013 2.3 4.8 12.9 10.5 4.2 6.7 2.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 4.1

EP elections

Year Aosta V. Liguria Piedmont Lombardy Veneto Trentino-ST Friuli-VG Emilia-R. Tuscany Marche Umbria ITALY
1989 0.5 1.4 2.1 8.1 1.7 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.8
1994 5.7 8.0 11.5 17.7 15.7 4.8 11.2 6.4 1.6 0.8 0.6 6.6
1999 2.0 3.7 7.8 13.1 10.7 2.4 10.1 3.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 4.5
2004 3.0 4.1 8.2 13.8 14.1 3.5 8.5 3.4 0.8 0.9 0.6 5.0
2009 4.4 9.9 15.7 22.7 28.4 9.9 17.5 11.1 4.3 5.5 3.6 10.2
2014 6.8 5.6 7.6 14.6 15.6 7.6 9.3 5.0 2.6 2.7 2.5 6.2

Party totals in general elections

Chamber of Deputies
Election year # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/– Leader
1992 3,395,384 (#4) 8.6
55 / 630
Increase 54
 Umberto Bossi
1994 3,235,248 (#5) 8.4
117 / 630
Increase 62
 Umberto Bossi
1996 3,776,354 (#4) 10.8
59 / 630
Decrease 58
 Umberto Bossi
2001 1,464,301 (#6) 3.9
30 / 630
Decrease 28
 Umberto Bossi
2006 1,749,632 (#6) 4.6
28 / 630
Decrease 2
 Umberto Bossi
2008 3,024,758 (#3) 8.3
60 / 630
Increase 32
 Umberto Bossi
2013 1,390,156 (#5) 4.1
20 / 630
Decrease 42
 Roberto Maroni
Senate of the Republic
Election year # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/– Leader
1992 2,732,461 (#4) 8.2
25 / 315
Increase 24
 Umberto Bossi
1994 3,235,248 (#5) 8.4
60 / 315
Increase 35
 Umberto Bossi
1996 3,394,733 (#4) 10.4
27 / 315
Decrease 33
 Umberto Bossi
2001 1,464,301 (#6) 3.9
17 / 315
Decrease 10
 Umberto Bossi
2006 1.530.667 (#6) 4.5
13 / 315
Increase 13
 Umberto Bossi
2008 2,644,248 (#3) 7.9
26 / 315
Increase 13
 Umberto Bossi
2013 1,328,555 (#5) 4.3
18 / 315
Decrease 8
 Roberto Maroni

Party totals in EP elections

European Parliament
Election year # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/– Leader
1989 636,242 (#9) 1.8
2 / 81
–
 Umberto Bossi
1994 2,162,586 (#5) 6.5
6 / 87
Increase 4
 Umberto Bossi
1999 1,395,547 (#6) 4.5
4 / 87
Decrease 2
 Umberto Bossi
2004 1,613,506 (#7) 5.0
4 / 78
–
 Umberto Bossi
2009 3,126,915 (#3) 10.2
9 / 72
Increase 5
 Umberto Bossi
2014 1,688,197 (#4) 6.2
5 / 73
Decrease 4
 Matteo Salvini

Party totals in regional elections

Region Election year # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/–
Aosta Valley 1993 6,176 (#4) 7.6
3 / 35
–
1998 2,653 (#8) 3.4
0 / 35
Decrease 3
1998 2,653 (#8) 3.4
0 / 35
–
2003 with CdL with CdL
0 / 35
–
2008 – –
0 / 35
–
2013 with SA with SA
0 / 35
–
Emilia-Romagna 1990 85,379 (#7) 2.9
1 / 50
–
1995 86,400 (#7) 3.4
1 / 50
–
2000 79,714 (#6) 3.3
1 / 50
–
2005 109,092 (#5) 4.8
3 / 50
Increase 2
2010 288,601 (#3) 13.7
4 / 50
Increase 1
2014 233,439 (#2) 19.4
9 / 50
Increase 5
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 1993 212,497 (#1) 26.7
18 / 60
–
1998 114,156 (#2) 17.3
12 / 60
Decrease 6
2003 46,408 (#5) 9.3
4 / 55
Decrease 8
2008 73,239 (#3) 12.9
8 / 59
Increase 4
2013 33,050 (#5) 8.3
3 / 49
Decrease 5
Liguria 1995 62,755 (#5) 6.5
6 / 45
–
2000 38,104 (#5) 4.3
1 / 39
Decrease 5
2005 38,060 (#6) 4.7
1 / 40
–
2010 76,265 (#3) 10.2
3 / 40
Increase 2
2015 109,203 (#3) 20.3
7 / 30
Increase 4
Lombardy 1990 1,183,493 (#2) 18.9
15 / 80
–
1995 879,139 (#2) 17.6
12 / 80
Decrease 3
2000 702,479 (#3) 15.4
11 / 80
Decrease 1
2005 693,464 (#2) 15.8
15 / 80
Increase 3
2010 1,117,227 (#2) 26.2
20 / 80
Increase 5
2013 1,253,770 (#1) 23.2
28 / 80
Increase 8
Marche 1995 4,252 (#13) 0.5
0 / 40
–
2000 2,124 (#16) 0.3
0 / 40
–
2005 6,866 (#12) 0.8
0 / 40
–
2010 45,726 (#4) 6.3
2 / 41
Increase 2
2015 62,065 (#3) 13.0
3 / 31
Increase 1
Piedmont 1995 217,194 (#4) 9.9
5 / 60
–
2000 153,935 (#4) 7.6
3 / 60
Decrease 2
2005 173,020 (#5) 8.5
4 / 73
Increase 1
2010 317,065 (#3) 16.7
9 / 60
Increase 5
2014 141,741 (#4) 7.3
2 / 50
Decrease 7
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 1993 50,210 (#4) 9.6
7 / 70
–
1998 27,547 (#8) 4.7
3 / 70
Decrease 4
2003 16,526 (#5) 6.2
2 / 35
Decrease 1
2008 38,533 (#3) 14.7
6 / 35
Increase 3
2013 14,759 (#5) 6.2
1 / 35
Decrease 5
Tuscany 1995 15,049 (#11) 0.7
0 / 50
–
2000 11,256 (#14) 0.6
0 / 50
–
2005 22,884 (#9) 1.3
0 / 65
–
2010 98,523 (#4) 6.5
3 / 53
Increase 3
2015 214.430 (#2) 16.2
6 / 41
Increase 3
Umbria 1995 – –
0 / 30
–
2000 1,227 (#13) 0.3
0 / 30
–
2005 – –
0 / 30
–
2010 17,887 (#7) 4.3
1 / 30
Increase 1
2015 49.203 (#3) 14.0
2 / 20
Increase 1
Veneto 1985 112,275 (#5) 3.7
2 / 60
–
1990 180,676 (#5) 5.9
3 / 60
Increase 1
1995 422,410 (#3) 16.7
9 / 65
Increase 6
2000 274,472 (#4) 12.0
7 / 60
Decrease 2
2005 337,896 (#3) 14.7
11 / 60
Increase 4
2010 788,581 (#1) 35.2
20 / 60
Increase 9
2015 757,329 (#1) 40.9
24 / 51
Increase 4

Local government

Regional Presidents:

Provincial Presidents:

Mayors (cities over 50,000 inhabitants):

Leadership

Federal party

Major national sections

Liga Veneta

Lega Lombarda

Piemont Autonomista / Lega Nord Piemont

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Combined result of party list (13.0%) and Roberto Maroni's personal list (10.2%).
  2. ^ Combined result of party list (17.8%) and Luca Zaia's personal list (23.1%).

References

  1. ^ Tondelli, Jacopo; Trocino, Alessandro (16 April 2008). "La Lega si fa rete". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  2. ^ a b Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan; Newell, James L. (July 2011), "Di lotta e di governo: The Lega Nord and Rifondazione Comunista in office" (PDF), Party Politics, 17 (4): 471–487, doi:10.1177/1354068811400523
  3. ^ Cotta, Maurizio; Verzichelli, Luca (2007). Political Institutions in Italy. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-19-928470-2. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  4. ^
  5. ^ a b Spektorowski, Alberto (March 2003), "Ethonregionalism: The Intellectual New Right and the Lega Nord" (PDF), The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 2 (3–4): 55–70, doi:10.1080/14718800308405144
  6. ^
  7. ^ a b Tarchi, Marco (2007), "Recalcitrant Allies: The Conflicting Foreign Policy Agenda of the Alleanza Nazionale and the Lega Nord", Europe for the Europeans, Ashgate, p. 187, ISBN 9780754648512
  8. ^
  9. ^
    • Alonso, Sonia (2012). Challenging the State: Devolution and the Battle for Partisan Credibility — A Comparison of Belgium, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Oxford University Press. p. 216.
    • Art, David (2011). Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216 et seqq., especially p. 226.
    • Geddes, Andrew (2009). Il rombo dei connoni?: Immigration and the centre-right in Italy. Routledge. pp. 40–41. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    • Shin, Michael; Agnew, John (2011). Spatial Regression for Electoral Studies: The Case of the Italian Lega Nord. Ashgate. pp. 65–76. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    • Zaslove, Andrej (2011). The Re-invention of the European Radical Right. passim, especially pp. 29, 119–121, 130.
  10. ^ Verney, Susannah (2013). Euroscepticism in Southern Europe: A Diachronic Perspective. Routledge. p. 13.
  11. ^ Zaslove, Andrej (July 2008). "Exclusion, community, and a populist political economy: the radical right as an anti-globalization movement". Comparative European Politics. 6 (2). Palgrave Macmillan: 169–189. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110126. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  12. ^ "Right-wing MEPs to form new constellations in EU parliament". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  13. ^ "European Parliament Elections: the Italian Lega Nord chooses Le Pen's extreme right-wing party". Eunews. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  14. ^ Paravicini, Giulia. "Italy's far right jolts back from dead". politico.eu. Politico. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  15. ^ Elgot, Jessica. "Italian Far-Right Lega Nord Activists Almost Drown Attempting Stunt To Prove How 'Easy' Illegal Immigration Is". huffingtonpost.co.uk. Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  16. ^ "Italian far-right, Eurosceptic leader wants to quit EU if Turkey enters". dailysabah.com. Daily Sabah. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  17. ^ "Lega Nord formerly switches to new Le Pen/Wilders Alliance". Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  18. ^ "Eaf: Il Manifesto di Marine Le Pen". polisblog.it (in Italian). Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  19. ^ "National delegations". MENL. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  20. ^ Ignazi, Pietro (2008). Partiti politici in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 88.
  21. ^ a b Ginsborg, Paul (1996). L'Italia del tempo presente. Turin: Einaudi. pp. 336–337, 534–535.
  22. ^ a b Galli, Giorgio (2001). I partiti politici italiani. Milan: BUR. pp. 379–380, 384.
  23. ^ Rumiz, Paolo (2001). La secessione leggera. Dove nasce la rabbia del profondo Nord. Milan: Feltrinelli. pp. 10–13.
  24. ^ Parenzo, David; Romano, Davide (2009). Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 263–266.
  25. ^ Ignazi, Pietro (2008). Partiti politici in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 90.
  26. ^ Diamanti, Ilvo (2003). Bianco, rosso, verde... e azzurro. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 67.
  27. ^ Galli, Giorgio (2001). I partiti politici italiani. Milan: BUR. pp. 394–395.
  28. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 79–82.
  29. ^ Parenzo, David; Romano, Davide (2009). Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 267–273.
  30. ^ Fregonara, Gianna (9 January 1995). "Maroni e Bossi vanno alla conta". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  31. ^ a b Fregonara, Gianna (8 May 1995). "Bossi riaccoglie Maroni e torna alle origini". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  32. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 94–999.
  33. ^ Parenzo, David; Romano, Davide (2009). Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 273–276.
  34. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 120–121.
  35. ^ "Pivetti: sono disgustata. Ci riprovo da sola". Milan: Corriere della Sera. 14 September 1996.
  36. ^ Fumagalli, Marisa (5 October 1998). "Rinasce la "Liga Veneta Repubblica"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  37. ^ Caiano, Enrico (4 August 1999). "Patto Liga – Forza Italia: "Sovranita' ai veneti"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  38. ^ Cavalera, Fabio (18 July 1999). "Lega, la "polveriera" puo' esplodere". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  39. ^ Caiano, Enrico (26 July 1999). "Gnutti: sì, lavoro a un nuovo Carroccio che punti al federalismo". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  40. ^ Caiano, Enrico (26 July 1999). "Formentini: Umberto ha sbagliato". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  41. ^ Cavalera, Fabio (25 September 1999). "Formentini: Bossi sbaglia, Lega addio". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  42. ^ Galli, Giorgio (2001). I partiti politici italiani. Milan: BUR. pp. 432–433.
  43. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 122–127, 307–312.
  44. ^ http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2001/01/25/polo-lo-sgarbo-di-bossi.html
  45. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2001/gennaio/25/Debutta_arco_democratico_Martusciello_anti_co_8_010125309.shtml
  46. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2003/giugno/10/Maggioranza_alla_prova_della_verifica_co_0_030610015.shtml
  47. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2003/giugno/12/Non_vanno_piu_bene_romani_co_0_030612017.shtml
  48. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2003/settembre/10/centristi_puntano_piedi_sul_Mezzogiorno_co_0_030910007.shtml
  49. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/gennaio/27/ultima_trincea_dell_Udc_contro_co_9_040127035.shtml
  50. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2004/giugno/19/Contro_accerchiamento_Resiste_asse_del_co_9_040619051.shtml
  51. ^ Foschi, Paolo (30 April 2009). "Ultimo sì al Senato, via al federalismo fiscale". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  52. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (25 March 2011). "Calderoli: noi e il Pd? C' è stata una vera svolta". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  53. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (27 March 2011). "Bossi: federalismo grazie al Pd Ho detto io a Bersani di astenersi". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  54. ^ Sarzanini, Fiorenza (8 May 2009). "Clandestini riaccompagnati in Libia Maroni applaude, l'Onu protesta". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  55. ^ Cazzullo, Aldo (10 May 2009). "Fassino: la sinistra cambi Nel Paese c' è il rischio di una guerra tra poveri". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  56. ^ Fregonara, Gianna (11 May 2009). "Il Pd e il caso Fassino Parisi apre, no dalemiano". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  57. ^ Aldo Ferrari Nasi (12 May 2009). "Sondaggio politico-elettorale sull'immigrazione clandestina". Sondaggipoliticoelettorali.it.
  58. ^ Fuccaro, Lorenzo (17 December 2009). "Il Pdl a Pd e Udc: basta tensioni Regionali, il Veneto alla Lega". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  59. ^ Muschella, Elsa (20 December 2009). "Veneto, sì a Zaia. E Zingaretti al Pd: corro nel Lazio". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  60. ^ Cazzullo, Aldo (19 December 2009). "Cota, "lotta" a Cavour e ai Savoia "I meridionali di qui voteranno me"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  61. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (14 January 2012). "Bossi, l'offensiva anti Maroni Vietati tutti gli incontri pubblici". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  62. ^ Bracalini, Paolo (15 January 2012). "Bossi stoppa la rivolta della Lega e firma un armistizio con Maroni". Milan: Il Giornale.
  63. ^ a b "Per una Lega unite e per una Padania libera e indipendente". Radio Radicale. 18 January 2012.
  64. ^ Rame, Sergio (20 January 2012). "Dozzo è capogruppo al posto di Reguzzoni: la Lega ritrova l'unità?". Milan: Il Giornale.
  65. ^ "Maroni annuncia su Facebook "Ora i congressi"". Milan: Il Giornale. 23 January 2012.
  66. ^ Giannattasio, Maurizio (26 April 2008). "Salvini, leghista-comunista: ho "convertito" 10 religiosi". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  67. ^ D'Anna, Antonino (22 March 2012). "La rivincita dei cattolici leghisti Borghezio il tramite col Vaticano". Affaritaliani.
  68. ^ Ferrarella, Luigu; Guastalla, Giuseppe (4 April 2012). "Lavori alla villa di Gemonio con i rimborsi della Lega". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  69. ^ Del Frate, Claudio (4 April 2012). "Maroni: dobbiamo fare pulizia E il Cavaliere difende il Senatur". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  70. ^ a b Cremonesi, Marco (6 April 2012). "Via Bellerio, ore 16.30. Il Senatur si dimette". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  71. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (13 April 2012). "Maroni: "Via loro, o lascio" Espulsi Belsito e Rosi Mauro". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  72. ^ Martirano, Dino (8 May 2012). "Schiaffo a Pdl e Lega, regge il Pd". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  73. ^ Sarcina, Giuseppe. "Verona Brinda Tosi, l'anti Bossi: "Il futuro è qui"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  74. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (3 June 2012). "La prima vittoria di Maroni Ma Bossi: non andrò in pensione". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  75. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (4 June 2012). "Bis di Maroni al congresso veneto Tosi vince ma la "Liga" si spacca". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  76. ^ Del Frate, Claudio (2 July 2012). "Maroni leader della Lega: "Via da Roma"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  77. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (2 July 2012). "La regia di Zaia per il cambio di stagione "Basta riserva indiana, ora concretezza"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  78. ^ Corriere della Sera. Corriere.it. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
  79. ^ LOMBARDIA: Risultati elezioni regionali - Elezioni 2013. Corriere.it. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
  80. ^ Gandolfi, Anna (2 September 2013). "L'annuncio di Maroni: lascio la segreteria entro Natale". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  81. ^ Albertino (3 September 2013). "Maroni abdica. Tosi va verso la Balena Verde. La Lega non si sa". L'intraprendente. Milan.
  82. ^ Zapperi, Cesare (12 November 2013). "Stucchi scende in campo per il fronte anti-Salvini". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  83. ^ "Segreteria Lega, in corsa Salvini e Bossi". Turin: La Stampa. 28 November 2013.
  84. ^ "Lega: primarie, a Salvini l'81,66% dei voti a Bossi il 18,34%". Rome: Adnkronos. 8 December 2013.
  85. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (16 December 2013). "Parte l'era di Salvini E Bossi difende l'euro". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  86. ^ http://www.mattinonline.ch/matteo-salvini-basta-essere-succubi-dellunione-europea-e-di-roma/
  87. ^ "Lega, Salvini contro euro: 'Crimine contro l'umanità'". ANSA.it. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  88. ^ "Europa, Marine Le Pen preferisce Salvini e la Lega Nord a Beppe Grillo". Il Sole 24 ORE. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  89. ^ http://www.lindipendenza.com/salvini-al-congresso-della-lega-marine-le-pen-e-wilders/
  90. ^ "askanews". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  91. ^ di LAVINIA RIVARA (3 April 2014). "Umberto Bossi: "Il blitz del Ros? Colpa dei Servizi, la gente si incazza"". Repubblica.it. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  92. ^ http://www.lindipendenza.com/bossi-con-le-pen-alleanza-transitoria-boso-la-lega-non-e-di-destra/
  93. ^ "Tosi: non si può uscire dall'euro. L'Italia sarebbe preda di speculazioni". Il Sole 24 ORE. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  94. ^ RQuotidiano. "Europee 2014, nuovo simbolo Lega. Via scritta "Padania", al suo posto "Basta euro" - Il Fatto Quotidiano". Il Fatto Quotidiano. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  95. ^ "Salvini: nuovo simbolo Lega per Europee". rainews. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  96. ^ "Salvini: simbolo Lega con 'Basta euro'". ANSA.it. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  97. ^ "[Scrutini] Europee - Elezioni del 25 maggio 2014 - Ministero dell'Interno". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  98. ^ "La grande vittoria (politica) di Tosi". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  99. ^ "Salvini avverte: la nuova Lega corre da sola". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  100. ^ "La Lega doppia Forza Italia L?urlo di Salvini: "È storico"". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  101. ^ "Salvini e la rottura nella Lega: Tosi non è più un militante del partito". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  102. ^ a b Rumiz, Paolo (2001). La secessione leggera. Dove nasce la rabbia del profondo Nord. Milan: Feltrinelli. p. 171.
  103. ^ a b Bossi, Umberto; Vimercati, Daniele (1992). Vento dal Nord. La mia Lega, la mia vita. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 25–35, 194–205.
  104. ^ a b c Miglio, Gianfranco (1992). Come cambiare. Le mie riforme. Milan: Mondadori. pp. 31–40.
  105. ^ a b c d Bonifazi, Elio; Pellegrino, Alberto (1996). Educazione civica e costituzionale. Florence: Bulgarini. pp. 79, 128–129.
  106. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (2 December 2009). "Bossi, show su Padania e Cavaliere: lo controlliamo, senza Lega va a casa". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  107. ^ Parenzo, David; Romano, Davide (2009). Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 23–24.
  108. ^ Jori, Francesco (2009). Dalla Łiga alla Lega. Storia, movimenti, protagonisti. Venice: Marsilio. p. 77.
  109. ^ Parenzo, David; Romano, Davide (2009). Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 49–52.
  110. ^ Ignazi, Pietro (2008). Partiti politici in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 87.
  111. ^ Romano, Davide (29 September 2009). "Romanzo padano, la Lega di Bossi: Berlusconi seduttore e Maroni ex venduto. Parla Davide Romano". Politica e Società 2.0.
  112. ^ Bossi, Umberto (30 September 2008). "Ecco l'intervista integrale della Iena Enrico Lucci a Umberto Bossi". Affaritaliani.
  113. ^ Leonardi, Robert; Kovacs, Monique (1993), "The Lega Nord: the rise of a new Italian catch-all party", Italian Politics: A Review, 8
  114. ^ http://europe.demsoc.org/2014/04/22/lega-nord/
  115. ^ Parenzo, David; Romano, Davide (2009). Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. p. 19.
  116. ^ Biorcio, Roberto (2010). La rivincita del Nord. La Lega dalla contestazione al governo. Rome-Bari: Laterza. pp. 137–138.
  117. ^ Ignazi, Pietro (2008). Partiti politici in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. pp. 87–88.
  118. ^ Duff, Mark (20 June 2011). "Italy's Northern League reviews support for Berlusconi". London: BBC News.
  119. ^ Di Vico, Dario (10 June 2009). "Fabbriche e Gazebo: la Lega modello Pci". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  120. ^ Jori, Francesco (2009). Dalla Łiga alla Lega. Storia, movimenti, protagonisti. Venice: Marsilio. p. 18.
  121. ^ Zaia, Luca (16 June 2009). "Siamo i nuovi laburisti, sfonderemo al Centro e al Sud e vogliamo una poltrona Ue". Milan: Quotidiano Nazionale.
  122. ^ Ignazi, Pietro (2008). Partiti politici in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. pp. 86–87, 96.
  123. ^ Bonomi, Aldo (2009). Prefazione – Romanzo padano. Da Bossi a Bossi. Storia della Lega. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. p. X.
  124. ^ Nordsieck, Wolfram (2011). "Parties and Elections in Europe – Italy".
  125. ^ Gold, Thomas W. (2003). The Lega Nord and Contemporary Politics in Italy. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 2, 4–5. ISBN 9780312296315.
  126. ^ a b Abedi, Amir (2004), Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A comparative analysis, Routledge, p. 13, ISBN 9780415319614
  127. ^ Betz, Hans-Georg (2005), "Mobilising Resentment in the Alps: The Swiss SVP, the Italian Lega Nord and the Austrian FPÖ", Challenges to Consensual Politics, P.I.E.–Peter Lang, ISBN 9789052012506
  128. ^ Zaslove, Andrej (2008), One Foot in One Foot Out: can radical right populist parties govern? (PDF), Political Studies Association
  129. ^ Ivaldi, Gilles (2011), "The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979–2009", The Extreme Right in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 18, ISBN 9783525369227
  130. ^ Huysseune, Michael (2001–2002), "Federalism and the Extreme Right in Italy", Fédéralisme Régionalisme, 2
  131. ^ Betz, Hans-Georg (1994), Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 64, ISBN 9780312083908
  132. ^ McDonnell, Duncan (April 2006), "A Weekend in Padania: Regionalist Populism and the Lega Nord", Politics, 26 (2): 126–132, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2006.00259.x
  133. ^ "Salvini (per ora) va avanti da solo "Mancano squadra e schema"". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  134. ^ Adnkronos. "Lega: Zaia, non è di destra nè di sinistra". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  135. ^ "Ecco chi non gioisce troppo nella Lega per il successo di Matteo Salvini". Formiche. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  136. ^ "Il Carroccio: matrimoni gay nella Repubblica Padana". Milan: Corriere della Sera. 5 April 1998.
  137. ^ De Bac, Margherita; Piccolillo, Virginia (1 May 2005). "Fecondazione un fronte del sì tra le donne della Cdl". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  138. ^ Panebianco, Angelo (15 June 1993). "I confini della Lega". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  139. ^ "Salvini: ecco il mio Centrodestra. Choc sulle tasse, aliquota unica". Affaritaliani.it. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  140. ^ a b c "9/01519/013 : CAMERA – ITER ATTO". Chamber of Deputies. 31 July 2008.
  141. ^ Stucchi, Giacomo (23 February 2004). "Stucchi (Lega Nord): "Su Alitalia staremo in guardia più dell'Ue"". Intervistestucchi.blogspot.com.
  142. ^ Castoro, Marco (20 September 2008). "Al diavolo Alitalia, che fallisca! La Lega boccia l'assistenzialismo". Rome: Italia Oggi.
  143. ^ Calabrò, Maria Antonietta (26 August 2008). "La Lega: pm eletti dal popolo Pdl diviso, no dai democratici". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  144. ^ a b c "Movimento politico Lega Nord per l'indipendenza della Padania: programmi ed iniziative del partito". Lega Nord. 2008.
  145. ^ Stella, Gian Antonio (18 September 2004). ""Basta capannoni, sono inutili" Il Veneto e i 200 km di cemento". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  146. ^ Nava, Massimo (24 April 1999). "Bossi: La Serbia inviterà Annan". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  147. ^ Rumiz, Paolo (11 April 1999). "L'Europa profonda che odia l'America". Rome: La Repubblica.
  148. ^ Latella, Maria (10 October 2001). "Lega, il partito filo Milosevic ora dà il via libera all'America". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  149. ^ Gorodisky, Daria (8 November 2001). "I Poli trovano l'intesa, sì all'intervento militare". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  150. ^ Zuccolini, Roberto (4 October 2002). "Sì a maggioranza, via alla "missione Afghanistan"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  151. ^ "Calderoli: Bush regali l'atomica ad Ahmadinejad". Milan: Corriere della Sera. 7 September 2006.
  152. ^ Guerzoni, Monica (22 April 2004). "Lo strappo della Lega sulla missione italiana". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  153. ^ Massimo, Franco (22 April 2004). "La Lega tende a smarcarsi. Inviti alla cautela sugli ostaggi". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  154. ^ Michilli, Livia (9 July 2005). "Calderoli: andiamocene. Il Polo lo frena Rifinanziamento, il centrosinistra diviso". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  155. ^ Di Vico, Dario (17 June 2011). "Attraverso Maroni e Israele La Lega "scopre" la Politica Estera". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  156. ^ Piccolillo, Virginia (26 April 2011). "Calderoli e il no della Lega "Il mio voto non lo avranno"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  157. ^ Maritano, Dino (27 April 2011). "Raid in Libia, no di Bossi. Il Pd: si rivoti". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  158. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (20 June 2011). "Pontida, la sfida di Bossi "Berlusconi leader? Vedremo"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  159. ^ http://www.lapadania.net/Detail_News_Display?ID=3674
  160. ^ Davide Cordua. "Lega Nord". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  161. ^ "Umanitaria Padana". Umanitaria Padana.
  162. ^ "Sara Fumagalli. Una guerriera per la pace" (PDF). Umanitaria Padana.
  163. ^ "Castelli va a Medjugorje. L'ex ministro: a piedi nudi per sciogliere un mio voto". Milan: Corriere della Sera. 16 April 2007.
  164. ^ Diamanti, Ilvo (2003). Bianco, rosso, verde... e azzurro. Bologna: Il Mulino. pp. 68–71.
  165. ^ Ridolfi, Maurizio (2008). Storia dei partiti politici. L'Italia dal Risorgimento alla Repubblica. Milan: Bruno Mondadori. pp. 219–220.
  166. ^ http://www.leganord.org/phocadownload/ilmovimento/statuto/Statuto.pdf
  167. ^ Ignazi, Pietro (2008). Partiti politici in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. pp. 97–98.
  168. ^ Caprara, Maurizio (24 July 2008). "Passa all'unanimità il Trattato europeo". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  169. ^ Bossi, Umberto; Vimercati, Daniele (1992). Vento dal Nord. La mia Lega, la mia vita. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 194–205.
  170. ^ "Sintesi posizioni Lega Nord sull'Unione Europea" (PDF). Lega Nord. 10 March 2004.
  171. ^ Pagliarini, Giancarlo (1 February 2005). "Sì all'Europa, ma che sia quella delle Regioni". Milan: La Padania.
  172. ^ vambrosi. "L'Arena.it - Il giornale di Verona - Notizie, Cronaca, Sport, Cultura su Verona e Provincia". L'Arena.it. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  173. ^ Gianni Di Capua. "E nella Lega litigano Salvini e Tosi". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  174. ^ "Lega Nord Como Progamma Lega Nord Elezioni Politiche 2013". Lega Nord. 2013.
  175. ^ Pop, Valentina (14 April 2011). "Barroso warns of extremism in immigration debate". EU Observer.
  176. ^ Lewis, Aidan (17 April 2008). "Italy's Northern League resurgent". London: BBC News.
  177. ^ Rogers, Iain (15 April 2008). "League allies may hinder Italy's Berlusconi: reports". Washington, DC: The Washington Post.
  178. ^ Rosenthal, Elisabeth (15 May 2008). "Italy Arrests Hundreds of Immigrants". New York: The New York Times.
  179. ^ Fregonara, Gianna (19 April 1992). "Un giornale francese lo mette nella casa europea dei Le Pen". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  180. ^ "Secondo rapporto sull'Italia" (PDF). European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. 2002.
  181. ^ "Terzo rapporto sull'Italia" (PDF). European Commission against Racism and Intolerance. 2006.
  182. ^ "Cassazione, se i nomadi sono ladri è legittima la discriminazione". Rome: La Repubblica. 29 June 2008.
  183. ^ Pajetta, Giovanna (17 June 2003). "Bossi prende il cannone". Rome: il manifesto. Archived from the original on 18 February 2006.
  184. ^ Marrese, Emilio (13 December 2002). "Ramadan, sindaco nega lo spazio Benetton concede il palazzetto". Rome: La Repubblica.)
  185. ^ Schiavi, Giangiacomo (15 February 2010). "Maroni: niente rastrellamenti serve una nuova integrazione". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  186. ^ Focarete, Michele (16 February 2010). "Bossi: "Immigrati, no ai rastrellamenti"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  187. ^ Bossi, Umberto; Vimercati, Daniele (1992). Vento dal Nord. La mia Lega, la mia vita. Milan: Sperling & Kupfer. pp. 141–150.
  188. ^ Passalacqua, Guido (22 November 2000). "Bossi si infuria: siete voi i razzisti". Rome: La Repubblica.
  189. ^ Cavallo, Tiziana (23 March 2006). "Rapporto / Integrazione immigrati". Verona: Nigrizia.
  190. ^ "Immigrati, ben integrati in Veneto ok anche Marche ed Emilia Romagna". Rome: La Repubblica. 22 March 2006.
  191. ^ Colonna, Duilio (13 July 2010). "Integrazione, la città è ospitale con gli stranieri". Verona: Verona Sera.
  192. ^ Biondani, Paolo (6 October 2011). "Mi manda Maroni". L'Espresso (in Italian). Milan. p. 59. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012.
  193. ^ "Sindaci più amati, Piero Fassino scalza Tosi dal primo posto". Padua: Corriere del Veneto. 13 October 2011.
  194. ^ Squires, Nick (11 June 2009). "Unlikely champion of Italy's anti-immigration party is black and half-American". London: The Daily Telegraph.
  195. ^ Day, Michael (10 June 2009). "Anti-immigration party member becomes Italy's first black mayor". London: The Independent.
  196. ^ "Lascio la Lega e vi spiego perche'". Varese News. 2014.
  197. ^ Guidotti, Tommaso (10 March 2011). "Un tunisina alla guida della Lega Nord: "Il mio sogno è incontrare Bossi"". Varese: Varese Laghi.
  198. ^ http://lapadania.net/Detail_News_Display?ID=3015
  199. ^ "Immigrati: Salvini, Iwobi farà di più della Kyenge". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  200. ^ [1] Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  201. ^ History of ELDR. Leeds.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
  202. ^ "European Parliament: Luigi Moretti". Europarl.europa.eu.
  203. ^ "European Parliament: Francesco Speroni". Europarl.europa.eu.
  204. ^ "European Parliament: Umberto Bossi". Europarl.europa.eu.
  205. ^ "European Parliament: Raimondo Fassa". Europarl.europa.eu.
  206. ^ "Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe: Roberto Maroni". Assembly.coe.int.
  207. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 22–23, 57.
  208. ^ De Lucia, Michele (2011). Dossier Bossi-Lega Nord. Milan: Kaos. p. 1.
  209. ^ Ballardin, Gianfranco (28 January 1995). "Maroni: solo, ma vado al congresso". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  210. ^ Girompini, Elio (29 November 1993). "Il cuore socialista di Marco Formentini". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  211. ^ Marro, Enrico (17 April 2008). "Cremaschi e il boom della Lega operaia: "Marxisti di destra. E Tremonti non sbaglia"". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  212. ^ Finazzer, Massimiliano (17 September 1998). "Analisi dello scontro tra la Lega Lombarda e la Liga Veneta La strategia di Bossi del blocco padano". Radio Radicale.
  213. ^ Diamanti, Ilvo (2003). Bianco, rosso, verde... e azzurro. Bologna: Il Mulino. pp. 55–83.
  214. ^ Imarisio, Marco (19 April 2008). "Emilia, dove il rosso diventa Lega". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  215. ^ Brambilla, Michele (28 October 2010). "Reggio o Bologna, la guerra fratricida della Lega in Emilia". Turin: La Stampa.
  216. ^ Romanini, Olivio (24 March 2011). "Bernardini: "Scoprii la Lega sulla Smemoranda"". Bologna: Corriere di Bologna.
  217. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 152–153, 158–159, 168.
  218. ^ Passalacqua, Guido (14 May 2004). "Maroni contro Calderoli, l'enigma è Giorgetti". Rome: La Repubblica.
  219. ^ Trocino, Alessandro (21 October 2004). "Un' ora di cammino al giorno, Bossi prepara il rientro". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  220. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 122–127, 312–313.
  221. ^ "La Lega è sull'orlo della spaccatura. Calderoli contro Maroni. Insider choc". Affaritaliani. 1 February 2011.
  222. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (5 February 2011). "Il Senatur insegue la riforma e diventa "garante" del no alle urne". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  223. ^ "Noi siamo per". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  224. ^ "Tosi: "Primarie anche nel centrodestra"". LaStampa.it. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  225. ^ ""Io leader del centrodestra" Tosi alle primarie anche contro Salvini". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  226. ^ "Le mille beghe venete nella Lega di Salvini (che sale nei sondaggi)". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  227. ^ Puca, Carlo (11 May 2011). "Dove vuole arrivare la Balena verde". Milan: Panorama.
  228. ^ Vecchi, Gian Guido (21 November 1995). "Bossi multato dai suoi". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  229. ^ Trocino, Alessandro (11 April 2006). "La Lega delusa punta tutto sul referendum". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  230. ^ Trocino, Alessandro (10 February 2007). "La mozione della Lega: pronti a correre da soli". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  231. ^ a b "Cronistoria della Lega Nord 1996–1998" (PDF). Lega Nord.
  232. ^ Cavalera, Fabio (24 October 1997). "Tra le 43 liste gli "italiani" Pannella e Dalla Chiesa". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  233. ^ Dal Fior, Marco (26 October 1997). "I lumbard al primo voto: favorito Formentini nei 200 seggi gazebo". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  234. ^ Postiglione, Venanzio (28 October 1997). "Nei gazebo vincono Centro e ultra'". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  235. ^ Signore, Adalberto; Trocino, Alessandro (2008). Razza padana. Milan: BUR. pp. 111–112.
  236. ^ Vecchi, Gian Guido (20 September 1997). "Lista Dalla Chiesa alle elezioni padane". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  237. ^ Zulin, Giuliano (10 March 2011). "Colpi bassi nella Lega per il dopo-Bossi". Milan: Libero.
  238. ^ a b "Reguzzoni-Mauro, i bossiani non amati dalla Lega". Affaritaliani. 12 March 2011.
  239. ^ Pandini, Matteo (4 May 2011). "Umberto sistema i conti a Roma. A Milano i suoi litigano ancora". Milan: Libero.
  240. ^ Aldegheri, Lillo (25 January 2011). "La Lega si spacca sull'Unità Gobbo, nuovo attacco a Tosi". Padua: Corriere del Veneto.
  241. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (19 June 2011). "Difesa dei "piccoli" e un orizzonte di alleanza che non va oltre il 2011". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  242. ^ Brambilla, Michele (13 September 2010). "Il Capo stanco e i "pretoriani" del cerchio magico". Turin: La Stampa.
  243. ^ Imarisio, Marco (20 June 2011). "Quello striscione della base per Maroni". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  244. ^ Bracalini, Paolo (20 June 2011). "Il popolo lumbard ha scelto: "Bobo, sarai il nostro premier"". Milan: Il Giornale.
  245. ^ Borgonovo, Francesco (20 June 2011). "La trota è Maroni. Bobo parla da leader. Del centrodestra". Milan: Libero.
  246. ^ Giudici, Cristina (18 March 2011). "Maroni, il più italiano dei leghisti e il suo esercito di leghisti italiani". Rome: Il Foglio.
  247. ^ Da Rold, Alessandro (30 March 2011). "In Veneto la spunta Tosi (per ora). Congresso dopo le amministrative". Rome: Il Riformista.
  248. ^ Merlo, Salvatore (30 April 2011). "Così dietro la baruffa tra Bossi e il Cav. cresce l'egemonia di Maroni". Rome: Il Foglio.
  249. ^ Zuin, Alessandro (31 May 2011). "Il caso Lega. Se ai congressi gli uomini del capo adesso perdono". Padua: Corriere del Veneto.
  250. ^ Verderami, Francesco (12 May 2011). ""Poi alle elezioni da soli", ma lo scopo del Carroccio è trattare su Palazzo Chigi". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  251. ^ Pandini, Matteo (21 June 2011). "Nella Lega volano gli stracci". Milan: Libero.
  252. ^ Bracalini, Paolo. "Macché unita, ora la Lega rischia di implodere: è scoppiata la guerra sui vertici in Lombardia". Milan: Il Giornale.
  253. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (21 June 2011). "Nervi tesi dopo Pontida. Accuse e liti in casa". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  254. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (22 June 2011). "Ma il Carroccio resta in fibrillazione: Reguzzoni ora è un caso". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  255. ^ Trocino, Alessandro (23 June 2011). "Tregua armata nella Lega. E Castelli: romani arretrati". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  256. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (23 June 2011). "Unità fragile. Maroni: non è andata come volevo". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  257. ^ Zulin, Giuliano (June 2011). "Bossi spara sui suoi, ora la Lega rischia grosso". Milan: Libero.
  258. ^ Spatola, Giuseppe (5 October 2011). "Lega, Maroni prende Brescia Sfida a tre per Varese". Brescia: Brescia Oggi.
  259. ^ Spatola, Giuseppe (26 September 2011). "La svolta leghista, in Valle vince Antonini". Brescia: Brescia Oggi.
  260. ^ Cremonesi, Marco (10 October 2011). "Spintoni e tessere strappate Critiche al leader: basta capetti". Milan: Corriere della Sera.
  261. ^ Corbetta, Piergiorgio; Piretti, Maria Serena (2009). Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia. Bologna: Zanichelli. pp. 182–187.
  262. ^ "Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections: House of Deputies 1996". Elezionistorico.interno.it.
  263. ^ "Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections: Senate 1996". Elezionistorico.interno.it.
  264. ^ Jori, Francesco (2009). Dalla Łiga alla Lega. Storia, movimenti, protagonisti. Venice: Marsilio. p. 8.
  265. ^ Corbetta, Piergiorgio; Piretti, Maria Serena (2009). Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia. Bologna: Zanichelli. pp. 200–205.
  266. ^ "Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections: Chamber of Deputies 2008". Elezionistorico.interno.it.
  267. ^ "Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections: European Parliament 2009". Elezionistorico.interno.it.
  268. ^ "Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections: Regional elections 2010". Elezionistorico.interno.it.
  269. ^ "Ministry of the Interior – Historical Archive of Elections". Elezionistorico.interno.it.
  270. ^ Corbetta, Piergiorgio; Piretti, Maria Serena (2009). Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia. Bologna: Zanichelli. pp. 170–205.
  271. ^ Conte, Mario, ed. (2007). 1946–2006 Sessant'anni di elezioni in Italia. Rome: Reality Book. pp. 91–154, 171–184.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lega_Nord&oldid=707848731"