Shixing language
| Shixing | |
|---|---|
| Shuhi | |
| Native to | China |
Native speakers | 1,800 (2000)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sxg |
| Glottolog | shix1238 |
| ELP | Shixing |
Shixing, also rendered Shuhi, is a poorly-attested Qiangic language of Sichuan and the Tibet Autonomous Region. Two thirds of its speakers are monolingual.
Shixing is also known by its Chinese name Xumi (旭米 Xùmǐ); it is spoken by about 1800 people living by the Shuiluo River 水洛 in Shuiluo Township 水洛乡, Mili Tibetan Autonomous County.[2]
Katia Chirkova reports two varieties.[3]
- Upper Xumi (autonym: ʂuhĩ)
- Lower Xumi (autonym: ʃʉhẽ)
Phonology
Consonants
Xumi features a very unusual phonemic contrast between voiceless /ʎ̥/ and voiced /ʎ/ alveolo-palatal lateral approximants.[4][5]
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palato- alveolar |
Retroflex | Alveolo- palatal | |||||||
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | ŋ̊ | ||||
| voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||
| plain | p | t | k | q | |||||
| voiced | b | d | g | ɢ | |||||
| Affricate | aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | ʈʂʰ | tɕʰ | ||||
| plain | ts | tʃ | ʈʂ | tɕ | |||||
| voiced | dz | dʒ | ɖʐ | dʑ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | ʂ | ɕ | x | χ | h | |
| voiced | z | ʒ | ʐ | ʑ | ɣ | ʁ | ɦ | ||
| Lateral | voiceless | l̥ | ʎ̥ | ||||||
| voiced | l | ʎ | |||||||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | ||||||
In the table above, gold phonemes only appear in the Upper Xumi dialect while blue phonemes only appear in the Lower Xumi dialect. All others appear in both Upper and Lower Xumi.
Vowels
Oral
- Upper Xumi has the following oral vowels: /i, ʉ, u, e, o, ɛ, ɜ, ɔ, ɐ/.[8]
- Lower Xumi has the following oral vowels: /i, ʉ, u, e, o, ɛ, ɐ, ɑ/.[9] /o, ɐ, ɑ/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /u, ɜ, ɔ/, respectively.[10]
Nasal
- Upper Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃, ɐ̃/, as well as the marginal /ɘ̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmɘ̃dɐ] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[8]
- Lower Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, õ, ɛ̃, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/, as well as the marginal /ə̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmə̃dɐ Rʁo] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[9] /ẽ, õ, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃/, respectively.[10]
References
- ^ Shixing at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 363.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 364.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 388–389.
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 369.
Bibliography
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[permanent dead link]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]