Indonesian Army

TNI-AD Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Darat (Indonesian Army)
TNI-AD insignia
Active	15 December 1945 – present
Country	Indonesia
Allegiance	President of Indonesia
Branch	Indonesian National Armed Forces
Type	Army
Role	Land warfare To uphold state sovereignty and defend the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia
Size	300,000
Part of	Indonesian National Armed Forces
Motto(s)	Kartika Eka Paksi (Sanskrit, lit: "Unmatchable Bird with Noble Goals")
Colours	Red   White   Gold
Anniversaries	15 December 1945
Engagements	Indonesian Independence Darul Islam Rebellion Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation East Timor Invasion Counter-insurgency in Aceh Counter-insurgency in Maluku Papua conflict Operation Tinombala
Website	www.tniad.mil.id
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief	President Joko Widodo
Chief of Staff	General Mulyono
Vice Chief of Staff	Lieutenant General M. Erwin Syafitri
Insignia
Army Aviation Roundel & Fin Flash

The Indonesian Army (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia-Angkatan Darat, TNI–AD), the land component of the Indonesian National Armed Forces, has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the Tentara Keamanan Rakyat (TKR) "Civil Security Forces" first emerged as a paramilitary and police corps.

Since the nation's independence movement, the Indonesian Army has been involved in multifaceted operations ranging from the incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation, to the annexation of East Timor, as well as internal counter-insurgency operations in Aceh, Maluku, and Papua. The army's operations have not been without controversy; it has been periodically associated with human rights violations, particularly in West Papua, East Timor and Aceh.

The Indonesia Army is composed of a headquarters, 15 military region commands, a strategic reserve command KOSTRAD, a special forces command Kopassus, and various adjunct units.

History

Formation

In the week following the Japanese surrender of 1945, the Giyugun (PETA) and Heiho groups were disbanded by the Japanese. Most PETA and Heiho members did not yet know about the declaration of independence. Command structures and membership vital for a national army were consequently dismantled. Thus, rather than being formed from a trained, armed, and organised army, the Republican armed forces began to grow in September from usually younger, less trained groups built around charismatic leaders. Creating a rational military structure that was obedient to central authority from such disorganisation, was one of the major problems of the revolution, a problem that remains through to contemporary times. In the self-created Indonesian army, Japanese-trained Indonesian officers prevailed over those trained by the Dutch. A thirty-year-old former school teacher, Sudirman, was elected 'commander-in-chief' at the first meeting of Division Commanders in Yogyakarta on 12 November 1945.

At critical moments during the revolution, the military managed to manifest itself as a people's army, the army of the revolution, and the national army. As the power of the newborn state, in addition to arranging the TNI itself, at the same time must also face various challenges, both from within and from abroad. From within the country, the military face-undermining undermining both a political dimension as well as military dimensions. Political undermining sourced from the communist groups who want to put the military under their influence through political officers, the Struggle Bureau, and the armed forces themselves, the army included. While the challenges of domestic military dimension, namely the military face of armed upheaval in some areas and the PKI rebellion in Madiun and Darul Islam (DI) in West Java that could threaten national integrity. Challenges from abroad, more notably the Dutch military aggression that had a more advanced weaponry, was what the National Armed Forces also saw of vital national importance.

Aware of the limitations of the military in the face of the Dutch aggression, the people and government of Indonesia had no choice but to fight foreign threats to the young nation's independence. Thus, in 1947, the People's War Doctrine in which all the power of the INAF and the community and resources were deployed to confront the Dutch aggression, was officially implemented within the army and the wider armed forces as the national military strategy. Thus, the integrity and existence of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia has been able to be maintained by military force with the people. In accordance with the decision of the Round Table Conference (RTC), at the end of 1949 the United States of Indonesia (RIS) came into being. Correspondingly, the TNI's ground forces thus formed part of the Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia Serikat (APRIS) (later the Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia or APRI when the republic became unitary in 1950). It would be the merger of the TNI and the former KNIL and all military personnel of the two forces, plus the independent paramilitary groups (laskar) which fought the war on the side of the independence movement.

Action against rebellions

Indonesian Army soldiers in Sinai, 1957. They were part of the Garuda Contingent working under the UNEF

The period is also called the period of liberal democracy is characterized by various rebellions in the country. In 1950 most of the former members of the Colonial Army launched an uprising in Bandung which is known as the Legion of Ratu Adil / APRA uprising and was led by former KNIL officer Raymond Westerling. The army also needed to confront the uprising in Makassar led by Andi Azis and the Republic of South Maluku (RMS) in Maluku. Meanwhile, DaruI Islam in West Java widened its influence to South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi and Aceh. In 1958 the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia / People's Struggle (PRRI / Permesta) started a rebellion in large parts of Sumatra and North Sulawesi endangering the national integrity. As part of the National Armed Forces the Army helped defeat all these uprisings, increasing its prestige in the eyes of the government and the people.

On 17 November 1952, General Nasution was suspended as army chief of staff following army indiscipline over command and support that threatens the government. From the 1950s, the military articulated the doctrines of dwifungsi and hankamrata, the military roles in the country's socio-political development as well as security; and a requirement that the resources of the people be at the call of the armed forces and police if the State warrants it. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno, with armed forces support and the advice of Nasution, issued a decree dissolving the Constituent Assembly and reintroducing the Constitution of 1945 with strong presidential powers. By 1963, he also assumed the additional role of Prime Minister, which completed the structure of 'Guided Democracy'.

At the same time, the Indonesian government started sending their troops on UN peacekeeping missions. The first batch of soldiers were sent to Sinai, Egypt and were known as Garuda Contingent 1. Garuda Contingent I began its first deployment January 8, 1957 to Egypt. Garuda Contingent I consisted of the combined personnel of the 15th Army Infantry Regiment Territorial Command (TT) IV / Diponegoro, as well as one company of the 18th Infantry Regiment TC V / Brawijaya in Malang. This contingent was led by Lt. Col. of Infantry Hartoyo which was later replaced by Lieutenant Colonel of Infantry Suadi Suromihardjo, while his deputy was Major of Infantry Soediono Suryantoro. The contingent departed on January 8, 1957on board the Douglas C-124 Globemaster II transport aircraft of the United States Air Force for Beirut, the Lebanese capital. From Beirut the contingent was divided by two, the majority heading to Abu Suweir and partly to Al Sandhira. Furthermore, the El Sandhira troops moved into Gaza, the border area of Egypt and Israel, while the command is in Rafah. This contingent returned to Indonesia in September 29, 1957. Garuda Contingent I had a total number of 559 army personnel of all ranks.

1960 onwards

Members of the Sarawak People's Guerilla Force (SPGF), North Kalimantan National Army (NKNA) and the Indonesian Army (TNI-AD) during the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation

The army was heavily involved in the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966. The killings were an anti-communist purge following a failed coup of the 30 September Movement. The most widely accepted estimates are that more than 500,000 people were killed. The purge was a pivotal event in the transition to the "New Order"; the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) was eliminated as a political force. The failed coup released pent-up communal hatreds which were fanned by the Indonesian Army, which quickly blamed the PKI. Communists were purged from political, social, and military life, and the PKI itself was banned. The massacres began in October 1965, in the weeks following the coup attempt, and reached their peak over the remainder of the year before subsiding in the early months of 1966. They started in the capital, Jakarta, and spread to Central and East Java and, later, Bali. Thousands of local vigilantes and army units killed actual and alleged PKI members. Although killings occurred across Indonesia, the worst were in the PKI strongholds of Central Java, East Java, Bali, and northern Sumatra. It is possible that over one million people were imprisoned at one time or another.

Sukarno's balancing act of "Nasakom" (nationalism, religion and communism) had been unravelled. His most significant pillar of support, the PKI, had been effectively eliminated by the other two pillars—the army and political Islam; and the army was on the way to unchallenged power. In March 1968, Suharto was formally elected president.

The killings are skipped over in most Indonesian history books and have received little introspection by Indonesians and comparatively little international attention. Satisfactory explanations for the scale and frenzy of the violence have challenged scholars from all ideological perspectives. The possibility of a return to similar upheavals is cited as a factor in the "New Order" administration's political conservatism and tight control of the political system. Vigilance against a perceived communist threat remained a hallmark of Suharto's thirty-year presidency. The CIA described the massacre as "one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s."

Later army operations have not been without controversy; it has been periodically associated with human rights violations, particularly in West Papua, East Timor and Aceh.

The size of the Army has expanded over the years; in July 1976 the Army was estimated to consist of solely 180,000 personnel, one armoured cavalry brigade, part of Kostrad (one tank battalion, plus support units), 14 infantry brigades (90 infantry, 1 para, 9 artillery, 11 anti-aircraft, and 9 engineer battalions) of which three of the brigades were in Kostrad, two airborne brigades totalling six battalions, also part of Kostrad, one independent tank battalion, 7 independent armoured cavalry battalions, and four independent para-commando battalions.

Organisation

Indonesian Army soldiers

The Indonesian Army is currently organized into 15 military area commands which are spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago. They are placed under the jurisdiction of the army headquarter. Three are based in Sumatra, four are based in Java, two are based in Kalimantan, one based in Lesser Sunda Islands, two based in Sulawesi, one based in Maluku and two based in Papua. The Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat (reserve forces), Komando Pasukan Khusus (special forces) and the Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat (army aviation) are independent formations and directly subordinate to the Chief of Staff. The army headquarters is under coordination with the armed force Headquarters. The most high-ranking officer within the army is the Chief of Staff which has the rank of a four-star General and served under the Commander of the Armed Forces.

Territorial Commands

The Military Area Commands (Kodam) as of 2007. There are new Military districts now not shown in the image

The Armed Forces' Military districts known as "Kodam"s operational sections were established by General Soedirman, following the model of the German Wehrkreise system. The system was later codified in Surat Perintah Siasat No.1, signed into doctrine by General Soedirman in November 1948.

The Army's structure underwent various reorganisations throughout its early years. From 1946 to 1952, the Army was organised into set divisions. These were further consolidated in 1951, and then dispersed in 1952. From 1952 to 1958-59, the Army was organised into seven Tentara & Teritoriums. In August 1958, the Indonesian Army reconsolidated its territorial command. There were then established sixteen Kodams, which retained earlier divisional titles; the Siliwangi Division, for example, became Kodam VI/Siliwangi.

A reorganisation in 1985 made significant changes in the army chain of command. The four multiservice Regional Defence Commands (Kowilhans) and the National Strategic Command (Kostranas) were eliminated from the defence structure, re-establishing the Military Area Command (Kodam), or regional command, as the key organisation for strategic, tactical, and territorial operations for all services. The chain of command flowed directly from the ABRI commander in chief to the ten Kodam commanders, and then to subordinate army territorial commands.

The Kodams incorporate provincial and district commands each with a number of infantry battalions, sometimes a cavalry battalion, artillery, or engineers. Some have Raider battalions attached. Currently there are 16 Military district commands in Indonesia:

• Kodam Iskandar Muda (Kodam IM): Headquartered in Banda Aceh, Aceh. The province of Aceh is under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam I/Bukit Barisan (Kodam I/BB): Headquartered in Medan, North Sumatra. The province of North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Riau and Riau Islands are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam II/Sriwijaya: Headquartered in Palembang, South Sumatra. The province of South Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu, Bangka-Belitung Islands and Lampung are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Komando Daerah Militer Jayakarta: Headquartered in Cawang, Jakarta. The Special Capital Region of Jakarta including Depok and Tangerang are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam III/Siliwangi: Headquartered in Bandung, West Java. The province of West Java, excluding Depok and Tangerang, and Banten are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam IV/Diponegoro: Headquartered in Semarang, Central Java. The province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam V/Brawijaya: Headquartered in Surabaya, East Java. The province of East Java is under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam VI/Mulawarman: Headquartered in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan. The province of East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and North Kalimantan are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.

VI Mulawarman Military district command HQ, situated in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan

• Kodam IX/Udayana: Headquartered in Denpasar, Bali. The province of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command. The former province of East Timor was also under the jurisdiction of Kodam IX/Udayana.
• Kodam XII/Tanjungpura: Headquartered in Pontianak, West Kalimantan. The province of West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam XIII/Merdeka: Headquartered in Manado, North Sulawesi. The province of North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and Gorontalo are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam XIV/Hasanuddin: Headquartered in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The province of South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and West Sulawesi are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam XVI/Pattimura: Headquartered in Ambon, Maluku. The province of Maluku and North Maluku are under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam XVII/Cendrawasih: Headquartered in Jayapura, Papua. The province of Papua is under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.
• Kodam XVIII/Kasuari: Headquartered in Sorong, West Papua. The province of West Papua is under the jurisdiction of this territorial command.

Regional Commands

• KODAM: Regional Military Command (Provincial level) - commanded by a Major General
• KOREM: Military Area Command (Covering large areas or residencies) - commanded by a Colonel
• KODIM: Military District Command (City or Regency level) - commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel or Colonel
• KORAMIL: Military District Command Sector (Kecamatan level) - commanded by a Captain or Major

Combat elements

See also: List of Indonesian infantry battalions

File:Indonesian Army Beret Colours.jpg

Indonesian Army beret colours

• Infantry (INF): (Bahasa Indonesia: Infanteri) is the main unit of the Indonesian army combat element. The Infantry element is the largest and main combat troops in the TNI AD. Kostrad and Kopassus are all part of this unit. In Indonesia there are more than 100 Infantry Battalions spread throughout the country. Green berets are worn by infantrymen. This unit is under the Infantry Weaponry Center ("Pussenif") which is under the command of a major general. The Infantry element of the Indonesian Army consists of huge numbers of units whereas the International Institute for Strategic Studies' Military Balance 2007 lists the Army with 2 brigades, (6 battalions), plus 60 other battalions in each Military districts ("Kodam") and nine battalions in KOSTRAD.
  The elite infantry battalions of the Indonesian Army are called "Raider Battalions", and 1 Raider Battalion is equal to 3 regular infantry battalions combined. There are 37 raider battalions in the Indonesian Army Infantry Branch, which are more larger with 650 to 700 Raider infantrymen in a battalion than in the regular battalions (450 to 550 infantrymen). The Infantry of the Indonesian Army comprises different originating units within the combat organisation, there are several infantry battalions part of Kostrad and there are infantry battalions part of the regular army combat units which are not part of Kostrad. There are "Raider" battalions both as part of Kostrad and as non-Kostrad. There are 3 Airborne infantry brigades in the Indonesian Army with some of them include the "Raider" specialty (called: Para-raider) capabilities and are all part of the Kostrad corps. Infantry beret colors are as shown below:
  • Regular Infantry: Green Beret with crossed rifle insignia
  • Kostrad: Green Beret with Kostrad "Cakra" wheel insignia. (Airborne units are added a paratrooper wing insignia beside the corps's insignia)
  • Raider: Dark Green with Raider bayonet insignia
  • Mechanized Infantry: Dark Green

There are 5 types of Infantry in the Indonesian Army, which are:

1. Para-Raider Infantry Battalion ("Yonif Para Raider"): ability in airborne, air assault and raiding warfare.
2. Airborne Infantry Battalion ("Yonif Linud"): ability in airborne warfare. (Now, mostly Airborne Infantry Battalions are trained "Raider" capabilities and are categorized as: "Para-Raider")
3. Raider Infantry Battalion ("Yonif Raider"): ability in raid warfare.
4. Mechanized Infantry Battalion ("Yonif Mekanis"): mobilized infantry.
5. Regular Infantry Battalion ("Yonif"): ability in normal foot-warfare combat.

All infantrymen of the Indonesian Army have capabilities in basic Jungle warfare.

Combat support element

The 1st (Falatehan) Air Defense Artillery Regiment of the Kodam Jaya military district plays a role for guarding the skies of the capital city of Indonesia (Jakarta) from aerial attacks

Leopard 2 tank

• Cavalry (KAV): (Bahasa Indonesia: Kavaleri) is the armored forces unit of the army. Its main function is as a combat support. Cavalry does not just rely on Tank and IFV as a combat tool but also horses specially trained to fight. Troopers wear black berets. The cavalry unit is under the Cavalry Weaponry Center (Pussenkav) which is under the command of a brigadier general.
• Field Artillery (ARM): (Bahasa Indonesia: Artileri Medan/ARMED) is the artillery unit of the army. It also acts as a combat support similar to the cavalry unit. Its main function is to support ground combat mission for the Infantry unit. Brown beret are worn by its gunners. The Field Artillery unit is under the Field Artillery Weaponry Center (Pussenarmed) which is under the command of a brigadier general.
• Air Defense Artillery (ARH): (Bahasa Indonesia: Arhanud are the anti-aircraft defense units of the army. Its main function to defend other ground units from an air attack and help to protect installations from destruction. Like the Field Artillery, Brown berets are worn by its gunners and missle crews. The Air Defense Artillery units or "Arhanud" report to the Air Defense Artillery Weaponry Center (Pussenarhanud) which is under the command of a brigadier general. This unit has 4 detachments of Missile units called: "Den Rudal" (Detasemen Rudal).

Support elements

• Engineering (CZI): (Bahasa Indonesia: Zeni) is a unit whose primary function as a combat support, such as the construction of emergency bridges for vehicles to pass by or converting highways into temporary runways. Another function of this unit is to expand troop movements and narrowing enemy movements. Satuan friend and narrowed movements. Engineering units wear a Grey beret. The unit is under the Directorate of Army Engineers (Ditziad), which is under the command of a brigadier general.
• Equipment Corps (CPL): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Peralatan) is a unit whose main function is the maintenance and testing of military equipment. The unit is under the Directorate of Army equipment (Ditpalad), which is under the command of a brigadier general.
• Signal Corps (CHB): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Perhubungan) is a unit whose main function to deliver and maintain the best possible information to combat units. The unit is under the Directorate of the Army (Dithubad), which is under the command of a brigadier general.

Army Special Forces Commandos

• Special Forces Command (Kopassus), est 5,530 divided is composed of five groups, Grup 1/Parakomando (Para Commando), Grup 2/Parakomando (Para Commando), Pusat Pendidikan Pasukan Khusus (Training), Grup 3/Sandhi Yudha (Combat Intelligence), SAT 81/Penanggulangan Teror (Counter-terrorism); plus the Presidential Guard (Paspampres) and headquarters. Each group is headed by a Colonel and all groups are para-commando qualified. Kopassus is known for its roles in high-risk operations such as the Woyla hijacking and the Mapenduma hostage crisis. However, Kopassus is also known for its alleged human right abuses in East Timor and Papua. Personnel of the unit are distinguished by their red berets, similar to most paratrooper and special forces units in the world.

Aviation Unit

File:Mi-17v5 tni ad.jpg

Mil Mi-17 of the army aviation

• Army Aviation Command (id:Pusat Penerbangan Angkatan Darat) The army had its own small air arm that performs attack, liaison and transport duties. It operates 100 aircraft in three helicopter and aircraft squadrons composed mostly of light aircraft and small transports, such as the IPTN produced CN-235.
  • 11th Squadron Heli Serbu (light assault) (Semarang)
  • 21st Squadron Sena (support) (West Jakarta)
  • 31st Squadron Heli Serbu (heavy assault squadron)(Semarang)
  • 12th Squadron Heli Serbu (light assault) (Way Kanan Regency)

Army Strategic Command Corps

Soldiers from Kostrad

• Army Strategic Command (Kostrad), is the Indonesian Army's Strategic Reserve Command. Kostrad is a Corps level command which has around 40,000 troops. It also supervises operational readiness among all commands and conducts defence and security operations at the strategic level in accordance with policies of the TNI commander. Green berets are worn by its personnel. Kostrad is the main basic warfare combat unit of the Indonesian Army, while Kopassus is the elite-special forces of the Indonesian Army, Kostrad still maintains as the first-line combat unit of the TNI below the kopassus. Kostrad is not only categorized as "reserve units", its also used as a main combat but is deployed for certain circumstances and is also capable for semi-special ops because mainly airborne infantry units are part of this corps. There are two Divisions of Kostrad which are:
  • 1st Infantry Division - located in Cilodong, Depok
  • 2nd Infantry Division - located in Singosari, Malang

Administrative Assistance Units

Indonesian Military Policemen

• Military Police (CPM): (Bahasa Indonesia: Polisi Militer/PM) is categorized as for the administration assistance unit. Its main function is to maintain of discipline, law and order in the scope of the Indonesian Military. MP units wear either Light Blue berets which are dragged to the left or MP helmets. The Military Police is under the Army's Military Police Command ("Puspomad") which is under the command of a major general.
• Adjutant General's Corps (CAJ): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Ajudan Jenderal) this unit's main function is for the administration of the military, public and military civil servants affairs. The adjutant general unit is under the Directorate of the Army Adjutant General ("Ditajenad") which is under the command of a brigadier general rank.
• Logistics Transportation Corps (CBA): (Bahasa Indonesia: Bekang/Pembekalan Angkutan) This unit's main function is to provide services and transport logistic cargo within the Indonesian Army. This unit's beret colour is Dark Blue. The Logistic Transport unit is under the Directorate of Logistics Transportation ("Ditbekangad") which is under the command of a Brigadier General rank.
• Topographic Corps (CTP): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Topografi) This unit's main function is to make topographic research and maps about the battlefield for the purposes of the Indonesian Army during combat. This unit is under the Army Topographic Directorate ("Dittopad") which is under the command of a Brigadier General rank.
• Health and Medical Corps (CKM): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Kesehatan/Medis Militer) This unit's main function is to maintain the health and medical of the soldiers and officers of the members of the Indonesian Army. The health unit is under the Army Directorate for Health and Medicine ("Ditkesad") which is under the command of a brigadier general.
• Finance Corps (CKU): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Keuangan) This unit's main function is to foster the financial administration of the army. The finance unit is under the Army Finance Directorate ("Ditkuad") which is under the command of a brigadier general.
• Corps of Military Law and Justice (CHK): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Hukum Militer) This unit's main function is to maintain law and justice within the army. The law unit is under the command of Army Legal Directorate ("Ditkumad") which is under the command of a brigadier general. This unit is also responsible for military courts.
• Army Research and Development (PDP): (Bahasa Indonesia: Korps Penelitian dan Pengembangan) Responsible for planning and developing equipment and facilities for the army. The R&D units falls under the Army R&D Department (Dinas Penelitian dan Pengembangan Angkatan Darat) led by a brigadier general.
• Army Territorial Center: (Bahasa Indonesia: Pusat Teritorial Angkatan Darat) In charge of fostering and conducting Territorial functions in order to support the basic tasks of the Army
• Army Office of Public Affairs and Broadcasting: (Bahasa Indonesia: Dinas Penerangan Angkatan Darat) In charge of delivering information and explanation of activties and incidents associated with the Army to the public in order to support the operational tasks of the Army
• Army Psychology Agency: (Bahasa Indonesia: Dinas Psikologi Angkatan Darat) In charge of psychological affairs towards Army personnel and servicemen in order to support Army operational conducts. This agency is also involved in selection of candidates, career development and personality of member personnel, psychological feasibility evaluation of members, development of research related to psychology and army in the field of social, war strategy, and planning.
• Army Information and Data Processing Agency: (Bahasa Indonesia: Dinas Informasi dan Pengolahan Data) In charge of duties to organize the function of Army Information System Development in order to support the task of the Army.
• Army Physical Fitness Department: (Bahasa Indonesia: Dinas Jasmani Angkatan Darat) In charge of physical fitness functions including the formation, upgrading and maintenance towards personnel and units within the Army organization.
• Army Mentality Coaching Agency: (Bahasa Indonesia: Dinas Pembinaan Mental Angkatan Darat) Is the Central Implementing Body of the Army Headquarters which is level directly under the Army Chief of Staff. This agency is in charge of organizing mental guidance for soldiers and civil servants and their families through mentality of spiritual and ideological mentoring in order to support the main task of the Army.
• Army Intelligence Centre: (Bahasa Indonesia: Pusat Intelijensi Angkatan Darat) - provides intelligence gathering services to the Army

Army Educational and Development Institutions

• Army Doctrine, Education and Training Development Command ("Kodiklat")
• Army War College ("Seskoad")
• Indonesian Military Academy ("Akmil")
• Army Officer Candidate Schools ("Secapa AD")
• Army Recruit Training Regiments ("Rindam") in all 15 Military Regions

Rank Structure

Main article: Indonesian military ranks

In the army, as well as in other armed forces branches in Indonesia, the rank consists of officer known as in Indonesian: "Perwira", NCO "Bintara" and enlisted "Tamtama".

Ranks and Insignias - Indonesian Army

Officers Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet Indonesian Army Jenderal besar Jenderal Letnan jenderal Mayor jenderal Brigadir jenderal Kolonel Letnan kolonel Mayor Kapten Letnan satu Letnan dua English General of the Army General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Enlisted personnel Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted Indonesian Army Pembantu letnan satu Pembantu letnan dua Sersan mayor Sersan kepala Sersan satu Sersan dua Kopral kepala Kopral satu Kopral dua Prajurit kepala Prajurit satu Prajurit dua

Equipment and Weaponry

Main article: Equipment of the Indonesian Army

Photo gallery

• 
  MBB Bo 105
• Pindad Panser APS-1
  Pindad Panser APS-1
• Pindad Panser APS-2
  Pindad Panser APS-2
• Pindad APR-1
  Pindad APR-1
• 
  Pindad Anoa
• AMX APC
  AMX APC
• Doosan DST Tarantula
  Doosan DST Tarantula

See also

• Indonesian Navy
• Indonesian Air Force

Bibliography

• Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01834-6.
• Reid, Anthony. The Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1950. (Publisher: Longman Pty Ltd., Melbourne, 1974) ISBN 0-582-71046-4.
• Ricklefs, M.C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300. (Second Edition. MacMillan, 1991)

Further reading

• Harold Crouch, The Army and Politics in Indonesia, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1978
• Sukarti Rinakit, The Indonesian Military after the New Order, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen and Singapore, 2005

External links

• IndoWiki KODAMs
• Official website of TNI-AD (Army)
• Unofficial site of Indonesian Armed Forces
• Unofficial site of Indonesian Special Forces
• Jane's Intelligence Review - January 1997 and March 1997
• Indonesian Civil-Military Relations - Civil-Military Relations in Post-Suharto Indonesia and the Implications for Democracy Today: A Preliminary Analysis
• Israel, Fauzi. Tactical Assault & Combat Training. 2008
• "ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet"