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Coordinates: 33°57′53″N 74°57′52″E / 33.96472°N 74.96444°E / 33.96472; 74.96444 (Attack location)
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Unnecessary weasel wording, the viewpoint is supported by many others. Added two other sources, but can provide more if required. Removed the cause as Ganguly says that most elections since the 50s to be slanted towards NC, and provides a more detailed explanation
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==Background==
==Background==
{{Further|Kashmir conflict|Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|2016–17 Kashmir unrest}}
{{Further|Kashmir conflict|Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|2016–17 Kashmir unrest}}
Kashmir is a disputed territory, claimed both by India and Pakistan with both countries administering part of the territory.<ref name=time/> According to one scholar, Pakistan has sought to gain control of Indian-administered Kashmir.{{sfn|Kapur|2011|pp=76}} The scholar writes that an insurgency, caused by India's rigging of the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 state legislature elections]] and supported by Pakistan, began to proliferate in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s.{{sfn|Kapur|2011|pp=62–63, 73}} Since 1989, about 70,000 people have been killed in the uprising and the Indian crackdown.<ref name=abc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-15/india-warns-of-crushing-response-to-kashmir-suicide-attack/10818178|title=India warns of 'crushing response' to Kashmir suicide attack|date=15 February 2019|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref name=time>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/5531703/india-pakistan-kashmir-gunbattle-kills-7/|title=Tensions Rise in Kashmir as 7 Killed in Gunfight|website=Time}}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', anti-India unrest grew in 2016 after India killed a popular rebel leader [[Burhan Wani]].<ref name=time/> In 2018 alone, the death toll included 260 militants, 160 civilians and 150 government forces.<ref name=abc/>
Kashmir is a disputed territory, claimed both by India and Pakistan with both countries administering part of the territory.<ref name=time/> Pakistan has sought to gain control of Indian-administered Kashmir.{{sfn|Kapur|2011|p=76}}{{sfn|Basrur|2017|p=154}} An insurgency began to proliferate in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, for which Pakistan provided material support.{{sfn|Kapur|2011|pp=62–63, 73}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sumit |title=Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay |journal=International Security |date=undefined NaN |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=103 |doi=10.2307/2539071}}</ref> Since 1989, about 70,000 people have been killed in the uprising and the Indian crackdown.<ref name=abc>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-02-15/india-warns-of-crushing-response-to-kashmir-suicide-attack/10818178|title=India warns of 'crushing response' to Kashmir suicide attack|date=15 February 2019|website=ABC News}}</ref><ref name=time>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/5531703/india-pakistan-kashmir-gunbattle-kills-7/|title=Tensions Rise in Kashmir as 7 Killed in Gunfight|website=Time}}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', anti-India unrest grew in 2016 after India killed a popular rebel leader [[Burhan Wani]].<ref name=time/> In 2018 alone, the death toll included 260 militants, 160 civilians and 150 government forces.<ref name=abc/>


Since 2015, Pakistan-based militants in Kashmir have increasingly taken to high-profile suicide attacks against the Indian security forces. In July 2015, three gunmen [[2015 Gurdaspur attack|attacked]] a bus, and police station in [[Gurdaspur]]. Early in 2016, four to six gunmen [[2016 Pathankot attack|attacked]] the [[Pathankot Air Force Station]].<ref name=Panda>
Since 2015, Pakistan-based militants in Kashmir have increasingly taken to high-profile suicide attacks against the Indian security forces. In July 2015, three gunmen [[2015 Gurdaspur attack|attacked]] a bus, and police station in [[Gurdaspur]]. Early in 2016, four to six gunmen [[2016 Pathankot attack|attacked]] the [[Pathankot Air Force Station]].<ref name=Panda>
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* {{cite book |last=Gregory |first=Shaun |title=The ISI and the War on Terrorism |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=30 |issue=12 |year=2007 |pages=1013–1031 |issn=1057-610X |doi=10.1080/10576100701670862 |subscription=yes |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Gregory |first=Shaun |title=The ISI and the War on Terrorism |journal=Studies in Conflict & Terrorism |volume=30 |issue=12 |year=2007 |pages=1013–1031 |issn=1057-610X |doi=10.1080/10576100701670862 |subscription=yes |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=S. Paul |editor1-last=Thompson |editor1-first=William R. |editor2-last=Ganguly |editor2-first=Sumit |title=Asian Rivalries: Conflict, Escalation, and Limitations on Two-level Games |year=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-7595-3 |chapter=Peace and Conflict in the Indo-Pakistani Rivalry: Domestic and Strategic Causes |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=S. Paul |editor1-last=Thompson |editor1-first=William R. |editor2-last=Ganguly |editor2-first=Sumit |title=Asian Rivalries: Conflict, Escalation, and Limitations on Two-level Games |year=2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-7595-3 |chapter=Peace and Conflict in the Indo-Pakistani Rivalry: Domestic and Strategic Causes |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Basrur |first1=Rajesh |editor1-last=Ganguly |editor1-first=Sumit |editor2-last=Scobell |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Liow |editor3-first=Joseph Chinyong |title=The Routledge Handbook of Asian Security Studies |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138210295 |edition=2nd |chapter=India and Pakistan: Persistent rivalry |ref=harv}}


{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}

Revision as of 18:00, 27 February 2019

2019 Pulwama attack
Part of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
2019 Pulwama attack is located in Jammu and Kashmir
2019 Pulwama attack
Location of the attack in Jammu and Kashmir, India
LocationLethpora, Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Coordinates33°57′53″N 74°57′52″E / 33.96472°N 74.96444°E / 33.96472; 74.96444 (Attack location)
Date14 February 2019
15:15 IST (UTC+05:30)
TargetSecurity personnel of the Central Reserve Police Force
Attack type
Suicide attack, car bombing
Deaths41 (40 CRPF personnel, 1 suicide bomber)
Injured35
PerpetratorsJaish-e-Mohammed
AssailantsAdil Ahmad Dar

On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the Jammu Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber at Lethpora (near Awantipora) in the Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The attack resulted in the deaths of 40 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)[a] personnel and the attacker. The responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-based Islamist militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The attacker was Adil Ahmad Dar, a local from Indian-administered Kashmir, and a member of Jaish-e-Mohammed.[1][2][3]

Background

Further information: Kashmir conflict, Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism, and 2016–17 Kashmir unrest

Kashmir is a disputed territory, claimed both by India and Pakistan with both countries administering part of the territory.[4] Pakistan has sought to gain control of Indian-administered Kashmir.[5][6] An insurgency began to proliferate in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, for which Pakistan provided material support.[7][8] Since 1989, about 70,000 people have been killed in the uprising and the Indian crackdown.[9][4] According to Time, anti-India unrest grew in 2016 after India killed a popular rebel leader Burhan Wani.[4] In 2018 alone, the death toll included 260 militants, 160 civilians and 150 government forces.[9]

Since 2015, Pakistan-based militants in Kashmir have increasingly taken to high-profile suicide attacks against the Indian security forces. In July 2015, three gunmen attacked a bus, and police station in Gurdaspur. Early in 2016, four to six gunmen attacked the Pathankot Air Force Station.[10] In February and June 2016, the militants killed nine and eight security personnel respectively in Pampore. In September 2016, four assailants attacked an Indian Army brigade headquarters in Uri killing 19 soldiers. On 31 December 2017, the Commando Training Centre at Lethpora was also attacked by militants killing five security personnel. These attacks took place in the vicinity of the Jammu Srinagar National Highway.[2]

Attack

Personnel killed[1][11][12][13][14]
State Number
Uttar Pradesh 12
Rajasthan 5
Punjab 4
Odisha 2
Uttarkhand 2
Bihar 2
Maharashtra 2
West Bengal 2
Tamil Nadu 2
Assam 1
Karnataka 1
Jammu and Kashmir 1
Himachal Pradesh 1
Kerala 1
Jharkhand 1
Madhya Pradesh 1
Total 40

On 14 February 2019, a convoy of 78 vehicles transporting more than 2,500 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)[a] personnel from Jammu to Srinagar was travelling on National Highway 44. The convoy had left Jammu around 03:30 IST and was carrying a large number of personnel due to the highway having been shut down for two days prior. The convoy was scheduled to reach its destination before sunset.[2]

At Lethpora near Awantipora, around 15:15 IST,[16] a bus carrying security personnel was rammed by a car carrying explosives. It caused a blast which killed 40 CRPF personnel of the 76th Battalion and injured many others. The injured were moved to the army base hospital in Srinagar.[1]

Pakistan-based militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed claimed responsibility for the attack. They also released a video of the assailant Adil Ahmad Dar (alias Adil Ahmad Gaadi Takranewala or Waqas Commando), a 22-year old from Kakapora who had joined the group a year earlier.[17][2][18] Dar's family had last seen him in March 2018, when he left his house on a bicycle one day and never returned.[19] Pakistan denied any involvement, though Jaish-e-Mohammed's leader, Masood Azhar, is known to operate in the country.[20][21]

It is the deadliest terror attack on India's state security personnel in Kashmir since 1989.[16]

Investigation

The National Investigation Agency dispatched a 12-member team to probe the attack, working with the Jammu and Kashmir Police.[1][2]

Initial investigations suggested the car was carrying more than 300 kilograms (660 lb) of explosives,[2] including 80 kilograms (180 lb) of RDX, a high explosive,[22] and ammonium nitrate.[23] Lt Gen Hooda said that the explosives might have been stolen from a construction site. He initially said that it was not possible that they were smuggled from across the border, but later said that he could not rule it out.[24]

Aftermath

Candle light march organised in Mehsana, Gujarat

State funerals of security personnel killed in the attack were held in their respective native places.[25][26] The government of Punjab announced ex gratia compensation of ₹12 lakh (US$14,000) each to the families of the killed security personnel from the state and a government job to the next of kin.[13] India revoked Pakistan's most favoured nation status.[1] The customs duty on all Pakistani goods imported to India were raised to 200%.[27] The government of India urged the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) to put Pakistan in the blacklist. The FATF decided to keep it on 'grey list' and gave time till October 2019 to comply with 27 conditions laid in June 2018 when it was put on the 'grey list'. Failing comply, it will be added in the blacklist.[28] On 17 February, the state administration revoked security provisions for separatist leaders.[29]

Protests bandhs and candle light marches were held across India.[30][31][32] There were violent protests in Jammu resulting in a curfew being imposed starting 14 February. The Indian community in the United Kingdom held protests outside the Pakistan High Commission in London.[33] A delegation of Indian doctors cancelled their visit to Pakistan for the 13th Association of Anaesthesiologists Congress, organised by the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, in Lahore on 7 March.[33] Indian broadcaster DSport said it would no longer broadcast Pakistan Super League cricket matches.[34] The All Indian Cine Workers Association announced a ban on Pakistani actors and artists in the Indian film industry, and stated that strong action would be taken on any organisation violating it.[35] The Indian Film and Television Directors' Association also announced a ban on Pakistani artists in films and music produced in India; the president of the organisation threatened to "vandalise" the sets of any Indian film production with Pakistani artists.[36]

Following intelligence inputs, in the early morning hours of 18 February, a joint team comprising 55 Rashtriya Rifles, CRPF and Special Operations Group of India killed two terrorists and two supporters in an anti-terrorism encounter operation in the ensuing manhunt for the perpetrators in Pulwama. One of them, Abdul Rasheed Ghazi alias Kamran, was identified as a Pakistani national and was considered the mastermind of the attack and a commander of the terrorist group Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM).[37] In addition, local JeM recruit Hilal Ahmed, along with two sympathisers who housed Ghazi and Ahmed to evade capture, were also shot dead in the encounter. Four security personnel were killed in the gunfight.[38][39][40]

Anti-Kashmiri backlash

Kashmiri students living in other parts of India faced a backlash after the attack, including violence and harassment,[41] and eviction from their homes.[42] In response, many Indians offered to house Kashmiris who may have been evicted.[43]

It was reported that number of Kashmiris fleeing from the rest of India had reached "hundreds".[44] Jammu and Kashmir Students Organisation reported that 97% of Kashmiri students in Dehradun had been evacuated.[45] Two Indian colleges in Dehradhun announced that no new Kashmiri students will receive admission.[46] One of those colleges, Alpine College, suspended its dean, who is a Kashmiri, after some groups called for him to be fired.[47]

Tathagata Roy, the governor of the Indian state Meghalaya, tweeted support for a boycott of "everything Kashmiri". Union Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad disagreed with this view.[48] A Kashmiri merchant was beaten in Kolkata; the attack was condemned by West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee.[49]

Kashmir police chief Dilbagh Singh said they had asked affected states to protect students."[50] Former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister Omar Abdullah met with Rajnath Singh seeking assistance.[51]

India-Pakistan conflict

Balakot airstrike

Main article: 2019 Balakot airstrike

On 26 February, twelve Mirage 2000 jets of the Indian Air Force crossed the Line of Control and dropped bombs into Balakot, Pakistan.[52][53] India claimed that it attacked a Jaish-e-Mohammed training camp and killed a large number of terrorists, reported to be between 300 and 350.[52][54] Pakistan claimed that they quickly scrambled jets to intercept the IAF jets, who dropped their payloads to quickly return over the Line of Control.[55]

India-Pakistan military confrontation

Main article: 2019 India-Pakistan standoff

Reactions

India and Pakistan

Prime Minister Narendra Modi condemned the attack and expressed solidarity with the victims and their families. Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh assured that a strong response will be given to the terror attack.[2] India blamed Pakistan for the attack.[56] BBC News has said that the involvement of the Jaish-e-Mohammed in the bombing "directly links" Pakistan to the attack, while also pointing out that Jaish-e-Mohammed had attacked Pakistani military targets in the past.[57] It is widely accepted among security analysts that Jaish-e-Mohammed is the creation of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence.[58] Pakistan banned the group in 2002,[59] but it has resurfaced under different names and retains ISI's support.[60][61][62] The New York Times questioned the nature of the link to Pakistan, pointing out that the bomber came from Indian-administered Kashmir and the explosives may also have been locally procured.[63]

The Indian finance minister Arun Jaitley has said that India would completely isolate Pakistan in the diplomatic community.[27]

Pakistan denied the allegation of a link to the attack,[64] and Pakistani foreign minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi condemned the bombing.[65] Fawad Chaudhry, Pakistan's federal information minister, said that Pakistan was taking action against Jaish-e-Muhammad and that Pakistan would be able to assist India in taking action against terrorist groups.[66] The Nation, a Pakistani newspaper, called the assailant a "freedom fighter" who eliminated members of an "occupying force".[67][68] Pakistan and India both recalled their ambassadors to each other for "consultations" in a tit-for-tat move.[69]

On 19 February 2019, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan said that providing safe haven to terrorists was not in Pakistan's interest.[70] He asked for proof of Pakistani involvement and warned India that any military response would be met with retaliation. Indian Ministry of External Affairs responded by criticising him for not condemning the attack and not offering any condolences for the victims. It said that claims by Adil Ahmad Dar and Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed was sufficient proof. It said that promises of investigation was unconvincing due to a lack of progress in Mumbai and Pathankot attack investigations.[71][72] In response to Indian criticism, the newspaper Dawn pointed out that Pakistani foreign minister Qureshi had expressed sympathies with the victims soon after the attack.[73]

International community

The United States condemned the attack and added it would work with India in counterterrorism efforts; it singled out Pakistan for its alleged role in the attack.[74] It urged Pakistan to cooperate with the investigation and punish those responsible.[75] Pakistan said it was ready to cooperate with such an investigation.[76] A statement from the US Department of State noted that Pakistan-based Jaish-e-Mohammed had claimed responsibility for the attack and asked all countries to refrain from supporting terrorists.[77] Bangladesh, Bhutan, France,[78] Hungary,[79] Israel,[80] Maldives,[78] Nepal,[81] Russia,[78] Singapore,[82] Sri Lanka,[83][84] Turkey,[85] and the United Arab Emirates[86] condemned the attack, as did the United Nations Secretary-General.[87]

Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi met with India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj and referring to both the 2019 Pulwama attack and the 2019 Khash–Zahedan suicide bombing, he stated that Iran and India would work together to prevent future attacks.[88]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The Central Reserve Police Force is the largest central paramilitary force under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is used to supplement the local police forces in contingencies and for countering insurgencies. According to Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan of the Observer Research Foundation, it is less trained and armed than the Army.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Pulwama attack: India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan". BBC. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Jaish terrorists attack CRPF convoy in Kashmir, kill at least 38 personnel". The Times of India. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  3. ^ Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-eMohammad, India Today, 16 February 2019.
  4. ^ a b c "Tensions Rise in Kashmir as 7 Killed in Gunfight". Time.
  5. ^ Kapur 2011, p. 76.
  6. ^ Basrur 2017, p. 154.
  7. ^ Kapur 2011, pp. 62–63, 73.
  8. ^ Ganguly, Sumit (undefined NaN). "Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay". International Security. 21 (2): 103. doi:10.2307/2539071. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b "India warns of 'crushing response' to Kashmir suicide attack". ABC News. 15 February 2019.
  10. ^ Ankit Panda, Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India's Options?, The Diplomat, 19 September 2016.
  11. ^ "Pulwama terror attack: Complete list of martyred CRPF jawans - Details inside". Times Now. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  12. ^ "At 12, Highest Number of Jawans Martyred in Pulwama Hailed from UP". The Quint. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  13. ^ a b "Punjab announces Rs 12 lakh compensation for families of martyred CRPF soldiers". Times Now. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  14. ^ "Pulwama attack: How to donate to victims' families". Deccan Herald. 15 February 2019.
  15. ^ Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan, New Terror Attack Exposes India’s Limited Options, The Diplomat, 15 February 2019
  16. ^ a b "Deadliest Kashmir militant attack on troops". BBC News. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  17. ^ "India will 'completely isolate' Pakistan". BBC. 15 February 2019.
  18. ^ Sharma, Neeta (15 February 2019). "Terrorist Lived 10 km From Site Where He Killed 40 Soldiers In Kashmir". NDTV. Retrieved 15 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  19. ^ Hussain, Ashiq (16 February 2019). "'Desperately wanted him to quit': Pulwama suicide bomber Adil Dar's mother". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  20. ^ "How far might India go to 'punish' Pakistan?". BBC. 15 February 2019.
  21. ^ Dutt, Barkha. "Everything will change after the Kashmir attack". The Washington Post. Two decades later, Masood Azhar has not been brought to justice. Instead, he hides in plain sight in Bahawalpur, in Pakistan's Punjab Province, and is now allowed to address huge Islamist militant gatherings over audio speakers in other parts of Pakistan.
  22. ^ "Pulwama attack: Seven detained, 80 kg high-grade RDX used by Jaish terrorist". dna. 16 February 2019.
  23. ^ "Pulwama attack: Traces of ammonium nitrate, RDX found at terror site". mynation.com. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  24. ^ Abi-Habib, Maria; Yasir, Sameer; Kumar, Hari (15 February 2019). "India Blames Pakistan for Attack in Kashmir, Promising a Response". The New York Times.
  25. ^ "State funeral to Pulwama martyrs from Punjab". The Pioneer. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  26. ^ "Pulwama Terror Attack: 40 CRPF bravehearts laid to rest as India gives final farewell, tributes pour in from across the world". India TV. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  27. ^ a b Pulwama terror attack: India hikes customs duty to 200% on all goods imported from Pakistan, The Times of India, 16 February 2019.
  28. ^ "FATF decides Pakistan to be on greylist; role of the Financial Action Task Force explained". www.timesnownews.com. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  29. ^ "J&K administration withdraws security of 5 separatist leaders". The Times of India. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  30. ^ "Pulwama terror attack: Anger on the streets as bandhs, protests, marches organised across states". timesnownews.com. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  31. ^ "Protests across country against Pulwama terror attack". The Times of India. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  32. ^ "Pulwama terror attack: Protest demonstrations, candle light processions taken out". Daily Excelsior. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  33. ^ a b "Pulwama terror attack updates: Indians protest outside Pakistan High Commission in London". India Today. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  34. ^ "Indian broadcaster pulls out of Pakistan cricket league". Al Jazeera. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Report, Web. "Pakistani actors banned from working in India after Kashmir attack". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  36. ^ Pulwama terror attack: Has Salman Khan replaced Atif Aslam in Notebook after ban on Pakistani artistes?, India Today
  37. ^ "Pulwama attack mastermind Abdul Rasheed Ghazi killed by security forces in Kashmir". The Times of India.
  38. ^ Singh, Aarti Tikoo; Dua, Rohan (18 February 2019). "Four Army personnel including Major martyred in encounter with terrorists in Pulwama". The Times of India.
  39. ^ Bedi, Rahul (18 February 2019). "Nine killed as Indian security forces battle Kashmir militants after suicide bombing". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  40. ^ "Army Major Vibhuti Dhoundiyal, 34, Second Officer From Uttarakhand To Be Killed In 3 Days". NDTV.com.
  41. ^ Violence against Kashmiri students, traders unacceptable: NC
  42. ^ "Kashmiris living in India facing threats, evictions". DAWN.COM. 18 February 2019.
  43. ^ Gerken, Tom; Jakhar, Pratik (18 February 2019). "'My home and heart are open to you'" – via www.bbc.com.
  44. ^ After attacks, Kashmiri students continue to come home
  45. ^ After Pulwama, panic dash by Kashmiris outside home state
  46. ^ Pulwama attack aftermath: Two Dehradun colleges say won’t admit Kashmiri students
  47. ^ Protests against Kashmiri students: Mob wanted it so dean was suspended, says head of Dehradun college
  48. ^ "BJP expresses disagreement over Tathagata's tweet on boycotting 'everything Kashmiri'". 21 February 2019 – via The Economic Times.
  49. ^ "Scared, not sure if I will come back: Kashmiri trader attacked in Kolkata". 21 February 2019.
  50. ^ Fareed, Rifat (16 February 2019). "Fear grips Kashmiris living in India after deadly suicide attack". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  51. ^ "Pulwama attack: Kashmiri students from various parts of India allege harassment, CRPF launches helpline". India Today. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  52. ^ a b Prabhu, Sunil (26 February 2019). Ghosh, Deepshikha (ed.). "India Strikes After Pulwama Terror Attack, Hits Biggest Jaish-e-Mohammed Camp In Balakot". NDTV.
  53. ^ "Pakistan army confirms Indian jets dropped 'four bombs'". The Times of India. Press Trust of India.
  54. ^ "Indian Air Strike Destroys Terror Camp In Pakistan, Upto 350 Terrorists Killed". BloombergQuint. Press Trust of India. 26 February 2019.
  55. ^ "Viewpoint: India strikes in Pakistan a major escalation". 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  56. ^ Modi vows action after dozens die in deadliest attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 decades, The Washington Post, 16 February 2019.
  57. ^ Viewpoint: How far might India go to 'punish' Pakistan?, BBC News, 15 February 2018
  58. ^ Moj 2015, p. 98; Jaffrelot 2015, p. 520
  59. ^ "Pakistan says it fulfilled obligations against Jaish-e-Mohammad". www.hindustantimes.com. 17 February 2019.
  60. ^ Gregory 2007, pp. 1022–1023: "However, most of those arrested were subsequently released without any charges and the separatist/terrorist groups, such as the ISI creations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, have been permitted to re-form, some of them under different names."
  61. ^ C. Christine Fair (12 January 2016), "Bringing back the Dead: Why Pakistan Used the Jaishe-Mohammad to Attack an Indian Airbase", Huffington Post, This interpretation of the attack as "peace spoiler" misses the strategic element of the ISI's revival of Jaish-e-Mohammad...
  62. ^ Bruce Riedel (5 January 2016). "Blame Pakistani Spy Service for Attack on Indian Air Force Base". The Daily Beast.: "His group is technically illegal in Pakistan but enjoys the continuing patronage of the ISI."
  63. ^ India Blames Pakistan for Attack in Kashmir, Promising a Response, New York Times, Feb 15, 2019.
  64. ^ "Pulwama attack 'matter of grave concern': Pakistan". The Times of India. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  65. ^ "On Kashmir attack, Shah Mahmood Qureshi says 'violence is not the govt's policy'". DAWN.COM. 16 February 2019.
  66. ^ "Pakistan is taking action against Jaish-e-Muhammad, Fawad Chaudhry tells Indian media". Samaa TV. 16 February 2019.
  67. ^ Slater, Joana; Masih, Niha. "Modi vows action after dozens die in deadliest attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 decades". The Washington Post. In Pakistan, Thursday's attack was viewed in starkly different terms. The Nation, an English-language daily newspaper, trumpeted the news on its front page on Friday with a headline saying a "freedom fighter" attack had killed dozens of members of the "occupying force" in Kashmir.
  68. ^ "Freedom fighter launches attack, 44 of occupying force killed in IOK". The Nation. 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019.
  69. ^ Hashim, Asad (18 February 2019). "Pakistan recalls India envoy amid tensions over Kashmir attack". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  70. ^ Syed, Baqir Sajjad (20 February 2019). "Pakistan ready to discuss terrorism with India: PM". Dawn.
  71. ^ "Pakistan warns India against attacking". BBC News. 19 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  72. ^ "Not surprised at Imran Khan's statement: MEA responds to Pakistan PM's claims". India Today. 19 February 2019.
  73. ^ India rejects Imran’s offer, seeks action against perpetrators, Dawn
  74. ^ "US Strongly Condemns Terror Attack On CRPF Jawans In Kashmir's Pulwama". News 18. 14 February 2019.
  75. ^ Pulwama attack: UN chief urges India, Pakistan to defuse tensions, Al-Jazeera
  76. ^ India demands Pakistan take 'credible action' over Kashmir attack, Al-Jazeera
  77. ^ "US condemns Pulwama terror attack, asks Pakistan to deny support to terrorists". India Today. New Delhi. 15 February 2019.
  78. ^ a b c "US, Russia, France & India's neighbours extend solidarity and support after Pulwama attack". The Economic Times. 14 February 2019.
  79. ^ "The Hungarian Government strongly condemns the dreadful terrorist attack in Pulwama, India". Website of the Hungarian Government. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  80. ^ "Israel is with India: PM Netanyahu assures PM Modi". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 15 February 2019.
  81. ^ "Condolences pour in from across the globe for Pulwama terror attack". India Today. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  82. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Statement: Condolence Letter from Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan on the Terror Attack in Pulwama, Jammu & Kashmir, Republic of India, on 14 February 2019". www1.mfa.gov.sg.
  83. ^ Maithripala Sirisena [@MaithripalaS] (14 February 2019). "Extremely saddened about dastardly terror attack killing 40 CRPF (Central Reserve Police Force) Jawans in Balawanapur, South Kashmir (J&K State). The world must condemn such brutal terrorist attacks and take effective action to prevent such incidents in future.@narendramodi" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  84. ^ "World leaders condemn Pulwama terror attack". Livemint. 15 February 2019.
  85. ^ 'Dialogue not war' is the solution to Pak-India problems: Turkish ambassador
  86. ^ "UAE condemns terrorist attack on police force in Kashmir". Gulf News. 15 February 2019. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  87. ^ "UN Chief Condemns Pulwama Terror Attack". NDTV. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  88. ^ "Enough is enough, says Iran in talks with India after Pak-based terror groups attack both countries". India Today. 17 February 2019.

Bibliography

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