Macau

For other uses, see Macau (disambiguation).

澳門特別行政區 Região Administrativa Especial de Macau Macau Special Administrative Region
Flag Coat of arms of Macau Coat of arms
Anthem: March of the Volunteers
Capital	none
Largest freguesia (population)	Freguesia de Nossa Senhora de Fátima
Official languages	Chinese, Portuguese
Government
• Chief Executive	Edmund Ho Hau-wah
Establishment
• Occupied by Portugal	1557
• Portuguese colony	August 13 1862
• Transfer of sovereignty	December 20 1999
• Water (%)	0
Population
• 2007 (1st qtr) estimate	520,400 (167th)
• 2000 census	431,000
GDP (PPP)	2006 estimate
• Total	$14.3 billion (139th)
• Per capita	$28,436 (2006)
HDI (2004)	0.909  (25th)
Currency	Macanese pataca (MOP)
Time zone	UTC+8 (MST)
• Summer (DST)	not observed
Calling code	853
ISO 3166 code	MO
Internet TLD	.mo

22°10′00″N 113°33′00″E The Macau Special Administrative Region, commonly known as Macau or Macao is one of the two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), along with Hong Kong.

Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century. After the Opium War in 1841, most of the foreign merchants in Macau left for Hong Kong, and as a result business and economic activities in Macau declined. Administered by Portugal until the handover in 1999, it was the oldest European colony in China. Since then Macau has developed industries such as textiles, electronics and toys, as well as a notable tourist industry, which boasts a wide range of hotels, resorts, stadiums, restaurants and casinos. What remains unchanged through Macau's history is Macau's strong economic links with Hong Kong, one of the East Asian Tigers and the Pearl River Delta region in mainland China. With a good foundation and infrastructure, Macau provides good financial and banking services, staff training, transport and communications support.

Etymology

The name "Macau" (Portuguese pronunciation IPA: [mɐ.'kaw])is thought to be derived from the Templo de A-Má (Temple of A-Ma or Ma Kok Temple) (媽閣廟, Cantonese Jyutping: Maa1 Gok3 Miu6, local pronunciation: Maa5 Gok3 Miu6 or Maa5 Gok3 Miu5), a still-existing landmark built in 1448 dedicated to the goddess Matsu - the goddess of seafarers and fishermen. In keeping with saga, a fisherboat sailing across the sea one day found itself in an unexpected rainstorm. Everyone on board had given up hope of surviving this natural disaster. An attractive young lady, who had boarded the boat at the eleventh hour, stood up and ordered the tempest to calm down. The gale ceased and the sea became calm. The fisherboat, without further event, arrived safely at the port of Hoi Keang. The young lady walked ashore to the top of the Barra Hill where, in a glowing aura of light and fragrance; she ascended to heaven immediately. On the specific locale where she set foot on, a temple was built. Several hundred years later, when Portuguese sailors landed and asked the name of the place, the natives replied A-Ma-Gao (i.e. Bay of A-Ma). The peninsula was therefore renamed and Amagao was abbreviated to Macau in modern usage.

History

Main article: History of Macau

Imperial times

Historical records show that what was later known as Macau was part of Panyu County, Nanhai District, Guangdong Province, under the Qin empire (221–206 BC). During the Jin Dynasty (265-420), the area was part of Dongguan County and later alternated under the control of Nanhai and Dongguan. In 1152, (during the Song Dynasty, 960–1279), it was identified as administratively part of the new Xiangshan County.

Since the 5th century, merchant ships traveling between Southeast Asia and Guangzhou used Haojingao as a way stop for refuge, fresh water, and food. Members of the southern Song Dynasty and some 50,000 followers were the first recorded inhabitants of the area, seeking refuge in Macau from invading Mongols in 1277. They were able to defend their settlements and establish themselves there. Mong Há has long been the center of Chinese life in Macau and the site of what may be the region's oldest temple, a shrine devoted to the Buddhist Guanyin (Goddess of Mercy).

The Hoklo Boat people were the first to show commercial interest in Macau as a trading center for the southern provinces. During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1643), fishermen migrated to Macau from various parts of Guangdong and Fujian provinces and built the A-Ma Temple in which they prayed for safety on the sea.

Sixteenth to nineteenth centuries

Macau in nineteenth century; Vue générale de Macau painted by Auguste Borget (1808-1877)

The Treaty of Peking 1887

Sino-Portuguese Draft (Lisbon Agreement 1887)

Chinese fishermen have been living and working in the Pearl River Delta for more than four thousand years. The small peninsula and islands that came to be called Macau were first settled by the Portuguese in the 16th century. Prior to that, they belonged to various counties within the Chinese Empire, with the village of Mong Ha (Wangxia), located on the Macau peninsula, having been settled during the Yuan Dynasty.

Portuguese traders had landed in Ningbo and Swatow at the beginning of the 16th century, but were forced to abandon their trading-posts there. In 1535, the Portuguese obtained the right to anchor ships in Macau harbours and carry out trading activities. In around 1552-1553, the Portuguese obtained permission to go ashore and erect storage sheds, in order to dry out goods drenched by sea water, and establish a settlement as a reward for defeating pirates and to serve as middlemen for trade between China and Japan and between both nations and Europe. In 1557, the Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macau. Fortifications and a church were the first buildings were constructed there, but no ground rent was demanded by the Chinese government until 1582. In 1580, Macao was established as an episcopal see by Gregory XIII, and 13 bishops were consecrated. Beginning in 1670, Portugal leased the territory, although there was no transfer of sovereignty. Macau prospered as a port and was the subject of repeated attempts by the Dutch to conquer it in the 17th century.

Following the Opium War (1839-42), Portugal occupied Taipa and Coloane in 1851 and 1864 respectively. In 1887, Portugal and the Qing government signed the Sino - Portuguese Draft Minutes and the Beijing Treaty, in which China ceded to Portugal the right to "perpetual occupation and government of Macau"; conversely, Portugal pledged to seek China's approval before transferring Macau to another country.

Twentieth century

Main article: Transfer of the sovereignty of Macau

In 1928, the Kuomintang government and the Portuguese government concluded the "Sino-Portuguese Friendship and Trade Treaty." Making only a few provisions concerning tariff principles and matters relating to business affairs, the treaty failed to mention the question with regard to Macau's position. Consequently, the situation of Portuguese occupation and government of Macau remained unchanged. In 1938, Portuguese troops occupied the island of Hengqin, which had already been settled by Portuguese missionaries. Hengqin was taken by the Japanese in 1941 and reverted to China in the end of World War II.

File:Oldmacauflag.PNG

Flag formerly used to represent the Government of Macau under Portuguese rule

In 1966 residents tried to obtain a licence for a private school in Taipa, the first of two islands connected to and forming part of Macau. After being rejected many times they went ahead and started building without permits. On November 15, 1966, Portuguese police arrested the school officials and beat construction workers, residents, and press reporters. As a result, Chinese teachers and students gathered at the Governor’s Palace to protest; some even got inside the Palace to cite the quotations of Mao Zedong and sang Chinese revolutionary songs. On December 3, the government ordered them to be arrested. This stirred up the anger of the general public and more people came to protest. They pulled down the statue of Colonel Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita at Largo do Senado at the city centre, and burned archive documents - some irreplaceable - at the Leal Senado Building and the Holy House of Mercy. Portuguese soldiers from Africa, who came to Macau on holiday, were called in and martial law was declared. As a result of the protests, 11 people were killed by police and 200 were injured. The incident is often referred to as "12-3," with reference to the date of the riots. The Chinese people adopted a "three no's" approach as a means to continue their struggle with the Government — no taxes, no service, no selling to the Portuguese. They were successful and on January 29, 1967 the Portuguese government of Macau signed a statement of apology. This marked the beginning of equal treatment and recognition of Chinese identity and of de facto Chinese control of the colony, as an official apology underlined the fact that after 1949, administration of Macau continued only at the behest of the Mainland Communist government.

After the leftist military coup of 1974, the now democratic Portuguese government was determined to relinquish all its overseas possessions, but the People's Republic of China did not favor Macau's immediate return to Chinese sovereignty and asked Portugal to continue to administer it. In 1976, Lisbon redefined Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration," and granted it a large measure of administrative, financial and economic autonomy. The Chinese Government stated on many occasions that Macau has always been Chinese territory and the issue left by history should be settled through negotiations when conditions were ripe.

Portugal and the People's Republic of China agreed in 1979 to regard Macau as "a Chinese territory under (temporary) Portuguese administration". Negotiations between the Chinese and Portuguese governments on the question of Macau started in June 1986. In 1987, an international treaty, known as the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, was signed to make Macau a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. In 1998, Chinese (Cantonese) was given official status and the same legal power as Portuguese, the official language. The Chinese government assumed sovereignty over Macau on December 20, 1999, ending 329 years of Portuguese official rule.

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Macau; One country, two systems; and Legal system of Macau

The headquarters of Macau Government

The Legislative Assembly of Macau

The status of Macau since reverting to People's Republic of China sovereignty on 20 December 1999 is defined in the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law, Macau's constitution promulgated by China's National People's Congress in 1993. The Joint Declaration and the Basic Law specify that Macau's social and economic system, lifestyle, rights, and freedoms are to remain unchanged for at least 50 years.

Under the principle of "one country, two systems" articulated in the Basic Law of Macau, Macau enjoys a high degree of autonomy except in defense and foreign affairs. Macau officials, rather than PRC officials, run Macau through the exercise of separate executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Macau maintains its own separate currency, customs territory, immigration and border controls, and police force. According to surveys examined recently by Transparency International 2006, the Government of Macau is perceived to have one of the least corrupt public sector among Asian nations or territories. Macau ranked number 4 in Asia and 26 worldwide. Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore joined Macau as the only Asian states ranking among the top 30 nations or territories; meanwhile Asia's largest nations; People's Republic of China, India, and Indonesia, all ranked low of the 163 ranked nations and territories.

The chief executive is appointed by the People's Republic of China's central government. Election of the Chief Executive after election by an election committee, whose members are nominated by corporate and community bodies. The chief executive's cabinet comprise five policy secretaries. He is advised by an Executive Council that has between 7 and 11 members. Edmund Ho Hau Wah, a community leader and former banker, is the first China-appointed chief executive of the Macau SAR, having replaced General Vasco Rocha Vieira at midnight on December 19, 1999.

The legislative organ of the territory is the Legislative Assembly, a 29-member body comprising 12 directly elected members, 10 appointed members representing functional constituencies and seven members appointed by the chief executive. The Legislative Assembly is responsible for lawmaking and like many other legislatures, it has power to impeach the Chief Executive. It has power to amend the method of electing the chief executive after 2009. The democratic infrastructure of Macau SAR remains powerless. The ability of the legislature to initiate legislation is limited, although it plays a role in shaping legislation. There is little public pressure for democratization.

Political associations in the Legislative Council of Macau include: New Democratic Macau Association, United Citizens Association of Macau, Union for Development, Union for Promoting Progress, Alliance for the Development of Macau, New Hope, General Union for the Good of Macau, Convergence for Development. The general requirements of suffrage for direct election in Macau is an adult at or over 18 years of age and he or she must be a permanent resident in that region. For indirect election, it is only limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central governmental bodies.

In order to implement the principle of high degree of autonomy, the basic and original framework of the legal system of Macau must also be preserved for at least 50 years after 20 December, 1999 according to the provision made by the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau. The legal system is based largely on Portuguese law or Portuguese civil law system. The territory has its own independent judicial system, with a high court. Judges are selected by a committee and appointed by the chief executive. Foreign judges may serve on the courts. In July 1999 the chief executive appointed a seven-person committee to select judges for the SAR. 24 judges were recommended by the committee and were then appointed by Edmund Ho. Macau has a three-tier court system: The Court of the First Instance, The Court of the Second Instance and The Court of Final Appeal (Macau's highest court).

No district court was established because of the limited geographical size of the region. However, administrative courts are additionally created that are special courts for handling administrative, taxation and customs cases and they are lower courts as the Court of the First Instance. Litigants who object to their rulings can appeal to the Court of the Second Instance. The prosecution of the Macau SAR is an independent body. The Chief Prosecutor of the Macau SAR's prosecution is nominated by the Chief Executive and appointed by the central government of People's Republic of China; the prosecutors are appointed and removed by the Chief Executive. Hence, the Macau SAR prosecution is under strict scrutiny and supervision of the Chief Executive. There is no capital punishment or life imprisonment is currently imposed in Macau SAR due to the prohibition by the Penal Code of Macau (Article 39). Ampliate reformations in legal system in Macau can be seen after handover. The prominent example is using Chinese language in courts, in addition to the process of legislation.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Municipalities of Macau

Macau was formerly divided into two municipalities and seven parishes. Each municipality was run by a municipal council (câmara municipal), with a supervising municipal assembly (assembleia municipal). When it became a SAR, the municipalities were abolished and the parishes were voided of administrative functions. In their place is a new administrative body, the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau (Portuguese: Instituto para os Assuntos Cívicos e Municipais), under the Secretariat for Administration and Justice (Secretaria da Administração e Justiça) of the SAR government. The parishes are still officially recognized but only on a symbolic basis.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Macau

Map of Macau

Macau is 60 kilometres (37 miles) southwest of Hong Kong and 145 kilometres (90 miles) from Guangzhou. It consists of a peninsula, and the islands of Taipa and Coloane. The peninsula is formed by the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary on the east and the Xijiang (West River) on the west. It borders the Zhuhai Special Economic Zone in mainland China. Macau has a generally flat terrain resulting from extensive land reclamation, but numerous steep hills mark the original natural land mass. The Macau peninsula was originally an island, but gradually a connecting sandbar turned into a narrow isthmus. Land reclamation in the seventeenth century made Macau into a peninsula. With a dense urban environment, Macau has no arable land, pastures, forest, or woodland. Because of this deficiency, Macau's people traditionally have looked to the sea for their livelihood.

Macau has a humid subtropical climate. Seasonal climate is greatly influenced by the monsoons and therefore temperature difference between summer and winter is fairly noticeable. The average annual temperature of Macau is 22.3 °C. July is the hottest month, with average monthly temperature being 28.6 °C (daytime temperatures are usually above 30 °C). The coldest month is January, with average monthly temperature 14.5 °C (occasionally temperature drops below 10 °C). Located in the coastal region of south the People's Republic of China, Macau has ample rainfall, with average annual precipitation being 2,030 millimetres. However, winter is mostly dry due to the monsoon from mainland China. The humidity is high with an average range between 75% and 90%. The best season in Macau is autumn (i.e. October - December) when days are sunny & warm and the humidity is basically low. Winter (i.e. January - March) is relatively cold but sunny. In spring (i.e. start from April), the humidity starts to increase and in summer (i.e. May to September) the climate is warm to hot and humid with rain and casual typhoons.

Annual highest & lowest average temperatures and mean total rainfall in Macau
Month	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	Jun.	Jul.	Aug.	Sep.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
Avg. high °C (°F)	18 (65)	18 (65)	21 (71)	24 (75)	28 (82)	31 (88)	32 (90)	32 (90)	30 (86)	28 (82)	24 (75)	19 (67)
Avg. low temperature °C (°F)	13 (55)	13 (55)	16 (61)	20 (69)	24 (75)	26 (79)	27 (80)	27 (80)	26 (79)	23 (73)	18 (65)	14 (57)
Mean total rainfall mm (inches)	32.4 (1.3)	58.8 (2.3)	82.5 (3.2)	217.4 (8.5)	361.9 (14.2)	339.7 (13.3)	289.8 (11.4)	351.6 (13.8)	194.1 (7.6)	116.9 (4.6)	42.6 (1.7)	35.2 (1.4)

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Macau, Foreign relations of Macau, and Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

Macau Tower at night.

Macau center

Macau's economy is based largely on tourism, much of it geared toward gambling. In view of Macau's small population and limited land resources, the Government of Macau has launched a policy of close cooperation with the Pearl River Delta and the neighboring Guangdong province while expanding trade contacts with the rest of the world. Other chief economic activities in Macau are export-geared textile and garment manufacturing, banking and other financial services. The clothing industry has provided about three quarters of export earnings, and the gaming, tourism and hospitality industry is estimated to contribute more than 50% of Macau's GDP, and 70% of Macau government revenue. Macau is a founding member of the WTO and has a representative office at the organization's headquarters in Geneva. Market-opening pledges largely in the sphere of financial services has been made at the WTO and Macau has maintained sound economic and trade relations with more than 120 countries and regions with European Union and Portuguese-speaking countries in particular. Macau currently participates in the IMF and the World Bank classifies it as a high income economy along with developed economies and some developing economies as Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. The average growth rate of economy in Macau between 2001 and 2006 were approximately 13.1% annually. In last two quarter of 2006, the GDP of Macao was grown by 22.05%. The GDP per capita in 2006 was USD $28,436. In the fourth quarter of 2006, the unemployment rate stood at 3.5%.

From 9.1 million visitors in 2000, arrivals to Macau has grown to 18.7 million visitors in 2005, 21.98 million visitors in 2006 and is expected to receive between 24 and 25 million visitors in 2007, with over 50% of the arrivals coming from mainland China. This recent growth has been driven by gambling and related tourism. Tourists from Hong Kong remain numerous, representing about 30% of arrivals. Since the 1999 return to Chinese rule, Triad underworld violence, a dark spot on the economy, has virtually disappeared, to the benefit of the tourism sector. Macau also received the Future Award 2007, for being regarded the most promising future tourism destination in Asia, voted by 26,000 German travel trade members of GoAsia; an association that includes tour operators, airline companies, among many others. Macau has been currently rated as one of the world's top tourism destinations by the World Tourism Organization.

Sands Macau

Since 1850, gambling has been licensed and has always been an important source of earning for the government. In the early 1960s, gambling provided 50 percent of official revenue. Starting in 1962, the gambling industry has been operated under a government-issued monopoly license by the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau. With the opening of the Sands Macau, the largest casino in the world as measured by total number of table games, in 2004 and Wynn Macau in 2006, gambling revenues from Macau's casinos were for the first time greater than those of Las Vegas Strip (each about $6 billion), making Macau the highest-volume gambling centre in the world. Other casinos and hotels slated to be opened through 2009 are: The Venetian Macao (2007), Four Seasons (2008), MGM Grand Macau (2007), Ponte 16 (2007), Far East Consortium Complex (2007), Grand Hyatt (2009), Galaxy Cotai Megaresort (2008), City of Dreams (2008), Oceanus (2008), Mandarin Oriental (2009). The first Phase of Macau's Cotai Strip is scheduled to open in 2007 and will include 19,000 guest rooms throughout seven resort hotels, with the $1.8 billion Venetian Macao serving as the anchor. The head of Virgin Group Sir Richard Branson is in the latter stage of negotiation to secure land in Macau, where he is going to set up a US$3 billion casino resort complex. As a result, Macau's economy is growing rapidly due to gambling related tourism and construction from the new casino entrants.

Along with Bermuda, British Virgin Islands or Bahamas, Macau is one of the best known offshore financial centres and tax havens in a worldwide sense. Banco Nacional Ultramarino, Bank of China, Seng Heng Bank and Tai Fung Bank are among the most influential banks. There are also many foreign banks registered and established in Macau as well, including Bank of America - Macau and HSBC - Macau. Macau is a free port with low-taxes and no monetary control policy imposed. Operations of offshore service businesses are feasible in Macau because of related offshore law that has been in effect since 1999. The offshore finance business is regulated and supervised by the Monetary Authority of Macao, while the regulation and supervision of the offshore non-finance business is mainly controlled by the Macau Trade and Investment Promotion Institute. Moody's Investors Service upgraded Macau's foreign and local currency government issuer ratings to 'Aa3' from 'A1', citing its government's solid finances as a large net creditor. The rating agency also upgraded Macau's foreign currency bank deposit ceiling to 'Aa3' from 'A1'

Transportation

Bus in Macau.

Main article: Transportation in Macau

Public buses service is frequent and inexpensive, circulating around the Macau peninsula. Taxis are plentiful and inexpensive by the airport, ferry terminal, and gaming venues. In order to eliminate the language barrier between taxi drivers and passengers, the Tourist Office has provided most taxis with a destination guide which includes the names of the most requested destinations in Chinese, Portuguese and English.

Hong Kong-Macau ferry terminal.

The trishaw, a hybrid of the tricycle and the rickshaw, is a unique but rather slow way to move about. The jinrikisha (standard rickshaw) has not served as a practical method of mass transit in Macau for many years. While the traffic in mainland China drives on the right, traffic moves on the left in Macau. Roads are narrow and winding. Traffic is generally congested throughout the day.

The Macau Light Transit System is a planned mass transit system, similar to the Singapore Light Rapid Transit. The tracks will be a mix of elevated guideways and underground tunnels, ensuring a dedicated right-of-way separated from road traffic. When completed it will serve passengers from the Macau Peninsula, Taipa island, the Cotai reclamation and Macau International Airport. The Government of Macau introduced the proposal to the public in October 2006.

There are over than 150 sea crossings every day between the route of Macau and Hong Kong, with an option of jetfoil, turbocat, foilcat or express ferry services; the journey mostly takes less than one hour by jetfoil. There is also a daily ferry crossing to Shekou and Shenzhen. In the past, the Macau Maritime Museum would arrange for two sailing vessels (which were based on the ancient "junk" form but somewhat remodeled) to tour the inner and outer harbours. Along the trip, the ship's crew would introduce the general lifestyle and customs of the local boat dwellers. However, due to the land reclamation works in the harbour and the boat maintenance, all of these trips have been temporarily suspended. The exhibition building and the open-air café esplanade of the Maritime Museum are open as usual (though closed on Tuesdays).

Macau has one active international airport, known as Macau International Airport located at Taipa. The airport now serves as a transport hub mainly for Viva Macau, Air Macau and others.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Macau, Religion of Macau, and Immigration to Macau

Part of downtown area in Macau 2007

Population development in Macau

Year	Population
1993	390,000
1994	403,600
1995	415,000
1996	415,200
1997	419,400
1998	425,200
1999	429,600
2000	431,500
2001	436,700
2002	441,600
2003	427,500
2004	465,300
2005	488,100
2006	508,500

Considered as a special administrative region or dependency, Macau is one of the most densely populated regions and is among the cities with the highest level of population congestion in the world.

Macau's population is 95% Chinese, primarily Cantonese, Fujianese as well as some Hakka, Shanghainese and overseas Chinese from Southeast Asia (mostly Vietnam and some from Thailand and Philippines) and elsewhere. The remainder are of Portuguese or Chinese-Portuguese ancestry, or Macanese, (most Portuguese and some Macanese left Macau after it was returned to China) as well as several thousand Filipino and Thai nationals. The growth of population in Macau is mainly relying on Chinese immigrants from mainland China and the influx of overseas workers, since the birth rate is one of the lowest in the world. With over 503,000 people (2006 second quarter estimate) living in that region, Macau is now classified as a large city. The gap between poor and rich is relatively large. The government is investigating policies to distribute resources gained from the economic growth. In order to assist low income groups, the government has cut its administrative costs and reduced taxation to boost the local economy and improve the standard of living. The nationality of people with Chinese descent living in Macau and/or those who are qualified to apply for MSAR passport is considered as Chinese. Dual nationality is not recognized by the government of Macau, although foreign passports can be freely used as travel documentation

The official languages are Portuguese and Chinese (Cantonese); Mandarin, English, Hokkien, Tagalog, Thai, and several other languages are also spoken. Although Portuguese is widely spoken from colonial period until present, it is de facto official. English is widely taught and used as a language of instruction in schools and tertiary education establishments and widely spoken in tourism, trade and other businesses, being Macau's de facto "lingua franca" among its different ethnic communities. The Macanese language, which is generally known as Patuá, is a distinctive Creole that is still spoken by several dozen Macanese, an ethnic group of mixed Asian and Portuguese ancestry that accounts for about two per cent of Macau's population(However, Macanese is sometimes also used in the broader sense to describe any permanent resident of Macau.). Thai and Tagalog are spoken by foreign nationals and ethnic Chinese from Thailand and Philippines. Another important language is Vietnamese, which is spoken by descendants of Vietnam-born ethnic Chinese refugees.

The work force in Macau SAR is mainly composed of manufacturing; construction; wholesale and retail trade, repair, hotels and restaurants; financial services, real estate, and other business activities; public administration, other communities, social and personal services, including gaming; transport, storage and communications. The number of Chinese from Mainland China working in Macau as imported foreign laborers stood at 37,357 in 2006, representing 57.7% of the region's imported workers. According to the recent survey conducted by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Macau residents have long had one of the longest life expectancies at birth in the world. The birth rate, the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate all rank among the lowest in the world.

An illustration of the mission of the Jesuits in China. These missionaries used Macau as a point of departure and formation during sixteenth century.

Most Macau people believe in the Chinese Folk religion, which includes the faiths of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and the folk gods and goddesses (especially Kuan Yin and Matsu), like other Chinese communities. There are between forty and fifty temples of various sizes in Macau, mostly built a century or so ago, although some date back five-hundred years. In certain occasions one can find out that Kuan Yin or the images of Buddha and other gods or xoanons from the sphere of Taoism might appear within the same temple. The most famous ones are the Kun Iam Temple, the A-Ma Temple and, in particular, the Lotus Temple. Built in 1592, the Lotus Temple has a history of over four hundred years.

Macau became a hub not only of trade in Asia, but also of Christianity, with the Jesuit missionaries Basilica de São Paulo set up as the greatest marker to Christianity in East Asia. The Catholic Diocese of Macau was established on 23 January, 1576. The first bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Macau was D. Belchior Carneiro. The first Chinese bishop was Domingos Lam. The present bishop is D. José Lai, who is the first native-born Chinese bishop in Macau. About 15 % of Macau's population is Catholic. The Catholic Church in Macau recognizes the Pope as the head of the Church. A new Coadjutor Bishop for the Macau diocese was appointed by Vatican or Holy See in June, 2003. Christianity is a legacy of Portuguese rule. Macau was also the first station of the Protestant church for mission in China.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Macau

Igreja de Santo Agostinho.

The mixing of Chinese and Portuguese cultures and religious traditions for more than 4 centuries has left Macau with a very inimitable collection of holidays, festivals and events. The biggest tournament of the year is the Macau Formula Three Grand Prix in November, when the main streets in the Peninsula of Macau become a racetrack. Many Formula One drivers won here earlier in their careers; among them, Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher, David Coulthard and Takuma Sato before taking part in Monaco Grand Prix. For other important yearly events, it includes the Macau Arts festival in March, the International Fireworks Display Contest in September, the International Music festival in October and/or November, and the Macau International Marathon in December.

The Lunar Chinese New Year is a public holiday and celebration launched in late January or early February every year. The Pou Tai Un Temple in Taipa is the place for the Feast of the Earth god Tou Tei in February. The Procession of the Passion of Our Lord is a well-known Catholic rite and journey, which travels from Igreja de Santo Agostinho to Igreja da Sé Catedral‎, also taking place in February. A-Ma Temple, which honours the Goddess of seafarers and fishermen; is in full swing in April with many congratulant worshippers during the A-Ma festival. To look on dancing dragons at the Feast of the Drunken Dragon and twinkling-clean Buddhas at the Feast of Bathing of Lord Buddha in May is common. In Coloane Village, the Taoist god Tam Kong is also honoured in the same day. Dragon Boat festival is brought into play on Nam Van Lakes in June and Hungry Ghosts' festival, in late August and/or early September every year. All events and festivities basically come to an end with Winter Solstice in December annually.

With significant influences from Southeast Asia and the Lusophone world, local cooking in Macau consists of a blend of southern Chinese and Portuguese cuisines. Many unique dishes resulted from the spice blends that the wives of Portuguese sailors used in an attempt to replicate European dishes. Its ingredients and seasonings include those from Europe, Latin America, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, as well as local Chinese ingredients. Common cooking techniques include baking, grilling and roasting. It is renowned for its flavour-blending culture. Typically, Macanese food is seasoned with various spices and flavours including turmeric, coconut milk, cinnamon and bacalhau, giving special aromas and tastes.Famous dishes include Galinha à Portuguesa, Galinha à Africana (African chicken), Bacalhau, Macanese Chili Shrimps and stir-fry curry crab. The most popular snack is pork chop bun. The most popular dessert is ginger milk and Portuguese-style egg tart.

Macau International Music Festival - MIMF is basically conducted by the Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macau SAR Government every year. The 20th anniversary of the MIMF is celebrated with a touch of romanticism. Jazz, Classical music, electronica, Chinese folk-pop, rock and fado will fill Macau's autumn nights with magic. The eclectic programme of 28 performances promises to delight Macau audiences, accustomed to the festival's annual offering of some of the best music from all over the world.

Landmarks

Main article: Historic Centre of Macau

A walk through the theme park in Macau Fisherman's Wharf

Macau preserves China's largest group of historical properties in the urban area, as it had almost five centuries of regular oscillation between West and East, after the Portuguese seafarers settled in Macau in the mid-sixteenth century. The Historic Centre of Macau, which includes some twenty-eight historic monuments and eight public squares, was officially listed as a 31st World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 15 July 2005 during the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee, being held in Durban of South Africa.

• Main landmarks include:
  • A-Ma Temple
  • Casa Garden
  • Casino Lisboa
  • Fortaleza do Monte
  • Guia Fortress
  • Macau Fisherman's Wharf
  • Macau Tower
  • Old Protestant Cemetery
  • Ruins of Saint Paul's Cathedral

Miscellaneous topics

The large sculpture of "Lotus Flower In Full Bloom" at the Lotus Square, with the "Tourist Activity Center" in the background.

• Sister cities
  • Concelho de Macau
    • Lisbon, Portugal
    • Porto, Portugal
    • Brussels, Belgium (friendship agreement)
    • São Paulo, Brazil
    • Danang, Vietnam (friendship agreement)
    • Luanda, Angola (friendship agreement)
  • Concelho das Ilhas
    • Coimbra, Portugal
    • Linköping, Sweden

See also

Main article: List of Macau-related topics

The Ruins of Saint Paul's

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	"columns-start"	Yes	Yes	{{columns-start}}	{{column}}	{{columns-end}}
Columns	"div col"	Yes	Yes	{{div col}}	–	{{div col end}}
	"columns-list"	No	Yes	{{columns-list}} (wraps div col)	–	–
Flexbox	"flex columns"	No	Yes	{{flex columns}}	–	–
Table	"col"	Yes	No	{{col-begin}}, {{col-begin-fixed}} or {{col-begin-small}}	{{col-break}} or {{col-2}} .. {{col-5}}	{{col-end}}

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Further reading

• Fallon, Steve (2004). Lonely Planet Hong Kong and Macau (eleventh edition ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1740594487. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Timeout (2004). Time Out Hong Kong (incl. Macau) (second edition ed.). Time Out. ISBN 0141013532. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• Gunn, Geoffrey C (2005 reprint). Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1557-1999. Editora Gunn. ISBN 9993770531. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
• Rosmarie Wank-Nolasco Lamas (1998). History of Macau: A Student's Manual (first edition ed.). Institute of Tourism Education. ISBN 9729731411. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
• McGivering, Jill (1999). Macao Remembers. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0195917359. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Herbert S. Yee (2001). Macau in Transition: From Colony to Autonomous Region. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0333750098.
• Miguel Santos Neves (Editor), Brian Bridges (Editor) (2000). Europe, China and the Two SARs: Towards a New Era. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0312232071. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Lo Shiu Hing (1995). Political Development in Macau. Chinese University Pres, Hong Kong. ISBN 962-201-658-8.
• Joao De Pina-Cabral (2002). Between China and Europe - Person, Culture and Emotion in Macao. Berg Publishers. ISBN 0826457495.
• Berlie, J.A. (1999). Macao 2000. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019-592074-0.
• R. D. Cremer (Editor) (1988). Macau: City of Commerce and Culture. Univ of Washington Pr. ISBN 0295966084. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Eayrs, James (2003). Macao Foreign Policy and Government Guide. International Business Publications, USA. ISBN 0739764519.
• Cherie Hamilton (2001). Cuisines of Portuguese Encounters: Macao. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0781808316.
• Donald Pittis (Editor), Susan J. Henders (Editor) (1998). Macao: Mysterious Decay and Romance. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0195905695. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Annabel Jackson (1999). Hong, Kong, Macau and the Muddy Pearl (travel literature). Bookworld Services. ISBN 9627160660.
• Cesar Guillen-Nunez (1999). Macao Streets. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0195877667. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Christina Miu Bing Cheng (1999). Macau: A Cultural Janus. Hong Kong Univ Pr. ISBN 9622094864.
• Mark Brazier (1980). Viva Macau!. MacMillan Publishers, Hong Kong. ISBN 9620301617. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Francisco M. Caldeira Cabral, Annabel Jackson, Leong Ka Tai (2000). Macau's Gardens and Landscape Art. Asia 2000. ISBN 9627160849.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

External links

Monte Fonte

Business

• MacauHub - a designated economic information portal to promote business ties between China and the Portuguese speaking world.
  • Template:Zh icon Simplified Chinese page
  • Template:Pt icon Portuguese page
  • Template:En icon English page

Culture

• Cultural Affairs Bureau of the Macau SAR
  • Template:Zh icon Traditional Chinese version
  • Template:Zh icon Simplified Chinese version
  • Template:Pt icon Portuguese version
  • Template:En icon English version

Government

• Government Information Bureau of Macau SAR
  • Template:Zh icon Traditional Chinese page
  • Template:Pt icon Portuguese page
  • Template:En icon English page
• Government Printing Bureau of Macau SAR
  • Template:Zh icon Traditional Chinese version
  • Template:Pt icon Portuguese version
  • Template:En icon English version
• Template:Zh icon Template:Pt icon Template:En icon Portal of the government of Macau

Guides and directories

• Macau City Guide

News

• English news from Teledifusão de Macau

Profiles

• Library of Congress - Country Study: Macau data as of August 2000

Tourism

• Macau Government Tourist Office
• Template:Wikitravel