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==Research and development==
==Research and development==
{{refimprove section|date=November 2011}}
{{refimprove section|date=November 2011}}
Siri is a spin-out from the [[SRI International]] Artificial Intelligence Center, and is an offshoot of the DARPA-funded [[CALO]] project.<ref>{{citation |url=http://tist.acm.org |title=ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (ACM TIST)}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Berry |first=Pauline M. |last2=Gervasio | first2=Melinda|last3=Peintner|first3=Bart | last4=Yorke-Smith | first4=Neil |url=http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1989734.1989744 |title=PTIME: Personalized assistance for calendaring|journal=ACM TIST|volume=2 |issue=4 |date=July 2011 |doi=10.1145/1989734.1989744}}</ref> It is described as perhaps the largest artificial-intelligence project ever launched.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}
Siri is a spin-out from the [[SRI International]] Artificial Intelligence Center, and is an offshoot of the DARPA-funded [[CALO]] project.<ref>{{citation |url=http://tist.acm.org |title=ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (ACM TIST)}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Berry |first=Pauline M. |last2=Gervasio | first2=Melinda|last3=Peintner|first3=Bart | last4=Yorke-Smith | first4=Neil |url=http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1989734.1989744 |title=PTIME: Personalized assistance for calendaring|journal=ACM TIST|volume=2 |issue=4 |date=July 2011 |doi=10.1145/1989734.1989744}}</ref>


Siri's primary technical areas focus on a Conversational Interface, Personal Context Awareness, and Service Delegation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/42420/what-is-siri-iphone-4s |title=What is Siri? Apple's iPhone 4S assistant explained |date=5 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-11-23}}</ref>
Siri's primary technical areas focus on a Conversational Interface, Personal Context Awareness, and Service Delegation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/42420/what-is-siri-iphone-4s |title=What is Siri? Apple's iPhone 4S assistant explained |date=5 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-11-23}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:15, 3 December 2011

Siri Beta
Original author(s)Siri
Developer(s)Apple Inc.
Initial releaseAugust 9, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-08-09)
Operating systemiOS
PlatformiPhone 4S
Available inEnglish, German, French
TypeIntelligent software assistant
LicenseProprietary
Websitewww.siri.com

Siri (pronounced /ˈsɪri/) is an intelligent software assistant and knowledge navigator functioning as a personal assistant application for iOS. The application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of web services. Siri claims that the software adapts to the user's individual preferences over time and personalizes results, as well as accomplishing tasks such as making dinner reservations and reserving a cab.[1][failed verification]

Siri was originally introduced as an iOS application available in the App Store. Siri was acquired by Apple Inc. on April 28, 2010.[2] Siri had announced that their software would be available for BlackBerry and for Android-powered phones, but all development efforts for non-Apple platforms were cancelled after Apple's purchase.[3]

Siri is now an integrated part of iOS 5, and available only on the iPhone 4S, launched on October 4th 2011, the day before Steve Jobs died.[4] Despite this, hackers were able to adapt Siri in previous iPhones. On November 8, 2011, Apple publicly announced that it had no plans to support Siri on any of its older devices.[5]

Independent developers claim that they ported Siri to iPhone 4.[6][7] However, some news sites consider that the videos they posted for proof only show the user interface of the application, excluding any voice commands, to conclude that they did not prove anything.[8] However, new sources suggests that the independent developers are able to port Siri to the iPhone 4, iPod Touch, and iPad.[9]

Founding

Siri was founded in 2007 by Dag Kittlaus (CEO), Adam Cheyer (VP Engineering), and Tom Gruber (CTO/VP Design), together with Norman Winarsky from SRI International's venture group. On October 13, 2008, Siri announced it had raised an $8.5 million Series A financing round, led by Menlo Ventures and Morgenthaler Ventures.[10] In November 2009, Siri raised a $15.5 million Series B financing round from the same investors as in their previous round, but led by Hong-Kong billionaire Li Ka-shing.[11] Dag Kittlaus left his position as CEO of Siri at Apple after the launch of the iPhone 4S.[12]

DARPA involvement

With Siri, Apple is using the results of over 40 years of research funded by DARPA via SRI International’s Artificial Intelligence Center through the Personalized Assistant that Learns Program and Cognitive Agent that Learns and Organizes Program CALO.

This includes the combined work from research teams from Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Massachusetts, the University of Rochester, the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Oregon State University, the University of Southern California, and Stanford University. This technology has come a long way with dialog and natural language understanding, machine learning, evidential and probabilistic reasoning, ontology and knowledge representation, planning, reasoning and service delegation.[13]

iOS integration

Main article: iPhone 4S § Siri

It was announced on October 4, 2011 that Siri is included with the iPhone 4S.[14] The new version of Siri is integrated into iOS, and offers conversational interaction with many applications, including reminders, weather, stocks, messaging, email, calendar, contacts, notes, music, clocks, web browser, Wolfram Alpha, and maps.[1] Currently, Siri only supports English (US, UK, Australian), German and French,[15] and has limited functionality outside the US.[16]

After announcing that Siri is included with the iPhone 4S, Apple removed the existing Siri app (which ran on all iPhone models) from the App Store.[17] Some users have been able to port Siri back to a jailbroken iPhone 4, bypassing a filter on Apple's servers intended to prevent earlier models from using Siri.[18]

Research and development

Siri is a spin-out from the SRI International Artificial Intelligence Center, and is an offshoot of the DARPA-funded CALO project.[19][20]

Siri's primary technical areas focus on a Conversational Interface, Personal Context Awareness, and Service Delegation.[21]

Siri's speech recognition engine is thought to be provided by Nuance Communications, a speech technology company, although this has not been officially acknowledged by either Apple or Nuance.[22]

Siri personal assistant for the United Kingdom is called "Daniel" who is voiced by Jon Briggs, a former technology journalist who recorded “Daniel” for Scansoft, who merged with Nuance Communications, a company that works on Siri with Apple.[23]

Siri's actions and answers rely upon a growing ecosystem of partners, including:

Reception

Siri was met with a very positive reaction for its ease of use and practicality, as well as its sassy "personality". Google’s executive chairman and former chief, Eric Schmidt, has conceded that Siri could pose a "competitive threat" to the company’s core search business.[25] Google generates a large portion of its revenue from clickable ad links returned in the context of searches. The threat comes from the fact that Siri is a non-visual medium, therefore not affording users with the opportunity to be exposed to the clickable ad links. Writing in The Guardian, journalist Charlie Brooker described Siri as "a creep – a servile arselick with zero self-respect" while also noting that "he works annoyingly well."[26]

However, Siri was criticized by organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union and NARAL Pro-Choice America after users found that it would not provide information about the location of birth control or abortion providers, sometimes directing users to anti-abortion "crisis pregnancy centers" instead. Apple responded that this was a glitch which would be fixed in the final version.[27]

References

  1. ^ a b "iPhone 4S - Ask Siri to help you get things done". Apple. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  2. ^ April 28, 2010 (2010-04-28). "BREAKING NEWS: Siri bought by Apple". Scobleizer.com. Retrieved 2011-10-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Timothy Hay (2010-02-05). "Siri Inc. Launches 'Do Engine' Application For iPhone". Dow Jones Newswire. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  4. ^ Darren Murph (2011-10-04). ""iPhone 4S hands-on!". Engadget. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  5. ^ Jake Smith (2011-11-08). "Apple confirms Siri isn't coming to any other devices as of now | 9to5Mac | Apple Intelligence". 9to5Mac. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  6. ^ Mark Gurman (2011-10-14). "Siri voice command system ported from iPhone 4S to iPhone 4 (video) | 9to5Mac | Apple Intelligence". 9to5Mac. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
  7. ^ Ahmed Omar. "Siri Ported Successfully To The iPhone 4 (VIDEO)". Cydiahelp.com. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
  8. ^ "Un hacker irlandais prétend porter Siri sur iPhone 4". http://www.lemondeinformatique.fr. 2011-10-18. Retrieved 2011-10-23. Cependant, aucune des vidéos, celle de Steve Troughton-Smith ou celle de 9-to-5 Mac, ne montre Siri en action ou ne présente un utilisateur essayant d'interagir avec les commandes vocales de Siri (However, neither video shows Siri in action or does a user attempting to interact with voice commands Siri) {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Mark Gurman. "Siri hacked to fully run on the iPhone 4 and iPod touch, iPhone 4S vs iPhone 4 Siri showdown video (interview) | 9to5Mac | Apple Intelligence". 9to5Mac. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
  10. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (2008-10-13). "Semantic Stealth Startup Siri Raises $8.5 Million". Readwriteweb.com. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  11. ^ A Personal Assistant on Your iPhone.
  12. ^ "Siri co-founder leaves Apple following iPhone 4S launch". AppleInsider. 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2011-10-31.
  13. ^ "Why is Siri important". Brian Roemmele. 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
  14. ^ Apple (2011-05-31). "Apple iPhone 4S event: as it happened". Telegraph. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  15. ^ Viticci, Federico (2011-09-27). "Apple Officially Unveils Siri Voice Assistant – Supports English, French and German". Macstories.net. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  16. ^ Viticci, Federico (2011-10-14). "There Are Some Siri Limitations Outside The US". Macstories.net. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  17. ^ Danny Sullivan. "With New Siri Promised For iPhone 4S, Apple Pulls Existing Siri From App Store, and all existing Siri servers will be stopped on October 15th".
  18. ^ Mark Gurman (2011-10-29). "Siri hacked to fully run on the iPhone 4 and iPod touch, iPhone 4S vs iPhone 4 Siri showdown video (interview) | 9to5Mac | Apple Intelligence". 9to5Mac. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  19. ^ ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (ACM TIST)
  20. ^ Berry, Pauline M.; Gervasio, Melinda; Peintner, Bart; Yorke-Smith, Neil (July 2011), "PTIME: Personalized assistance for calendaring", ACM TIST, 2 (4), doi:10.1145/1989734.1989744
  21. ^ "What is Siri? Apple's iPhone 4S assistant explained". 5 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  22. ^ "Nuance Exec on iPhone 4S, Siri, and the Future of Speech". Tech.pinions. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  23. ^ "The voice behind Siri breaks his silence". The Telegraph. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  24. ^ "Apple Siri". Apple.com. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  25. ^ Eric Schmidt. "Google's Eric Schmidt: Apple's Siri could pose 'threat'". Telegraph. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
  26. ^ Brooker, Charlie (December 01, 2011). "Charlie Brooker: the dark side of our gadget addiction". The Guardian. Retrieved December 02, 2011. Siri is a creep – a servile arselick with zero self-respect – but he works annoyingly well. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  27. ^ Howard, Greg; Voorhees, Josh (December 1, 2011). "Apple Says Siri's Abortion-Clinic Blind Spot Wasn't Intentional". Slate.

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