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{{Main|Electoral history of Kamala Harris}}
{{Main|Electoral history of Kamala Harris}}
[[File:Pelosi, Harris, Lofgren on Women's Equality Day.jpg|thumb|Harris (back, second from the left) celebrating the 90th anniversary of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].]]
[[File:Pelosi, Harris, Lofgren on Women's Equality Day.jpg|thumb|Harris (back, second from the left) celebrating the 90th anniversary of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].]]
Harris served as a Deputy [[District Attorney]] in [[Alameda County, California]], from 1990 to 1998. Harris says she sought a career in law enforcement because she wanted to be "at the table where decisions are made."<ref name=NYTmag/> After 1998, she became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the [[San Francisco District Attorney's Office]]. In 2000, San Francisco [[City Attorney]] [[Louise Renne]] recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil [[code enforcement]] matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womensradio.com/articles/This-DA-Makes-a-Difference-for-Women/559.html |title=Women's Radio: This DA Makes a Difference For Women |publisher=Womensradio.com |date= |accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref> Recognized by The ''[[The Daily Journal Corporation|Los Angeles Daily Journal]]'' as one of the top 100 lawyers in California, she served on the board of the California District Attorney's Association and was Vice President of the National District Attorneys Association.<ref name="nomination">{{cite news|title=Kamala Harris wins Dem nomination for California AG|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news632777.html|accessdate=August 19, 2010|newspaper=Z News|date=June 9, 2010}}</ref>
Harris served as a Deputy [[District Attorney]] in [[Alameda County, California]], from 1990 to 1998. Harris says she sought a career in law enforcement because she wanted to be "at the table where decisions are made."<ref name=NYTmag/> In 1994, she was appointed head of the California Medical Assistance Commission by then-Assembly Speaker Willie Brown, who was allegedly having an affair with her at the time <ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Charles C|title= At Dem convention, Kamala Harris demands ‘opportunity … open to everyone’ — but had special career help from powerful boyfriend|url=http://dailycaller.com/2012/09/06/at-dem-convention-kamala-harris-demands-opportunity-open-to-everyone-but-had-special-career-help-from-powerful-boyfriend/|newspaper=Daily Caller|date=6 September 2012}}</ref>. After 1998, she became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the [[San Francisco District Attorney's Office]]. In 2000, San Francisco [[City Attorney]] [[Louise Renne]] recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil [[code enforcement]] matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womensradio.com/articles/This-DA-Makes-a-Difference-for-Women/559.html |title=Women's Radio: This DA Makes a Difference For Women |publisher=Womensradio.com |date= |accessdate=November 18, 2010}}</ref> Recognized by The ''[[The Daily Journal Corporation|Los Angeles Daily Journal]]'' as one of the top 100 lawyers in California, she served on the board of the California District Attorney's Association and was Vice President of the National District Attorneys Association.<ref name="nomination">{{cite news|title=Kamala Harris wins Dem nomination for California AG|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news632777.html|accessdate=August 19, 2010|newspaper=Z News|date=June 9, 2010}}</ref>


=== District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco ===
=== District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco ===

Revision as of 13:46, 19 July 2017

This article is about the U.S. Senator. For the professional wrestler Jim "Kamala" Harris, see Kamala (wrestler).

Kamala Harris
United States Senator
from California
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 2017
Serving with Dianne Feinstein
Preceded byBarbara Boxer
32nd Attorney General of California
In office
January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2017
GovernorJerry Brown
Preceded byJerry Brown
Succeeded byXavier Becerra
District Attorney of San Francisco
In office
January 8, 2004 – January 3, 2011
Preceded byTerence Hallinan
Succeeded byGeorge Gascón
Personal details
Born
Kamala Devi Harris

(1964-10-20) October 20, 1964 (age 60)
Oakland, California, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Douglas Emhoff
​
(m. 2014)​
RelativesMaya Harris (sister)
Meena Harris (niece)
EducationHoward University (BA)
University of California, Hastings (JD)
WebsiteSenate website

Kamala Devi Harris (born October 20, 1964) is an American attorney and politician who currently serves as a senator from California. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She previously served as the 32nd Attorney General of California.

Harris graduated from Howard University and UC Hastings. After working in the San Francisco District Attorney's office and City Attorney's office, she was elected District Attorney of San Francisco in 2003 and held that position until 2011. Harris was elected California's Attorney General in 2010, and re-elected in 2014.[1][2]

On November 8, 2016, she defeated Loretta Sanchez in the 2016 U.S. Senate election to replace outgoing Democratic senator Barbara Boxer, becoming the first Indian American elected to serve in the United States Senate.[3][4] As a senator, she has generally opposed President Donald Trump's policies.[5]

Harris is described in the media as a potential candidate for president in 2020.[6][7]

Early life and education

Kamala Devi Harris (/ˈkɑːməl[invalid input: 'ā']/, KAH-m-luh;[8]) was born on October 20, 1964 in Oakland, California. She is the daughter of a Tamil Indian mother, Dr. Shyamala Gopalan Harris (1938–2009), a breast cancer researcher who emigrated from Chennai, India, in 1960,[9][10] and a Jamaican-American father, Donald Harris, a Stanford University economics professor.[15] Her name, Kamalā, is feminization of the Sanskrit word Kamal (Lotus Flower / Nelumbo nucifera) that means "She of the Lotus", another name of Laxmi, the Hindu Goddess of prosperity whose seat is a lotus flower. She was extremely close with her maternal grandfather, Rajam Gopalan, an Indian diplomat,[10] and as a child she would frequently visit her family in Besant Nagar.[16] She has one younger sister, Maya, a lawyer and public policy advocate, who married Tony West, a former Associate Attorney General of the United States.[17]

The family moved to Berkeley, California, where both of Kamala's parents attended graduate school.[18] They also introduced their daughter to civil rights protests, which were common during that time in Berkeley.[18] Kamala's parents divorced when she was 7.[18] Shyamala raised her daughters in Berkeley, where the family lived in a predominantly African-American neighborhood and where the girls sang in a Baptist choir,[14] and they were also raised with Hindu beliefs.[19] Her mother eventually moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where Shyamala took a position doing research at the Jewish General Hospital and teaching at McGill University.[20][21]

After graduating from Montreal's Westmount High School in Quebec, Harris attended Howard University in Washington, D.C., where she majored in political science and economics.[22][23] At Howard, Harris was elected to the liberal arts student council as freshman class representative, a member of the debate team, and joined Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.[22]

Harris then returned to California, earning her Juris Doctor (J.D.) from University of California, Hastings College of the Law, in 1989.[24] Harris failed the California bar exam her first time, later saying, "it's not a measure of your capacity."[14] She was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1990.[25]

Early career

Main article: Electoral history of Kamala Harris
Harris (back, second from the left) celebrating the 90th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Harris served as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, from 1990 to 1998. Harris says she sought a career in law enforcement because she wanted to be "at the table where decisions are made."[14] In 1994, she was appointed head of the California Medical Assistance Commission by then-Assembly Speaker Willie Brown, who was allegedly having an affair with her at the time [26]. After 1998, she became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the San Francisco District Attorney's Office. In 2000, San Francisco City Attorney Louise Renne recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil code enforcement matters.[27] Recognized by The Los Angeles Daily Journal as one of the top 100 lawyers in California, she served on the board of the California District Attorney's Association and was Vice President of the National District Attorneys Association.[28]

District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco

After the Fajitagate scandal, Harris defeated two-term incumbent Terence Hallinan in the 2003 election to become District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco.[29]

In April 2004, San Francisco Police Department Officer Isaac Espinoza was shot and killed in the line of duty.[14] Three days later D.A. Harris announced she would not seek the death penalty, infuriating the San Francisco Police Officers Association.[14] During Officer Espinoza's funeral at St. Mary's Cathedral U.S. Senator and former San Francisco mayor Dianne Feinstein rose to the pulpit and called on Harris, who was sitting in the front pew, to secure the death penalty, prompting a standing ovation from the 2,000 uniformed police officers in attendance.[14] Harris still refused.[14] Officer Espinoza's killer was convicted of the murder and sentenced to life in prison.[14]

As D.A., Harris started a program that gives first-time drug dealers the chance to earn a high-school diploma and find employment.[14] Over eight years the program produced fewer than 300 graduates, but achieved a very low recidivism rate.[14] She was re-elected when she ran unopposed, in 2007.[30]

In 2009, Harris wrote Smart on Crime: A Career Prosecutor's Plan to Make Us Safer,[31] in which she looked at criminal justice from an economic perspective and attempted to reduce temptation and access for criminals.[32] The book discusses a series of "myths" surrounding the criminal justice system, and presents proposals to reduce and prevent crime.[32]

She has been outspoken on the need for innovation in public safety, particularly with respect to reducing the recidivism rate in San Francisco.[33] One such program, "Back on Track", was signed into law by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as a model program for the state.[34][35] Initially, there were issues with removing illegal immigrants from the program, such as an incident involving Alexander Izaguirre, who was later arrested for assault.[36] The program was revised to address that concern, barring anyone who could not legally be employed in the United States.[37]

Violent crimes, felons, incarceration, and conviction rate

While Harris was the San Francisco District Attorney, the overall felony conviction rate rose from 52% in 2003 to 67% in 2006, the highest in a decade; there was an 85% conviction rate for homicides, and convictions of drug dealers increased from 56% in 2003 to 74% in 2006.[38] While these statistics represent only trial convictions, she also closed many cases via plea bargains.[39] When she took office, she took a special interest in clearing part of the murder caseload from the previous administration. Harris claimed that the records were less than optimal from the previous administration, and worked to get convictions on what she could. That meant that out of the 73 homicide cases backlogged, 32 cases took deals for lesser charges such as manslaughter or took pleas to other crimes such as assault or burglary while the murder charges were dismissed.[40]

However, critics argue that San Francisco sends fewer people to jail per arrest than other counties throughout the state. The San Francisco DA's incarceration rates were among the lowest in the entire state of California—fully ten times lower than in San Diego County, for example. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, "roughly 4 of every 100 arrests resulted in prison terms in San Francisco, compared with 12.8 out of 100 in Alameda County, 14.4 of 100 in Sacramento County, 21 of 100 in San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, 26.6 of 100 in Fresno County, 38.7 of 100 in Los Angeles County and 41 of 100 in San Diego County."[41] Police also noted that lenient sentencing from San Francisco judges also played a role in this.[41]

While officers within the SFPD credited Harris with tightening loopholes in bail and drug programs that defendants had exploited in the past, they also accused her of being too deliberate in her prosecution of murder suspects.[42] Additionally, in 2009 San Francisco prosecutors won a lower percentage of their felony jury trials than their counterparts at district attorneys' offices covering the 10 largest cities in California, according to data on case outcomes compiled by officials at the San Francisco Superior Court as well as by other county courts and prosecutors. (Officials in Sacramento, the sixth-largest city in California, did not provide data.) Harris's at-trial felony conviction rate that year was 76%, down 12 points from the previous year. By contrast, the then-most recent recorded statewide average was 83%, according to statistics from the California Judicial Council.[43] In a small sample, a report computed that the conviction rate for felony trials in San Francisco County in the first three months of 2010 was just 53%.[43] San Francisco has historically had one of the lowest conviction rates in the state; the county is known for a defendant-friendly jury pool.[44][43]

In 2012, Superior Court Judge Anne-Christine Massullo ruled that San Francisco District Attorney Harris' office violated defendants' rights by hiding damaging information about a police crime lab technician, and was indifferent to demands that it account for its failings.[45]

Hate crimes and civil rights

Harris created a special Hate Crimes Unit as San Francisco District Attorney. She focused on hate crimes against LGBT children and teens in schools. She convened a national conference to confront the "gay-transgender panic defense", which has been used to justify violent hate crimes.[46] Harris supports same-sex marriage in California and opposed both Proposition 22 and Proposition 8.[47]

In 2004, The National Urban League honored Harris as a "Woman of Power", and she received the Thurgood Marshall Award from the National Black Prosecutors Association in 2005. In her campaign for California Attorney General, she received the endorsements of numerous groups, including EMILY's List, California Legislative Black Caucus, Asian American Action Fund, Black Women Organized for Political Action, the National Women's Political Caucus, Mexican American Bar Association, and South Asians for Opportunity.[48]

Police department laboratory and disclosure failures

[relevant?]

During Harris' tenure, the District Attorney's Office had multiple issues with the reliability of tests from the police department's crime lab.[49] San Francisco Police Department drug lab technician Deborah Madden admitted to taking amounts of cocaine from evidence samples in the police department's crime lab. The testing unit of the police department lab was shut down on March 9, 2010. As a result of Madden's actions, hundreds of drug cases were dismissed or discharged. While Harris's office was aware of troubling issues at the police department's drug lab months before the issue became public, the entire scope of the issues did not become clear until Madden was exposed for removing drug samples.[50] The police department later widened the investigation into their crime lab to include cases that were already prosecuted.[51]

On May 20, 2010, San Francisco Superior Court Judge Anne-Christine Massullo ruled that prosecutors had violated defendants' rights by failing to disclose damaging information about the police drug lab technician[52] However, Judge Massullo refused to dismiss any cases, saying that all cases must be considered individually.[45] On May 26, 2010, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that a San Francisco coroner's supervising toxicologist, Ann Marie Gordon, vouched for blood-test results in drunken-driving cases for two years before prosecutors told defense attorneys that a Washington state court had labeled her as a "perpetrator of fraud" while running that state's toxicology lab.[53] Although Harris said she accepted responsibility for the incidents, she pointed out the incidents stemmed from the police department lab and not a lab within the District Attorney's Office itself.[49]

Attorney General of California

2010 election

Main article: California Attorney General election, 2010
Harris speaking at a US Department of Justice event

On November 12, 2008, Harris announced her candidacy for California Attorney General. Both of California's United States Senators, Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, as well as House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, endorsed Harris during the Democratic Party primary.[54] In the primary, she faced Chris Kelly, former Chief Privacy Officer of Facebook; Assemblyman Alberto Torrico; Assemblyman and former military prosecutor Ted Lieu; Assemblyman Pedro Nava; Rocky Delgadillo, former City Attorney of Los Angeles; and Mike Schmier.[55][citation needed] In the June 8, 2010, primary, she was nominated with 33.6% of the vote. Her closest competitors, Torrico and Kelly, had 15.6% and 15.5% respectively.[55][56]

In her campaign for California Attorney General, Harris received the endorsements of United Farm Workers cofounder Dolores Huerta, United Educators of San Francisco, and San Francisco Firefighters Local 798.[48] She also received the endorsement of Antonio Villaraigosa, Mayor of Los Angeles.[57] In the general election, she faced Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley. On election night, November 2, 2010, Cooley prematurely declared victory, but many ballots remained uncounted. On November 24, as the count advanced, Harris was leading by more than 55,000 votes, and Cooley conceded.[58] On January 3, 2011, Harris became the first female,[28] African American,[57][59] and Indian American attorney general in California.[60][61]

In 2012, she sent a letter to 100 mobile app developers asking them to comply with California law with respect to privacy issues.[62] If any developer of an application that could be used by a Californian does not display a privacy policy statement when the application is installed, California law is broken, with a possible fine $2500 for every download. The law affects any developer anywhere in the world if the app is used by a Californian.[63]

At the 2012 Democratic National Convention Harris gave a prime-time speech attacking Mitt Romney.[14] During the second Obama administration, Harris was mentioned as a possible nominee for a seat on the United States Supreme Court if a seat on that court became vacant.[64] In February 2016, The New York Times identified her as a potential US Supreme Court nominee to replace Justice Antonin Scalia.[65]

2014 election

Main article: California Attorney General election, 2014
Harris right, with her sister, Maya, at San Francisco City Hall in February 2014.

Harris announced her intention to run for re-election in February 2014, and filed paperwork to run on February 12. According to the office of California Secretary of State Debra Bowen, Harris had raised the money for her campaign during the previous year in 2013.[66] On August 13, 2014, she announced her endorsement of Betty Yee for California State Controller, called her one of the state's "most knowledgeable and responsible money managers," and said she was proud to endorse her. Yee, in return, sang Harris's praises and called her an "outstanding elected leader."[67] Harris also endorsed Bonnie Dumanis[68] and Sandra Fluke.[69] Harris herself was endorsed by The Sacramento Bee,[70] Los Angeles Daily News,[71] and The Los Angeles Times.[72]

On November 4, 2014, Harris was re-elected against Republican Ronald Gold.[73]

In September 2014, when US Attorney General Eric Holder announced his intention to step down, Harris was speculated as being a potential candidate as the next US Attorney General.[74] Harris addressed the speculation in a statement, days after Holder's resignation, declining an intent to take the office and asserted she was staying in her position as Attorney General of California.[75] Two months later, in November 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Loretta Lynch to succeed Holder.[76] On November 10, Harris issued a statement regarding the nomination that approved of Obama's decision, praised Lynch, and reaffirmed her choice to remain working with the California Department of Justice.[77]

Tenure as California Attorney General

Housing

When Harris took office, California was still reeling from the effects of the subprime mortgage crisis. Harris participated in the National Mortgage Settlement against five banks: Ally Financial, Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Citibank, and Chase. She originally walked off the talks because she believed the deal was too lenient. She later rejoined the talks, securing $12 billion of debt reduction for the state's homeowners and $26 billion overall.[78] Other parts of the funding would go to state housing counseling services and legal help for struggling homeowners and forgiving the debt of over 23,000 homeowners who agreed to sell their homes for less than the mortgage loan.[79]

Later, she introduced the California Homeowner's Bill of Rights in the California State Legislature, a package of several bills that would give homeowners more "options when fighting to keep their home". It would ban the practices of "dual-tracking" (processing a modification and foreclosure at the same time) and robo-signing, and provide homeowners with a single point of contact at their lending institution. It would also give the California Attorney General more power to investigate and prosecute financial fraud and to convene special grand juries to prosecute multi-county crimes instead of prosecuting a single crime county-by-county.[80] The CA Homeowner Bill of Rights went into effect on January 1, 2013.[81] The Sacramento Bee reported on one of the first cases of a homeowner using the bill to stop Bank of America from foreclosing on his home.[82]

Prison conditions and sentencing reform

After the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Plata (2011) declared California's prisons so overcrowded they inflicted cruel and unusual punishment, Harris fought federal court supervision, explaining "I have a client, and I don't get to choose my client."[14]

Harris refused to take any position on criminal sentencing-reform initiatives California Proposition 36, 2012 and California Proposition 47 (2014), arguing it would be improper because her office prepares the ballot booklets.[14] Former California Attorney General John Van de Kamp considered her explanation "baloney."[14]

Daniel Larsen case

On August 24, 2012, the Los Angeles Times published an editorial calling on Harris to release Daniel Larsen from prison.[83] Larsen, who was sentenced to 28 years to life under California's three strikes laws for possession of a concealed weapon in 1999, was declared "actually innocent" by a federal judge in 2009 and ordered released. Evidence in favor of Larsen included that of a former chief of police and the actual owner of the knife; Larsen's original lawyer, who failed to call a single witness, has since been disbarred.[84] Larsen remained in prison because Harris's office objected to his release on the grounds that he missed the deadline to file his writ of habeas corpus. The California Innocence Project, which had taken up Larsen's case, said this amounted to a paperwork technicality. The Times editorial stated that if Harris was not willing to release Larsen, Governor Jerry Brown should pardon him. In March 2013, Larsen was released on bond with the case on appeal by order of Attorney General Harris "on technical grounds".[84] In September 2013, the Ninth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the ruling, and on January 27, 2014, the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office dismissed the charge.[85]

County prosecutors' misconduct

In 2015, Harris defended convictions obtained by county prosecutors who had inserted a false confession into an interrogation transcript, committed perjury, and withheld evidence.[14] Federal appeals court Judge Alex Kozinski threw out the convictions, telling Harris's lawyers, "Talk to the attorney general and make sure she understands the gravity of the situation."[14]

In March 2015 a California superior courts judge ordered Harris to take over a criminal case after Orange County, California District Attorney Tony Rackauckas was revealed to have illegally employed jailhouse informants and concealed evidence.[14] Harris refused, appealing the order and defending Rackauckas.[14]

Harris appealed the dismissal of an indictment when it was discovered a Kern County, California prosecutor perjured in submitting a falsified confession as court evidence. Harris asserted that prosecutorial perjury was not sufficient to demonstrate prosecutorial misconduct. In the case,[86] Harris argued that only abject physical brutality would warrant a finding of prosecutorial misconduct and the dismissal of an indictment, and that perjury was not sufficient.[87]

Bureau of Children's Justice

On February 12, 2015, Harris announced that she would start a new agency called the Bureau of Children's Justice. The bureau would work on issues such as foster care, the juvenile justice system, school truancy, and childhood trauma. Harris appointed special assistant attorney general Jill Habig to head the agency.[88]

Mitrice Richardson case

In February 2016 it was revealed that the Attorney General would open a criminal investigation into the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department handling of the Mitrice Richardson case. The decision by Attorney General Kamala Harris came about after her initial refusal to look into the case[89][90] resulted in public outcry and the Richardson's family and supporters submitting over 500 pages of evidence.[89] Mitrice Richardson was a 24-year old African American woman who was released from the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department in the middle of the night without any means of fending for herself. Her body was later found in isolated canyon, leaving the family with many unanswered questions.[91] On December 30, 2016, results of the criminal investigation into the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department handling of the Mitrice Richardson case concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support criminal prosecution of anyone involved in the handling of the case.[92]

U.S. Senate

Harris campaign logo during the United States Senate election in California, 2016

2016 election

Main article: United States Senate election in California, 2016

After Democratic United States Senator Barbara Boxer announced that she intended to retire from the United States Senate at the end of her term in 2016, after which she would have been California's junior senator for 24 years, Harris was the first candidate to declare her intention to run for Boxer's Senate seat. Media outlets reported that Harris would run for Senate on the same day that Gavin Newsom, California's lieutenant governor and a close political ally of Harris, announced he would not seek to succeed Boxer.[93] She officially announced the launch of her campaign on January 13, 2015.[94]

After holding a flurry of fundraisers in both California and Washington, D.C., Harris was reported to have raised $2.5 million for her campaign.[95] In December, the National Journal released a story describing Harris' use of funds on hotels, the laying off of campaign staff and the inordinate totals, which had contributed to her money on hand being closer to that of another candidate, Loretta Sanchez, who had $1.6 million.[96][97]

Harris was a frontrunner from the beginning of her campaign. In January 2015, weeks after Harris announced her campaign, a survey by Public Policy Polling showed Harris leading by 41% to former Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa's 16%, who was seen as a potential candidate.[98] In May, a Field Poll was released, showing that although 58% of likely voters did not have a favored candidate, Harris was most preferred out of the field, with 19%.[99] October saw the release of a Field Poll with Harris at 30%, fellow Democratic candidate Loretta Sanchez in second place at 17%, the former having increased her support by 11% since the Field Poll in May despite being noted by The Sacramento Bee as not being active in campaigning since appearing at the California Democratic Party's convention.[100]

In late February 2016, the California Democratic Party voted at its state convention to endorse Harris, who received 78% of the vote, 18% more than the 60% needed to secure the endorsement.[101][102] The party endorsement did not secure any candidate a place in the general election, as all candidates would participate in one primary election in June with the top 2 candidates from any party would advance to the general election.[102] Harris participated in debates with the other major candidates for the seat, her front-runner status causing her to be at the center of discussion.[103][104] Governor Jerry Brown endorsed Harris on May 23.[105] Harris came in first place on primary day, June 7, with 40% of the votes, entering runoff with fellow Democratic candidate Loretta Sanchez.[106] On July 19, President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden endorsed Harris.[107]

In the June 2016 primary election, with results detailed at the county level, Harris won 48 of 58 counties. Harris won seven counties with more than 50% of the vote: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma. The highest percentage was San Francisco, with 70.4% of the vote.[108][109] She faced Congresswoman Loretta Sanchez, also a Democrat, in the general election. This assured that the seat would stay in Democratic hands; it was the first time a Republican did not appear in a general election for the Senate since California began directly electing Senators in 1914.[110]

In the November 2016 election, Harris defeated Sanchez with 63 percent of the vote, carrying all but two counties.[111] Following her victory, Harris promised to protect immigrants from the policies of President-elect Donald Trump.[112]

Following her election to the United States Senate, Harris announced her intention to remain California's Attorney General through the end of 2016 and resign shortly before being sworn in as Senator on January 3, 2017.[113] Governor Jerry Brown announced his intention to nominate Congressman Xavier Becerra as her successor.[114]

In November 2016, Mother Jones magazine named Harris as one of "11 Democrats Who Could Defeat President Trump in 2020".[115]

Tenure

On January 21, 2017, a day after President Trump was sworn into office, Harris called the message of Trump's inaugural address "dark" when speaking during the Women's March on Washington.[116] On January 28, following Trump signing the Protection Of The Nation From Foreign Terrorist Entry Into The United States executive order which saw terror-prone countries' denizens barred from entering the US for 90 days, Harris dubbed it a "Muslim ban".[117] In early February, Harris spoke in opposition to Trump's cabinet picks Betsy DeVos, for Secretary of Education,[118] and Jeff Sessions, for United States Attorney General.[119] Later that month, in her first speech on the senate floor, Harris spent 12 minutes critiquing Trump's immigration policies.[120] In early March, Harris called on Attorney General Sessions to resign, after it was reported that Sessions spoke twice with Russian Ambassador to the United States Sergey Kislyak.[121] On March 14, Harris claimed repealing the Affordable Care Act would send the message of health care being a "privilege" rather than a "civil right".[122]

On June 7, 2017, Harris garnered media attention for her questioning of Rod Rosenstein, the Deputy Attorney General, over the role he played in the May 2017 firing of James Comey, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[123] The prosecutorial nature of her questioning caused Senator John McCain, an ex officio member of the Intelligence Committee, and Senator Richard Burr, the committee chairman, to interrupt Harris and request that she be more respectful of the witness;[124] other Democrats on the committee pointed out that they had asked similarly tough questions, but had not been interrupted.[124] On June 13, Harris questioned Jeff Sessions, the Attorney General, on the same topic;[125] Harris was again interrupted by McCain and Burr.[126] Sessions stated that Harris' mode of questioning "makes me nervous";[126] other Democratic members of the committee again pointed out that Harris was the only senator whose questioning was interrupted with an admonishment from the chairman.[126] Burr's singling out of Harris sparked suggestion in the news media that his behavior was sexist, with commentators arguing that Burr would not treat a male Senate colleague in a similar manner.[127] Other commentators suggested that treating Harris differently than other members of the Intelligence Committee is evidence of racism.[128] In addition, when CNN pundit Jason Miller described Harris as "hysterical", Kirsten Powers, who was taking part in the same on air segment, told Miller that his use of the term to describe Harris was sexist, and that he would not describe male Senators in the same manner.[129]

On June 14, 2017, Harris and fellow Democratic Senators Heidi Heitkamp, Maggie Hassan and Claire McCaskill appeared to ignore Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Asra Nomani, female human rights activists, when they testified about Islamism and Muslim extremism at a hearing of the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[130] This caused Ali and Nomani to respond through a New York Times editorial, in which they asked when female senators would include Muslim women in the debate about women's rights.[131]

Committee assignments

Source: Los Angeles Times

Caucus memberships

Political positions

Gun control

Harris has been a vocal proponent for gun control her entire career. While serving as District Attorney in Alameda County, Harris recruited other District Attorneys and filed an amicus brief in District of Columbia v. Heller, arguing that the Second Amendment does not protect an individual's right to own firearms.[132] Harris also supported San Francisco's proposition H, which would have prohibited most firearms within city limits.[133]

Death penalty

Harris is opposed to the death penalty, but has said that she would review each case individually.[134] Her position was tested in April 2004, when SFPD Officer Isaac Espinoza was murdered in the Bayview district. Harris announced that she would not seek the death penalty for the man accused of his killing. The decision evoked protests from the San Francisco Police Officers Association, Senator Dianne Feinstein, and others.[14] Those who supported her decision not to seek the death penalty included San Francisco Supervisors Tom Ammiano and Sophie Maxwell, in whose district the murder occurred.[135] The jury found the convicted killer, David Hill, guilty of second-degree murder, although the prosecutor, Harry Dorfman, had sought a first-degree murder conviction.[136] The defense had argued that Hill thought Espinoza was a member of a rival gang, and that the murder was not premeditated. Hill was given the maximum sentence for the conviction, life without the possibility of parole.[136]

Harris's position against the death penalty was tested again in the case of Edwin Ramos, an illegal immigrant and alleged MS-13 gang member who was accused of murdering Tony Bologna and his sons Michael and Matthew.[36] On September 10, 2009, Harris announced she would seek life in prison without the possibility of parole rather than the death penalty in the Ramos case.[137]

Harris has expressed the belief that life without possibility of parole is a better, and more cost-effective, punishment.[138] According to the California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, the death penalty conservatively costs $137 million per year.[139] If the system were changed to life without possibility of parole, the annual costs would be approximately $12 million per year.[139] Harris noted that the resulting surplus could put 1,000 more police officers into service in San Francisco alone.[138]

When in 2014, U.S. District Judge Cormac J. Carney declared capital punishment in California unconstitutional, Harris reviewed the case.[14]

Immigration

Harris has been vocal in the immigration debate, supporting San Francisco's immigration policy of not inquiring about immigration status in the process of a criminal investigation.[140] Harris argues that it is important that immigrants be able to talk with law enforcement without fear.[141]

Abortion

Prior to joining the United States Senate, Harris had a 100 percent rating from pro-choice group NARAL.[142] In 2016, after hidden-camera videos were released accusing healthcare provider Planned Parenthood of illegally selling fetal tissue, Kamala Harris authorized the seizure of a pro-life activist's laptop, ID cards, and some other property.[142][143][clarification needed]

Education

In interviews with Matt Lauer on The Today Show and local KGO-TV, Harris argued for treating "habitual and chronic truancy" among children in elementary school as a crime committed by the parents of truant children. She argues that there is a direct connection between habitual truancy in elementary school and crime later in life.[144][145] She has received the endorsement of the California Federation of Teachers.[48]

Environment

During her time as San Francisco District Attorney, Harris created the Environmental Justice Unit in the San Francisco District Attorney's Office[146] and prosecuted several industries and individuals for pollution, most notably U-Haul, Alameda Publishing Corporation, and the Cosco Busan oil spill. She also advocated for strong enforcement of environmental protection laws.[147]

Financial crimes

Harris has prosecuted numerous financial crimes throughout her career, particularly those affecting elders, those involving use of high-technology, and identity theft.[148] While running for attorney general, she said she would crack down on predatory lending and other financial crimes.[149]

Personal life

While she was an Alameda County Deputy District Attorney in the 1990s, she dated Willie Brown, then Speaker of the California State Assembly. They broke up shortly after he was elected Mayor of San Francisco.[150]

On April 7, 2014, Harris announced that she was engaged to be married to California attorney Douglas Emhoff,[151] the partner-in-charge at Venable LLP's Los Angeles office.[152] They married on August 22, 2014, in Santa Barbara, California, she was 49 at the time.[153] Harris's sister is Maya Harris, MSNBC political analyst, and her brother-in-law is Tony West, General Counsel of PepsiCo, Inc. and former U.S. Justice Department senior official. Harris has one niece, as well as two stepchildren, one in college and one in high school.[154] Emhoff was formerly divorced.

See also

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kamala Harris.
Legal offices
Preceded by District Attorney of San Francisco
2004–2011 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Attorney General of California
2011–2017 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 3) from California
2017–present
Served alongside: Dianne Feinstein 		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by United States Senators by seniority
97th 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamala_Harris&oldid=791320564"