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Fruit preserves

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Fruit preserves
Blueberry, strawberry, apricot, orange and apple jams
TypeSpread, Condiment
Main ingredientsFruits or vegetables; sugar, honey or pectin
Food energy
(per serving)
257 kcal (1076 kJ)
Five varieties of fruit preserves (clockwise from top): apple, quince, plum, squash, orange (in the center)

Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread.

There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by method of preparation, type of fruit used, and place in a meal. Sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast on bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from "vegetable fruits" such as tomato, squash or zucchini, are eaten alongside savoury foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries.

Regional terminology

Jars of confiture and gelée for sale in Colmar, France

The term preserves is usually interchangeable with jams even though preserves contain chunks or pieces of the fruit whereas jams in some regions do not. Closely related names include: chutney, confit, conserve, fruit butter, fruit curd, fruit spread, jelly, and marmalade.[citation needed]

Some cookbooks define preserves as cooked and gelled whole fruit (or vegetable), which includes a significant portion of the fruit.[1] In the English speaking world, the two terms are more strictly differentiated and, when this is not the case, the more usual generic term is 'jam'.[2]

The singular preserve or conserve is used as a collective noun for high fruit content jam, often for marketing purposes. Additionally, the name of the type of fruit preserves will also vary depending on the regional variant of English being used.[citation needed]

Variations

Cheong

Main article: Cheong (food)
Yuja-cheong (preserved yuja)

Cheong is a name for various sweetened foods in the form of syrups, marmalades, and fruit preserves in Korean cuisine. It is used as a tea base, as a honey-or-sugar-substitute in cooking, and as a condiment.

There are liquid varieties such as maesil-cheong (plum syrup), jam-like varieties such as yuja-cheong (yuja marmalade), and conserve-like varieties such as mogwa-cheong (preserved quince).

Chutney

Main article: Chutney

A chutney is a relish of Indian origin made of fruit, spices and herbs. Although originally intended to be eaten soon after preparation, modern chutneys are often made to be sold, so require preservatives – often sugar and vinegar – to ensure they have a suitable shelf life. Mango chutney, for example, is mangoes reduced with sugar.

Confit

Main article: Confit

Confit, the past participle of the French verb confire, "to preserve", is applied both to preservation of meats,[3] and to fruits or vegetables seasoned and cooked with honey or sugar till jam-like.[4] Savory confits, such as those made with garlic or fennel, may call for an oil, such as virgin olive oil, as the preserving agent.[5][6]

Konfyt (Afrikaans: "jam" or "fruit preserve"[7]) is a type of jam eaten in Southern Africa.[clarification needed] It is made by boiling selected fruit or fruits (such as strawberries, apricots, oranges, lemons, water melons, berries, peaches, prickly pears or others) and sugar, and optionally adding a little ginger to enhance the flavour. The origin of the term is obscure, but it is theorized that it came from the French. The word is also based on the French term confiture via the Dutch confijt (meaning candied fruit).[8]

Conserve

Strawberry varenye (murabba)

A conserve, or whole fruit jam,[9] is a preserve made of fruit stewed in sugar. Traditional whole fruit preserves are particularly popular in Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) where they are called varenye, the Baltic region where they are known by a native name in each of the countries (Lithuanian: uogienė, Template:Lang-lv, Estonian: moos, Template:Lang-ro), as well as in many regions of Western, Central and Southern Asia, where they are referred to as murabba. In Southeast Europe, another version called slatko is made. In Greece, such confections are called spoon sweets and are commonly offered to guests, along with a glass of water, as a gesture of hospitality. Outside of this geographical region, whole-fruit preserves are known in France as confitures.

The making of conserves can be trickier than making a standard jam; it requires cooking or sometimes steeping the fruit in the hot sugar mixture for just long enough to allow the flavour to be extracted from the fruit,[10] and sugar to penetrate it, but not so long that the fruit breaks down and liquefies. This process can also be achieved by spreading the dry sugar over raw fruit in layers, and leaving for several hours to penetrate into the fruit, then heating the resulting mixture to bring it just to the setting point.[9][11] As a result of this minimal cooking, some fruits are not particularly suitable for making into conserves, because they require cooking for longer periods to avoid issues such as tough skins.[10] Currants and gooseberries, and a number of plums are among these fruits.

Because of this shorter cooking period, not as much pectin will be released from the fruit, and consequently conserves, particularly if home-cooked, will sometimes be slightly softer set than some jams.[11]

There is an alternative definition of a conserve: a preserve made from a mixture of fruits or vegetables. Conserves in this sense may also include dried fruit or nuts.[12]

Fruit butter

Main article: Fruit butter

Fruit butter, in this context, refers to a process where the whole fruit is forced through a sieve or blended after the heating process.

Fruit butters are generally made from larger fruits, such as apples, plums, peaches or grapes. Cook until softened and run through a sieve to give a smooth consistency. After sieving, cook the pulp ... add sugar and cook as rapidly as possible with constant stirring.… The finished product should mound up when dropped from a spoon, but should not cut like jelly. Nor should there be any free liquid.

—Berolzheimer, R. (ed,) et al. (1959)[13]

Fruit curd

Main article: Fruit curd

Fruit curd is a dessert topping and spread usually made with lemon, lime, orange, or raspberry.[14] The basic ingredients are beaten egg yolks, sugar, fruit juice and zest which are gently cooked together until thick and then allowed to cool, forming a soft, smooth, intensely flavored spread. Some recipes also include egg whites or butter.[15]

Fruit spread

In the United States the FDA has Requirements for Specific Standardized Fruit Butters, Jellies, Preserves, and Related Products,[16] "fruit spread" is not defined.

The term is sometimes used for a jam or preserve with no added sugar,[17][18] but there are many foodstuffs described as "fruit spreads" by leading manufacturers that do contain added sugar.

Jam

"Jam" redirects here. For other uses, see Jam (disambiguation).
"Strawberry jam" redirects here. For the album, see Strawberry Jam.
Lingonberry jam on toast

Jam refers to a product made of whole fruit cut into pieces or crushed, then heated with water and sugar until it reaches "jelling" or "setting" point, achieved through the action of natural or added pectin, then sealed in containers.

Pectin is mainly D-galacturonic acid connected by α (1–4) glycosidic linkages. The side chains of pectin may contain small amounts of other sugars such as L-fructose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-xylose. In jams, pectin thickens the final product via cross-linking of the large polymer chains.[19]

Recipes without added pectin use the natural pectin in the fruit to set. Tart apples, sour blackberries, cranberries, currants, gooseberries, Concord grapes, soft plums, and quinces work well in recipes without added pectin.[20]

Other fruits, such as apricots, blueberries, cherries, peaches, pineapple, raspberries, rhubarb, and strawberries are low in pectin. In order to set, or gel, they must be combined with one of the higher pectin fruits or used with commercially produced or homemade pectin.[21][22] Use of added pectin decreases cooking time.

Freezer jam is uncooked (or cooked less than 5 minutes), then stored frozen. It is popular in parts of North America for its very fresh taste.

Jelly

This drawing depicts a pectin molecule. These molecules combine to form the network responsible for making jelly.
Not to be confused with Jelly (dessert).

The category of fruit preserve referred to as a jelly (from the French gelée)[23] is a clear or translucent fruit spread made by a process similar to that used for making jam, with the additional step of filtering out the fruit pulp after the initial cooking.

Good jelly is clear and sparkling and has a fresh flavor of the fruit from which it is made. It is tender enough to quiver when moved, but holds angles when cut.[24][notes 1]

The characteristic clarity and jellied consistency of a jelly are qualities it shares with the gelatin-based dessert[25][26][27] also called jelly.

High pectin fruits such as quinces, apples or redcurrants are used for making jelly. In the United States, jellies made from strawberries or concord grapes are most preferred and are used for making peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. Fruit jellies may be used in a meal or dish in a similar way to jam. Some jellies, such as redcurrant, or mint, are classic accompaniments to roasted meats such as turkey, game, and lamb.

A traditional method for filtering the fruit from the liquid in a jelly is through the use of a muslin or stockinette "jelly bag", suspended by string from an upturned stool over a bowl to allow the straining to occur gently under the action of gravity. Jellies need to be strained very slowly and gently to ensure the clarity of the result, as forced straining by squeezing or pressing can lead to cloudiness in the jelly.

Pectin is essential to the formation of jelly because it acts as a gelling agent, meaning when the pectin chains combine, they create a network that results in a gel. The strength and effectiveness of the side chains and the bonds they form depend on the pH of the pectin, the optimal pH is between 2.8 and 3.2.[28]

Marmalade

Main article: Marmalade
Homemade English marmalade

Marmalade is a fruit preserve made from the juice and peel of citrus fruits boiled with sugar and water. It can be produced from lemons, limes, grapefruits, mandarins, sweet oranges, bergamots and other citrus fruits, or any combination thereof. Marmalade is distinguished from jam by the inclusion of citrus peel, and the use of more water, in which respect it resembles a jelly. It is distinguished from a jelly by containing pieces of fruit peel.

The benchmark citrus fruit for marmalade production in Britain is the bitter Spanish Seville orange, Citrus aurantium var. aurantium, prized for its high pectin content, which gives a good set. The peel has a distinctive bitter taste which it imparts to the preserve.

Uses

Fruit preserves are used in many food preparations and recipes; some examples include:

Production

Jam being made in a pot
A copper preserving pan

In general, jam is produced by taking mashed or chopped fruit or vegetable pulp and boiling it with sugar and water. The proportion of sugar and fruit varies according to the type of fruit and its ripeness, but a rough starting point is equal weights of each. When the mixture reaches a temperature of 104 °C (219 °F),[29] the acid and the pectin in the fruit react with the sugar, and the jam will set on cooling. Most home cooks work by trial and error rather than temperature measurement, bringing the mixture to a "fast rolling boil", watching to see if the seething mass changes texture, and dropping small samples on a plate to see if they run or set.[30]

Commercially produced jams are usually produced using one of two methods. The first is the open pan method, which is essentially a larger scale version of the method a home jam maker would use. This gives a traditional flavor, with some caramelization of the sugars. The second commercial process involves the use of a vacuum vessel, where the jam is placed under a vacuum, which has the effect of reducing its boiling temperature to anywhere between 65 and 80 °C depending on the recipe and the end result desired. The lower boiling temperature enables the water to be driven off as it would be when using the traditional open pan method, but with the added benefit of retaining more of the volatile flavor compounds from the fruit, preventing caramelization of the sugars, and of course reducing the overall energy required to make the product. However, once the desired amount of water has been driven off, the jam still needs to be heated briefly to 95 to 100 °C (203 to 212 °F) for safety, to kill pathogens that would otherwise proliferate.[citation needed]

During commercial filling it is common to use a flame to sterilize the rim and lid of jars to destroy any yeasts and molds which could cause spoilage during storage. Steam is commonly injected immediately before lidding; when the steam condenses after lidding it creates a vacuum which both helps prevent spoilage and pulls down a tamper-evident "safety button" when used.[citation needed]

Packaging

The high sugar content makes jam keep for exceedingly long times before unsealing the packaging, and for a long time at room temperature after opening, as fruit preserves are typically of low water activity. Glass or plastic jars are often used to store jam that is not all to be used at once, as a replaceable tightly-fitting lid can be used. Other methods of packaging jam, especially for industrially produced products, include cans and plastic packets, especially used in the food service industry for individual servings.[citation needed]

Canadian regulations

Under the Processed Products Regulations (C.R.C., c. 291), jams, jellies, citrus marmalade and preserves are defined. Each must contain a minimum percentage of the named fruit and a minimum percentage of water-soluble solids. Jams "shall be the product made by boiling fruit, fruit pulp or canned fruit to a suitable consistency with water and a sweetening ingredient", jellies "shall be the product made by boiling fruit juice or concentrated fruit juice that is free from seeds and pulp with water and a sweetening ingredient until it acquires a gelatinous consistency."[31]

In Canada, fruit jam is categorized into two types: fruit jam and fruit jam with pectin. Both types contain fruit, fruit pulp or canned fruit and are boiled with water and a sweetening ingredient. Both must have 66% water-soluble solids. Fruit jam and fruit jam with pectin may contain a class II preservative, a pH adjusting agent or an antifoaming agent. Both types cannot contain apple or rhubarb fruit.[32]

Though both types of jam are very similar, there are some differences in fruit percent, added pectin and added acidity. Fruit jam must have at least 45% fruit and may contain added pectin to compensate for the natural pectin level found in the fruit. Fruit jam with pectin need only contain 27% fruit and is allowed to contain added acidity to compensate for the natural acidity of the fruit.[32][33]

In Canada, the Food and Drug Regulations of the Food and Drugs Act of Canada categorizes jelly into two types: jelly, and jelly with pectin.[34] Jelly may be made from the fruit, the fruit juice, or a fruit juice concentrate, and must contain at least 62% water-soluble solids.[34] Jelly may contain an acid ingredient that makes up for any lack in the natural acidity of the fruit, a chemical to adjust the pH, and/or an antifoaming agent.[34] Jelly with pectin must be made with a minimum of 62% water-soluble solids and a minimum of 32% juice of the named fruit, and may contain an acid ingredient that compensates for the lack in the natural acidity of the fruit; the additional juice of another fruit; a gelling agent; food colour; a Class II preservative (such as benzoates, sorbates, or nitrites); a chemical to adjust the pH; and/or an antifoaming agent.[34]

European Union directives on jam

In the European Union, the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979)[35] set minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam, but the definition of fruit was expanded to take account of several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU. For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated in a culinary sense as fruits, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins; fruits that are not normally made into jams; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, and sweet potatoes. This definition continues to apply in the new directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit jams, jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut purée intended for human consumption.[36]

Extra jam is subject to somewhat stricter rules that set higher standards for the minimum fruit content (45% instead of 35% as a general rule, but lower for some fruits such as redcurrants and blackcurrants), specifying the use of unconcentrated fruit pulp, and forbidding the mixture of certain fruits and vegetables with others.[36]

Extra jelly similarly specifies that the proportion of fruit juice or aqueous extracts in the finished product must not be less than that laid down for the manufacture of extra jam.[37]

US FDA definitions

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published standards of identity in 21 CFR 150, and treats jam and preserves as synonymous, but distinguishes jelly from jams and preserves. All of these are cooked and pectin-gelled fruit products, but jellies are made from fruit juice, without seeds and pulp, while jams and preserves are gelled fruit that may include the seeds and pulp. The United States Department of Agriculture offers grading service based on these standards.[38]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Berolzheimer, pp. 826–829

References

  1. ^ The Joy of Cooking. 1975.
  2. ^ Howard L & Patten M (eds), 1960, The Australian Women's Weekly — Cookery in colour, Paul Hamlin LTD, London UK, sections956-971
  3. ^ "On the menu: confit". The Guardian. UK. 29 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2008. Usually duck, pork or goose, although you can use other meats.
  4. ^ "Definition: Confit". American Heritage Dictionary. Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008. A condiment made by cooking seasoned fruit or vegetables!, usually to a jamlike consistency
  5. ^ "Tomato Confit recipe". Bon Appétit. Epicurious. September 2003. Archived from the original on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  6. ^ "Garlic Confit recipe". Bon Appétit. Epicurious. January 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  7. ^ Delahunty, Andrew, ed. (2008). From bonbon to cha-cha : Oxford dictionary of foreign words and phrases (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780199543694. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  8. ^ Osseo-Asare, Fran (2005). Food Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313324888. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  9. ^ a b Grange, Cyril (1992). The Right Way To Make Jams (2nd ed.). Right Way Books. ISBN 0-7160-2126-9.
  10. ^ a b Patten, Marguerite (February 2001). Basic Basics: Jams, Preserves and Chutneys Handbook (2004 reprint ed.). Grub Street Books. ISBN 1-902304-72-1.
  11. ^ a b Thomas, Midge (2 September 2002). Best kept secrets of the Women's Institute: Jams, pickles & chutneys (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2113-3.
  12. ^ Isabel D. Wolf; William Schafer (1990). "Making Jams, Marmalades, Preserves, and Conserves". University of Minnesota extension school. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  13. ^ Ruth Berolzheimer, ed. (1969). Culinary arts institute encyclopedic cookbook (revised). Chicago USA.: Culinary arts institute. p. 830. ASIN B000N4WC5Y.
  14. ^ "Cake Talk: What the terms mean". The Joy of Cooking. The Seattle Times. 29 June 2005. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  15. ^ Gordon Ramsay (20 June 2007). "Lemon and Poppy Seed Scones with Homemade Lemon Curd". The Times. UK.
  16. ^ "Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 150". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  17. ^ Rolek, Barbara. "What is fruit butter? Marmalade? Jam?". the spruce. (Updated 03/20/17). Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  18. ^ Wilson, Dédé. "Fruit Spreads". Bakepedia, The Baker’s Resource. Bakepedia LLC. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  19. ^ Walter, Reginald (1991). The Chemistry and Technology of Pectin. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 9780127338705.
  20. ^ "The Science of Jam and Jelly Making UK Cooperative Extension Service (University of Kentucky College of Agriculture)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2015.
  21. ^ "How to Make Your Own Natural Pectin for Use in Making Homemade Jam and Jelly". pickyourown.org. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015.
  22. ^ Pectin for Jam, Jelly & Marmalade Making allotment garden.org (British site) Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 66.
  24. ^ Berolzheimer R (ed) et al. (1959)
  25. ^ Charles Sinclair (2009). Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 534–. ISBN 978-1-4081-0218-3. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017.
  26. ^ "Quince Jelly". bbcgoodfood.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
  27. ^ "Redcurrant and mint jelly". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015.
  28. ^ Jams, Jellies and Marmalades (PDF). Neuenbürg/Württ: Herbstreith & Fox. pp. 7, 11–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2016 – via PDF.
  29. ^ MookyChick Central. (3 September 2014). "How To Make Jam" Archived 12 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. MookyChick. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  30. ^ Ball Blue Book of Preserving, Alltrista Consumer Products, June 2004 ISBN 0-9727537-0-2 ISBN 978-0-9727537-0-8
  31. ^ "Processed Products Regulations". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  32. ^ a b Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations". laws.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  33. ^ "Food and Drug regulations". Government of Canada. Government of Canada. 3 June 2019.
  34. ^ a b c d Branch, Legislative Services (3 June 2019). "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
  35. ^ Council Directive 79/693/EEC of 24 July 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to fruit jams, jellies and marmalades and chestnut purée. Not in force, replaced by Directive 2001/113/EC.
  36. ^ a b "Council Directive 2001/113/EC of 20 December 2001 relating to fruit jams, jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut purée intended for human consumption".
  37. ^ "Labelling of Jams, Jellies and Marmalades. The Department of Agriculture and Food AN ROIN TALMHA IOCHTA AGUS BIA Food Safety Authority of Ireland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  38. ^ "Grading Manual for Fruit Jelly Fruit Preserves" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2007.
Look up jam, jelly, or marmalade in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Jams and Jellies".


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