Porto Alegre

This article is about Porto Alegre, Brazil. For Portalegre, Portugal, see Portalegre.

Porto Alegre
Municipality
The Municipality of Porto Alegre
Skyline of Porto Alegre
Flag of Porto Alegre Flag Official seal of Porto Alegre Seal
Nickname(s):  Porto (spoken), POA (written)
Motto(s):  Loyal and Valiant city of Porto Alegre
Location in the State of Rio Grande do sul
Country	Brazil
Region	South
State	Rio Grande do Sul
Founded	1742
Government
• Mayor	José Fogaça (PPS)
Area
• Total	496.8 km2 (191.8 sq mi)
Elevation	10 m (30 ft)
Population  (2007)
• Total	1,420,667 (10th)
• Density	2,815.6/km2 (7,292/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC-3 (UTC-3)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-2 (UTC-2)
HDI (2000)	0.865–high
Website	Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

Porto Alegre () is the 10th most populous municipality in Brazil, 4th largest Metropolitan Area in the country, and the capital city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre is one of the most important cultural, political and economic centers of Southern Brazil. Two Mercosul countries, Argentina and Uruguay, border Rio Grande do Sul. It is also the centre of Brazil's fourth largest metropolitan area.

Porto Alegre was founded in 1742 by immigrants from the Azores, Portugal. In the late 19th century the city received many immigrants from other parts of the world, particularly Germany, Italy, and Poland. The vast majority of the population is of European descent.

The city lies on the eastern bank of the Rio Guaiba (Guaiba Lake), at the point where five rivers converge to form the Lagoa dos Patos (Lagoon of the Ducks), a giant freshwater lagoon navigable by even the largest of ships. Located at the junction of five rivers, it has become an important alluvial port as well as one of the chief industrial and commercial centers in Brazil.

The port of Porto Alegre is important for transporting local produce. The "Gaucho capital" has a broad-based economy that lays particular emphasis on agriculture and industry. Agricultural production includes produce such as plums, peaches, rice and cassava grown on rural smallholdings. The shoe and leather industries are also important, especially in Novo Hamburgo, in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre.

Porto Alegre has a long coastline on the Guaíba Lake, and its topography is punctuated by 40 hills. In the lake, a very vast body of water, a maze of islands facing the city create an archipelago where a unique ecosystem makes possible an exuberant wildlife. The city area concentrates 28% of the native flora of Rio Grande do Sul, with 9,288 species. Among these, there are many trees which are the vestiges of the Atlantic Forest. Fauna is also diversified, specially in the islands and hills. The portoalegrense way of life includes many parks, squares and wooded streets.

In recent years, Porto Alegre hosted the World Social Forum, an initiative of several Non Government Organizations.

The city

Porto Alegre seen from the Guaíba Lake.

Azorians Square.

The city is located at a delta resulting from the junction of five rivers, officially called Guaíba Lake (popularly mentioned as a river too). Although its origins date from the mid-18th century, when immigrants from the Azores settled in the area, the city was officially established in 1742.

Before this, Porto Alegre was the port of Viamão on the shore of Guaíba Lake. Its ancient name was Porto dos Casais (Port of the couples), and it was initially settled by Azorians. Many families of settlers also came from the city of Rio Grande (Big River) in the litoral Lagunar region, to the south, a military fortress at that time. Today Rio Grande is the most important port of the State of Rio Grande do Sul.

More than 70 neighborhoods (see below) are part of the city and 2/3 of the population are concentrated in the Zona Norte (Northern Zone), where most of the economic activity, including the city center, takes place.

Porto Alegre was the seat of the World Social Forum in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2005. As the second largest city in southern Brazil, it is also an important industrial center in the mentioned geographical area. It also is a center for gaúcho (the popular name for natives of the State) history and culture, famous for its churrasco (barbecue) and chimarrão (a strong and hot tea prepared from erva mate). Important Brazilian universities, such as UFRGS, UFCSPA and PUCRS are located there. In 2000, the literacy rate is of 97%.

Porto Alegre is also one of the wealthiest cities in Latin America, and one of the most diverse. It has welcomed immigrants from all over the world, the largest numbers coming from Portugal, Germany, Italy, Spain and Poland. There are also significant Arab and Jewish contingents in the population.

Climate

Porto Alegre
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     99     30 20     109     30 21     104     28 19     86     25 16     94     22 13     132     19 11     122     19 11     140     20 11     140     22 13     114     24 15     104     27 17     102     29 19 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: [br.weather.com]SIMEPAR
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     3.9     86 68     4.3     86 70     4.1     82 66     3.4     77 61     3.7     72 55     5.2     66 52     4.8     66 52     5.5     68 52     5.5     72 55     4.5     75 59     4.1     81 63     4     84 66 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Students in Botanical Garden of the city.

Porto Alegre is located in the subtropical area and so is called its climate. Average precipitation is high and regular throughout the year. Summer temperatures often rise above 32 °C (90 °F) and high levels of humidity make the season very muggy. The highest temperature ever registered was 40.7 °C (105.3 °F) in January 1943.

Humid subtropical climate is a climate zone characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly to mild winters. This climate type covers a broad category of climates, and the term "subtropical" may be a misnomer for the winter climate in the cooler areas within this category. Significant amounts of precipitation occur in all seasons in most areas. Winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and an occasional tropical storm, hurricane or cyclone.

The winter reveals mild average temperatures, contrasting to the quite changeable, and many times sudden behavioral, windy and rainy weather which also characterizes this time of the year. Usual winter temperatures range from 5 °C (41 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F). Snow is very rare, sometimes confused with sleet. The main snowfall events in Porto Alegre were in 1879, 1910 and 1984.

The lowest temperature ever recorded was −4 °C (25 °F). Autumns tend to be as changeable as winters, but are typically warmer. Spring, stabler akin to summer, is slightly drier than all the other seasons. Occurrence of radiation fog is common, causing several delays in early flights.

Demographics

People in Porto Alegre.

View of Porto Alegre.

Methodist Church in the city.

According to the IBGE of 2008, there were 4,158,000 people residing in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. The population density was 2,905.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,525/sq mi). The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 3,355,506 White people (80.7%), 444,906 Pardo (Mulatto) people (10.7%), 332,640 Black people (8.0%), 24,948 Asian or Amerindian people (0.6%).

Porto Alegre is mostly composed of Brazilians of European descent. Its colonization started in the mid-18th century, mostly with the arrival of Portuguese colonists from the Azores Islands. From 1748 to 1756, 2,300 Azoreans were sent to the region by the King of Portugal to protect Southern Brazil from neighboring invaders.

These colonists, mostly composed of couples, established the city of Porto dos Casais (Port of the Couples), nowadays Porto Alegre. In 1775, 55% of Rio Grande do Sul's population was of Azorean Portuguese origin.

Porto Alegre was composed mainly of Azoreans and their African slaves until the first half of the 19th century. The first non-Portuguese people to settle Rio Grande do Sul were German immigrants. In 1824, the first immigrants from Germany arrived in Porto Alegre, but they were sent to what is now the city of São Leopoldo (28 km away). From 1824 to 1914, 50 thousand Germans arrived in Rio Grande do Sul.

Most of them had rural communities in the interior of the State as their first destination. The large rural exodus in Brazil in the early 20th century brought many German-descendants to Porto Alegre and, nowadays, they compose a large percentage of the population.

The other largest group of immigrants who arrived in Porto Alegre are the Italians. They started immigrating to Brazil in 1875, mainly from the Northern Italian Veneto region. As the Germans, Italians were also first sent to rural communities, mainly in the Serra Gaúcha region. After some decades, many of them started to migrate to other parts of Rio Grande do Sul, including Porto Alegre.

Minority communities of immigrants, such as Eastern Europeans from Poland and Ukraine; Arabs from Lebanon and Syria; Asians from Japan and Jews also made Porto Alegre their home.

Population growth

Changing demographics of the city of Porto Alegre

Source: Planet Barsa Ltda.

Economy

Sunset in Porto Alegre.

Located at the junction of five rivers, it has become an important alluvial port as well as one of the chief industrial and commercial centers in Brazil. With the advent of the Mercosul accord it should grow and prosper. Products of the rich agricultural and pastoral hinterland, such as soybeans, leather, canned beef, and rice, are exported from Porto Alegre to destinations as far away as Africa and Japan.

Among the main business located in Porto Alegre are VARIG, Gerdau, Petroleo Ipiranga, Zaffari and RBS. Since last year, General Motors (GM) is operating in Gravataí - located in the Metropolitan Region. Also in this Region, but in Triunfo, there is a Petrochemical Pole, in Alvorada Dell Computers has established a plant. In the health sector, there are two hospitals considered among the best in Latin America (Santa Casa and HCPA). Commerce is a very important economic activity, vith many malls (like Rua da Praia and Shopping Iguatemi). The Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, directed to the production of shoes (around Novo Hamburgo) and to petrochemical industries, as well as services.

The GDP for the city was R$ 27,977,351,000 (2005).

The per capita income for the city was R$ 19,582 (2005).

Participatory budgeting

Porto Alegre City Hall.

The first full participatory budgeting process was developed in the city starting in 1989. Participatory budgeting was part of a number of innovative reform programs to overcome severe inequality in living standards amongst city residents. One third of the city's residents lived in isolated slums at the city outskirts, lacking access to public amenities (water, sanitation, health care facilities, and schools).

Participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre occurs annually, starting with a series of neighborhood, regional, and citywide assemblies, where residents and elected budget delegates identify spending priorities and vote on which priorities to implement. Porto Alegre spends about 200 million dollars per year on construction and services, this money is subject to participatory budgeting. Annual spending on fixed expenses such as debt service and pensions, is not subject to public participation. Around fifty thousand residents of Porto Alegre now take part in the participatory budgeting process (compared to 1.5 million city inhabitants), with the number of participants growing year on year since 1989. Participants are from diverse economic and political backgrounds.

Union Building.

The participatory budgeting cycle starts in January and assemblies across the city to facilitate maximum participation and interaction. Each February there is instruction from city specialists in technical and systemic aspects of city budgeting. In March there are plenary assemblies in each of the city's 16 districts as well as assemblies dealing with such areas as transportation, health, education, sports, and economic development.

These large meetings — with participation that can reach over 1,000 — elect delegates to represent specific neighborhoods. The mayor and staff attend to respond to citizen concerns. In the following month's delegates meet weekly or biweekly in each district to review technical project criteria and district needs.

City department staff may participate according to their area of expertise. At a second regional plenary, regional delegates prioritize the district's demands and elect 42 councillors representing all districts and thematic areas to serve on the Municipal Council of the Budget. The main function of the Municipal Council of the Budget is to reconcile the demands of each district with available resources, and to propose and approve an overall municipal budget. The resulting budget is binding, though the city council can suggest, but not require changes. Only the Mayor may veto the budget, or remand it back to the Municipal Council of the Budget (this has never happened).

Downtown Porto Alegre at night.

A World Bank paper suggests that participatory budgeting has led to direct improvements in facilities in Porto Alegre. For example, sewer and water connections increased from 75% of households in 1988 to 98% in 1997. The number of schools quadrupled since 1986.

The high number of participants, after more than a decade, suggests that participatory budgeting encourages increasing citizen involvement, according to the paper. Also, Porto Alegre's health and education budget increased from 13% (1985) to almost 40% (1996), and the share of the participatory budget in the total budget increased from 17% (1992) to 21% (1999).

Tourism and recreation

Central Public Market.

Piratini Palace.

Farroupilha Park.

Farroupilha Park.

Solar Palmeiro.

The seat of State Government, its construction begun in 1896 after a project by Affonso Hebert, but soon the plan was changed and another project was designed by Maurice Gras, which was erected from 1909 on, and completed only towards the 70's. It shows a blend of baroque and neoclassical features inspired after the french palace Petit Trianon, with rich inner decorations and furniture, and a big garden behind the main building.

Tourism palaeontological

Main article: Paleorrota

Although Porto Alegre is not in the geopark of Paleorrota, has the largest number of paleontologists of Rio Grande do Sul. The city has a large number of museums, and the UFRGS as a center for the study of paleontology and there can see the animals of Triassic. We can see Rhynchosaur, thecodonts, exaeretodons, Staurikosaurus, Guaibasaurus, Saturnalia tupiniquim, Sacisaurus, Unaysaurus and many others.

Farroupilha Park

It is located in the Farroupilha Neighborhood. Its 370 thousand sq. meters of extension hosts 45 copper and marble monuments, a luminous fountain and the "O Expedicionário" (The Expeditionary One) monument, representing a double Triumph Arch with relief sculptures which are a homage to Brazilian soldiers who fought in Italy during the World War II. It also hosts a mini-zoo, an amusement park for children, a solar retreat, a market, football and bowling fields, cycleways, athletic sports track, gymnastics equipment, and an auditorium for 4,500 people.

Maurício Sirotsky Sobrinho Park

Located at Cidade Baixa District, it occupies 300 thousand sq. meters, hosting in its area a replica of a traditional gaucho farm, the Harmonia Ranch, designed to maintain and practice the regional culture. It also has an aero modelling track, a nautical modelling tank, playground, football and bowling fields, volleyball courts, and over 100 barbecue grills available in different areas of the park.

Botanical Gardens

Main article: Porto Alegre Botanical Garden

With an area of approximately 43 hectares, the Porto Alegre Botanical Gardens are in the neighborhood named after it, between Cristiano Fischer Avenue and Salvador França Avenue. It harbours scientific collections with over two thousand issues, 725 vegetal species, spread over the different open areas of the park. It also has a Germplasm Bank, a Seed Bank and a Sapling Terrarium, in addition to developing environmental educational activities. The Natural Sciences Museum is headquartered at the Gardens and preserves flora and fauna species from the State Natural Heritage.

Saint Hilaire Park

Located on RS-040 highway, at about km 02, this park is 17 km away from Downtown Porto Alegre. It occupies 11.8 km², 240 hectares of which are designed for leisure and 940 hectares reserved for permanent conservation. Its name is a homage to scientist Augustin François César Prouvençal de Saint-Hilaire, an internationally renowned French traveller and naturalist who lived in Brazil for many years. The park infrastructure has football fields, bowling fields, volleyball courts and indoor football fields, aero modelling and skating tracks, a playground and approximately 100 barbecue grills.

Lami Biological Reserve

The city has a Biological Reserve 170 hectares long within its territorial limits. Lami Biological Reserve shelters a meteorological station and a terrarium of native saplings. The diverse atmospheres enable growing over 300 vegetal species and a higher number of animal species; the swamps and reeds are home to many aquatic organisms.

Panoramic picture of Ipanema Beach in Porto Alegre.

Nightlife

Porto Alegre is well known in Brazil for its diverse nightlife. The city's clubs, pubs, bars and restaurants provide entertainment for a wide range of tastes and budgets, going from the cheap, traditional beer-'n-bite in a corner bar to all-night raves, and classy nightclubs.

Education

Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum. There are also international schools, such as the Pan American School of Porto Alegre.

Educational institutions

• Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS);
• Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS);
• Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS);
• Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA);
• Faculdades Riograndenses (FARGS);
• Escola Superior de Propaganda e Marketing (ESPM-RS)
• Faculdade Porto-Alegrense de Educação (FAPA);
• Universidade SEBRAE de Negocios (USEN);
• and many others.

Culture

Museums

Rio Grande do Sul Museum of Art.

Rio Grande do Sul Museum of Art – MARGS

Main article: Rio Grande do Sul Museum of Art

With an eclectic style, the building was designed by German architect Theo Wiederspahn. Originally it was the headquarters of the Fiscal Surveillance Agency of the Federal Revenue Office. Nowadays, it hosts the largest public collection of art works in Rio Grande do Sul.

Júlio de Castilhos Museum

Main article: Júlio de Castilhos Museum

Júlio de Castilhos Museum.

Created in 1903, being the oldest museum in the state. Its collection comprises thousands of pieces related to the local history, from Indian relics to objects and iconography about the War of Tatters and the War of the Triple Alliance, including an important section showing fine sculptures from the Jesuitic Reductions.

Joaquim José Felizardo Museum

An important museum with a large collection of archaeological artifacts and fotographies of Porto Alegre's old times. Its historical building, dating from 1845-55, is one of the few intact relics of colonial architecture inside the modern urban environment.

Rio Grande do Sul Memorial

Showing a huge collection of documents, maps, objects, prints and other items related to the state's history. Its building, designed by Theodor Wiederspahn, is one of the finest examples of eclectic architecture in the city.

Events

Bookfair in the city.

• World Social Forum: At several occasions (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005) the World Social Forum has been hosted in Porto Alegre.
• Photos World Social Forum in Porto Alegre (2001, 2003, 2005)
• Farroupilha Week: this cultural celebration takes place in mid September with parades, food and musical exhibitions.
• Bookfair: Held each November at Alfândega Square.

Infrastructure

International Airport

Salgado Filho International Airport (POA).

Salgado Filho International Airport serves flights operated by major Brazilian airlines to many areas in Brazil and other South American countries. Salgado Filho International Airport also has an air cargo terminal, built in 1974, with 9,500 thousand square meters of area and capacity to handle 1,500 tons of export cargo and 900 tons of imports each month. The average daily movement (arrivals and departures) is 174 aircraft, flying scheduled routes connecting Porto Alegre directly or indirectly to all the country's other major cities, as well as smaller cities in the interior of the states of the South Region and São Paulo. There are also international flights with direct connections to cities of the Southern Cone.

Port

Port of Porto Alegre.

The Port of Porto Alegre is situated in the Eastern margin of lake Guaíba. Its geographical position enables a permanent traffic between Porto Alegre and Buenos Aires, transporting steel-industry products and mainly agricultural produce.

Metro

Metro in Porto Alegre.

The metro is operated jointly by the federal government, the state government of Rio Grande do Sul and the city of Porto Alegre through the company Trensurb (Company of Urban Trains of Porto Alegre) and has 17 stations, totaling 42 kilometres (26 mi) of extension, carrying about 130,000 users a day.

The Line 1 of the subway built in Porto Alegre was started in 1980, linking the center of Porto Alegre to cities to the north of the metropolitan area, as Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo. The choice of path was made to relieve the heavy traffic of highway BR-116, only option before the construction of this line, which already had serious problems with the transit at the time. The Line 1 was inaugurated on March 2, 1985 between the Central Public Market and Sapucaia do Sul. In December 1997 was extended to Unisinos. An extension of 2.4 miles São Leopoldo-Museum was added in November 2000, after two months of trial service.

Highways

Bus in Porto Alegre.

Bus station in Porto Alegre.

There are only two highways on the city, and they roughly border the North and the Northwest sides of the city. This happens because even though this is the capital city and most populous in the region, there are no major destinations to the southeastern and southern of Porto Alegre (regarding the east side of Lagoa dos Patos). BR-290 runs across the state East-West, linking the Northeast coast of the state to the Uruguay-Argentina-Brazil border. It runs across the north border of the municipality.

BR-116, which runs Northeast-South across the state, linking the city to most of its satellite cities and most of Brazil northbound, and to eastern Uruguay southbound. Within the municipality, it only touches the Northwest side of the city, close to the end of Rio Gravataí (Gravataí River). Avenida Presidente Castelo Branco (Castelo Branco President Avenue), also bordering the Northwest side of the city, is a rather short (4 kilometres (2.5 mi)) highway and the only one that is fully contained within the borders of the municipality. It links downtown with these other highways.

Sports

Beira-Rio Stadium.

Football is a passion of the people from Porto Alegre. There is a big rivalry between two football clubs,Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, founded in 1903; and Sport Club Internacional, founded in 1909. The regional championship is usually won by one of these teams. The confrontation between Grêmio and Internacional is known as Gre-Nal. Both teams already won the main championships possible to south american clubs: the Copa Libertadores and the Club World Championship.

Porto Alegre is one of the 18 remaining candidates to host matches of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, for which Brazil is the only South American bidder.

Sister cities

Porto Alegre's sister cities are:

Kanazawa, Japan 1967 Morano Calabro, Italy 1982 Ribeira Grande, Portugal 1982 La Plata, Argentina 1982 Punta del Este, Uruguay 1984 Natal, Brazil 1992 Horta, Portugal 1993

Rosario, Argentina 1994 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2000 Portalegre, Portugal 2000 Austin, United States 2002 Suzhou, China 2004 Newark, United States 2006

Neighborhoods

Neighborhoods of Porto Alegre are geographical divisions of the city. There is no devolution of administrative powers to neighborhoods, although there are several neighborhoods associations devoted to improve their own standards of living. Porto Alegre has nowadays 78 official distinguished neighborhoods and 4 territories.

See also: Neighborhoods of Porto Alegre

See also

• List of Hills of Porto Alegre
• History of Porto Alegre
• Pictures of Porto Alegre

External links

• Template:Pt icon Official homepage (some pages available in )
• Template:Wikitravel
• Template:Pt icon Maplink - Porto Alegre Street Guide and Maps
• Template:Pt icon Calendar of Events and Histories of the Neighborhoods of Porto Alegre
• Template:Pt icon Postal Cards of Porto Alegre
• Template:Pt icon History, Old and Actual Photos, Parks History, Porto Alegre maps, Brazilian Hymns and another stuffs about the city