Timeline of historic inventions
The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.
Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial. Inventions are often invented by several inventors around the same time, or may be invented in an impractical form many years before another inventor improves the invention into a practical form. Where there is ambiguity, the date of the first known working version of the invention is used here.
Paleolithic era
- Indeterminate: Music, Language
- 2.4 Ma BP: Olduwan - struck stone tools, in East Africa
- 1.65 Ma: Acheulean - struck and reworked stone tools, in Kenya
- 1.4 Ma: Knife in Ethiopia
- 1 Ma: Controlled fire and sterilization of food and water (cooking) in East Africa
- 500 ka: Shelter construction [1]
- 100-500 ka: Clothing
- 400 ka: Pigments in Zambia [2]
- 400 ka: Spears in Germany [3]
- 200 ka: Burial in Africa
- 140 ka: Bone tools in Africa (see Blombos Cave)
- 140 ka: Shellfishing in Africa (see Blombos Cave)
- 100 ka: Lithic blades in Africa and the ancient Near East
- 60 ka: Ships probably used by settlers of New Guinea
- 50 ka: Flute in Slovenia
- 50 ka: Bow
- 43 ka: Mining in Swaziland and Hungary
- 37 ka: Tally sticks in Swaziland [4]
- 30 ka: Sewing needles
- 26 ka: Ceramics in Moravia
- 25 ka: Atlatl in Northwest Africa [5]
- 17 ka: twisted Rope (probably much earlier)
- 15 ka: Boomerang in Australia[6]
- 12 ka: Basket weaving
Antiquity
10th millennium BCE
- Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent
- Alcoholic beverages in the Fertile Crescent
- Adobe in the ancient Near East
- 9500 BCE: Granary in the Jordan Valley
9th millennium BCE
- 8700 BCE: Metalworking (copper pendant) in Mesopotamia (Iraq)
8th millennium BCE
7th millennium BCE
- 7000 BCE: Dental drill in Mehrgarh, Pakistan[7]
- 6200 BCE: Map in Çatalhöyük
- Cloth woven from flax fiber
6th millennium BCE
- Irrigation in the Fertile Crescent
- Beer in Sumer, Mesopotamia (Iraq)[6]
- City in Mesopotamia (Iraq)
- Plough in Mesopotamia (Iraq)
5th millennium BCE
- Beer and bread in Egypt
- Wheel and axle combination in Mesopotamia
- Ice skate in Scandinavia[8]
4th millennium BCE
- 4000 BCE: Canal in Mesopotamia
- 4000 BCE: Stone paved street Ur Iraq
- 3807-3806 BCE: Timber-engineered roadway in England
- 3630 BCE: Silk in China
- 3600 BCE: Free-standing Masonry Architecture at Ġgantija, Gozo, Malta
- 3500 BCE: Plywood in Egypt
- 3500 BCE: Writing in Sumer
- 3500 BCE: Carts in Sumer
- 3100 BCE: Drainage in the Indus Valley Civilization (India/Pakistan)
- 3000 BCE: Sailing
- 3000 BCE: Rice in India[9]
- 3000 BCE: Reservoir in the Indus Valley Civilization[10]
- Bronze: Susa (Iran)
- Cement in Egypt
- River boats in Egypt
- Noodle in China
- Comb in Persia (these combs were very refined, so combs themselves are probably older)
3rd millennium BCE
- 2800 BCE: Button in the Indus Valley Civilization (India)
- 2800 BCE: Soap in Mesopotamia
- 2700 BCE: Plumbing in the Indus Valley Civilization[11]
- 2630-2611 BCE: Step pyramid: Imhotep in Egypt
- 2600s BCE: Papyrus: Imhotep in Egypt
- 2600s BCE: Suture: Imhotep in Egypt
- 2600s BCE: Pharmaceutical cream: Imhotep in Egypt
- 2600 BCE: e Chariot in Mesopotamia
- 2500 BCE: Arch in Mohenjo-daro (Indus Valley Civilization) (India)[12]
- 2400 BCE: Shipyard in Lothal (Indus Valley Civilization) (India)
- 2400 BCE: Dock in Lothal (Indus Valley Civilization)[13]
- 2000 BCE: Currency
- Aqueduct in ancient Egypt and Indus Valley Civilization (India)
- Dagger in Near East
- Sickle-sword in Sumer
- Alphabet in Phoenicia
- Candles in Egypt
- Ink in China
- Sledges in Scandinavia
- Ski in Scandinavia[6]
2nd millennium BCE
- Iron in Anatolia, Caucasus and India
- Perfume: Tapputi in Mesopotamia
- Bronze Age sword in Mesopotamia
- Glass in Egypt[14]
- Rubber in Mesoamerica
- Spoked-wheel chariot: Indo-Iranians
- Water clock in Egypt
- Iron Age sword Proto-Celtic
- Bells in China
- Fork in China[15]
- Umbrella in Mesopotamia
- Calibration in the Indus Valley Civilization[16]
- Metrology in the Indus Valley Civilization[16]
- 1300–1000 BCE: Zinc in India[17]
- 1000s BCE: Coins in China
- 1000 BCE: Lens in Assyria
- 1000 BCE: Central heating: Ondol in Korea[18]
- 1000 BCE: Underfloor heating: Ondol in Korea[18]
1st millennium BCE
- Cautery in Ancient Rome[19]
- Speculum in Ancient Rome[19]
- Cross-bladed scissors in Ancient Rome[19][20]
- Surgical needle in Ancient Rome[19]
- Cataract surgery in Ancient Rome[21]
- 750 BCE: Celestial spheres in ancient Greece[22]
- 700s BCE: Button in Ancient Greece, Etruscan civilization[6]
- 700 BCE: Chain pump in Babylonia
- 600s BCE: Latin alphabet in Ancient Rome
- 600 BCE: Chopsticks in China
- 592 BCE: Anchor in ancient Greece[23]
- 500s BCE: Sugar in India
- 500s BCE: Dental bridge in Etruria
- 500s BCE: Kite: Lu Ban in China
- 500s BCE: Maps in ancient Greece[24]
- 500s BCE: Plastic surgery: Sushruta in India
- 500s BCE: Cosmetic surgery: Sushruta in India
- 500 BCE: Iron plough in China
- 499-477 BCE: Horse collar in China[25]
- 475 BCE: Scythed Chariot: Ajatashatru in India
- 400s BCE: Linguistics: Pāṇini in India[26]
- 400s BCE: Traction trebuchet in China
- 400s BCE: Football in China
- 400s BCE: Catapult in ancient Greece[27]
- 400s BCE: Cast iron in China
- 400s BCE: Crossbow in China
- 350 BCE: Water wheel in India[28]
- 350 BCE: Watermill in India[28]
- c. 300: Wootz steel in India
- 300s BCE: Roman aqueduct in ancient Rome[29]
- 300s BCE: Compass in China
- 300s BCE: Star catalogues: Gan De and Shi Shen
- 300s BCE: Encyclopedia: Speusippus in ancient Greece[6]
- 300s BCE: Screw: Archytas
- 300s BCE: India ink in India
- 200s BCE: Diamond (gemstone) in India[30]
- 300-100 BCE: Blast furnace in China
- 300-100 BCE: Cupola furnace in China
- 300-100 BCE: Pig iron in China
- 285 BCE: Suspension bridge in China
- 250 BCE: Lever in ancient Greece
- 210 BCE: Chromium use in China
- 200s BCE: Compound pulley: Archimedes
- 200s BCE: Odometer: Archimedes?
- 200s BCE: Archimedes' screw : Archimedes
- 200s BCE: Cashmere wool in India[31]
- 200s BCE: Contour canal: Shi Lu in China
- 200s BCE: Lock gate in China
- 200s BCE: Stupa in India[32]
- 200s BCE: Pagoda in India[32]
- 202-1 BCE: Bellows in China
- 200 BCE: Horseshoe in ancient Rome
- 150s BCE: Clockwork (Antikythera mechanism)
- 150s BCE: Astrolabe: Hipparchus
- 100s BCE: Big-toe stirrup in India[33]
- 100 BCE: Glassblowing in ancient Rome[34]
- 100s BCE: Parchment in Pergamon
- 500 BCE: Heavy plough in China
- 100s BCE: Wheelbarrow in China[35]
- 100 BCE: Trip hammer in China
- 52 BCE: Armillary sphere: Geng Shouchang in China
- 40 BCE: Rolling-element bearing in Roman ship
- 21 BCE: Collapsable umbrella: Wang Mang[36]
- Catapult in ancient Near East
- South Pointing Chariot in China
- Differential gear in China and Greek island of Antikythera
- Flash lock in China
- Bookbinding in India
- Blowgun in India[37]
- Indigo dye in India[38]
- Iron pellet in India[37]
- Jute in Bengal[39]
- Neem toothbrush in India
1st millennium CE
1st-5th centuries
- 1-100 CE: Junk ship in China
- 1-100 CE: Rudder in China[40]
- 38 CE: Hydraulic-powered bellows: Du Shi
- 50 CE: Mouldboard plough in China and Gaul
- 77 CE: Encyclopedia (comprehensive work): Pliny the Elder[6]
- 78-139: Hydraulic-powered armillary sphere: Zhang Heng
- 78-139: Seismometer: Zhang Heng
- 100s: steam engine windwheel vending machine syringe force pump: Hero of Alexandria in Roman Egypt
- 100s: Carding in India[41]
- 105: Paper: Cai Lun in China[42]
- 132: Rudimentary Seismometer: Zhang Heng in China
- 180: Rotary fan: Ding Huan in China
- 180: Winnowing fan: Ding Huan in China
- 200s: Kongming lantern (Hot air balloon) in China
- 200s: Horseshoes in Germany
- 200-400: Stepwell in India[43]
- 300s: Toothpaste in Roman Egypt
- 400s: Horse collar in China
- 400s: Cotton gin in India[44]
- Fore-and-aft rig in India[45]
- Kamal in India[46]
- Prayer wheel: Tibet[47]
- Three-masted merchant vessel in China[48]
- Woodblock printing in China
6th-8th centuries
- 500s: Chess in India[49]
- 500s: Ludo in India[50]
- 559: Manned kite: Yuan Huangtou
- 589: Toilet paper: Yan Zhitui in China
- 610-632: Miswak toothbrush: Muhammad in Arabia
- 605: Open-spandrel segmental arch bridge: Li Chun in China
- 618-700: Porcelain in China
- 618-907: Water-powered rotary fan in China
- 634-644: Windmill: Umar[51]
- 673: Greek fire: Kallinikos of Heliopolis
- 673: Flamethrower in Syria
- 700: Quill pen
- 700-900: Charitable trust in the Arab Empire[52][53]
- 700s: Brass astrolabe: Muhammad al-Fazari[54]
- 700s: Destructive distillation: Arabic chemists[55]
- 700s: Inoculation: Madhav in India[56]
- 700s: Glass factory in Syria[57]
- 700s: Pottery factory in Syria[57]
- 721-800: Coloured glass: Geber[58]
- 721-815: Alembic: Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan)[59]
- 721-815: Still: Geber[59]
- 721-815: Retort: Geber[60]
- 721-815: Filtration: Geber[61]
- 721-815: Crystallization: Geber[62]
- 721-815: Pure distillation: Geber[61]
- 721-815: Distilled alcohol: Geber[59]
- 721-815: Distilled wine: Geber[59]
- 721-815: Distilled beverage: Geber[59]
- 721-815: Mineral acid: Geber[63]
- 721-815: Nitric acid: Geber[63]
- 721-815: Hydrochloric acid: Geber[63]
- 721-815: Sulfuric acid: Geber[63][64]
- 721-815: Uric acid: Geber[65]
- 721-815: Acetic acid: Geber[62][66]
- 721-815: Citric acid: Geber[62]
- 721-815: Tartaric acid: Geber[62]
- 721-815: Aqua regia: Geber[63]
- 721-815: Cheese glue: Geber[67]
- 721-815: Plated mail: Geber[67]
- 721-815: Lustreware: Geber[68]
- 721-815: Tin-glazing: Geber[69]
- 721-815: Cucurbit: Geber[70]
- 721-815: Evacuation tube: Geber[70]
- 721-815: Aludel: Geber[70]
- 721-815: Artificial pearl[67]
- 721-815: Purified pearl[67]
- 721-815: Dyed pearl[67]
- 721-815: Dyed gemstone [67]
- 721-815: Artificial gemstone[67]
- 721-925: Rose water: Geber, Al-Kindi (Alkindus), Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes)[70]
- 721-925: Heated bath: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[70]
- 721-925: Sand bath: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[70]
- 721-925: Funnel: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[70]
- 721-925: Sieve: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[70]
- 721-925: Filter: Geber, Al-Kindi, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[70]
- 725: Clockwork escapement mechanism: Yi Xing of China
- 754: Pharmacy in Baghdad[71]
- 754: Drugstore in Baghdad[71]
- 758-764: Tar pavement in Baghdad[55]
- 763-800: Public hospital: Harun al-Rashid[72]
- 763-800: Psychiatric hospital in Baghdad[73]
- 794: Paper mill in Baghdad[74]
- Amalgamation: Arabic chemists[70]
- Ceration: Arabic chemists[70]
- Dry distillation: Arabic chemists
- Solution: Arabic chemists[70]
- Sublimation: Arabic chemists[61][70]
- Water purification: Arabic chemists[75]
- Purified water: Arabic chemists[75]
- Fusible alloy: Arabic chemists[70]
- Petrol: Arabic chemists[76]
- Apothecary: Arabic physicians[77]
- Lateen in India[45]
9th-10th centuries
- 700-1000: Spinning wheel in India[78]
- 800-850: Quadrant: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi)[79]
- 800-850: Mural instrument: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[79]
- 800-850: Sine quadrant: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[79]
- 800-850: Horary quadrant: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[79]
- 800-850: Alhidade: Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī[80]
- 800-857: Under-arm deodorant: Ziryab[81]
- 800-857: Beauty parlour: Ziryab[82]
- 800-857: Bangs: Ziryab[82]
- 800-857: Chemical depilatory: Ziryab[82]
- 800-873: Valve: Banū Mūsā in Iraq[83]
- 800-873: Float valve: Banū Mūsā[83]
- 800-873: Feedback controller: Banū Mūsā[83]
- 800-873: Float chamber: Banū Mūsā[84]
- 800-873: Automatic control: Banū Mūsā[84]
- 800-873: Automatic flute player: Banū Mūsā[85]
- 800-873: Programmable machine: Banū Mūsā[85]
- 800-873: Trick drinking vessels: Banū Mūsā[86]
- 800-873: Gas mask: Banū Mūsā[86]
- 800-873: Grab: Banū Mūsā[86]
- 800-873: Clamshell grab: Banū Mūsā[86]
- 800-873: Fail-safe system: Banū Mūsā[86]
- 800-873: Mechanical musical instrument: Banū Mūsā[87]
- 800-873: Hydropowered organ: Banū Mūsā[87]
- 800-873: Hurricane lamp: Banū Mūsā[86]
- 800-873: Self-feeding oil lamp: Banū Mūsā[86]
- 800-873: Self-trimming oil lamp: Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir[86]
- 800-1000: Wind powered gristmills in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[88]
- 800-1000: Sugar refinery in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[88]
- 800-1000: Metal block printing in Egypt[89]
- c. 800-1000: Switch: Arabic engineers[90]
- 800s: Stonepaste ceramics in Iraq[91]
- 800s: Black powder in China
- 800s: Gunpowder in China
- 800s: Water turbine in the Arab Empire[86]
- 800s: Universal sundial in Baghdad[92]
- 800s: Universal horary dial in Baghdad[93][94]
- 800s: Vertical-axle windmill in Afghanistan[51]
- 800s: Naphtha in Azerbaijan[55]
- 800s: Oil well in Azerbaijan[55]
- 801-873: Pure alcohol: Al-Kindi (Alkindus)[95]
- 801-1000: Municipal solid waste handling: Al-Kindi, Qusta ibn Luqa, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi, Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Masihi[96]
- 810-887: Glass from stones: Abbas Ibn Firnas in al-Andalus[97]
- 810-887: Eye glasses: Abbas Ibn Firnas[55]
- 810-887: Clear colourless high-purity glass: Abbas Ibn Firnas[97][98]
- 810-887: Metronome: Abbas Ibn Firnas[99]
- 810-887: Artificial weather simulation: Abbas Ibn Firnas[99]
- 813-833: Medical school: Al-Ma'mun[72]
- 827: Mechanical singing bird automaton: Al-Ma'mun[100]
- 836-1000: Erectile dysfunction treatment: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi, Thabit bin Qurra (Thebit), Ibn Al-Jazzar[101]
- 853-929: Observation tube: Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)[102]
- 852: Parachute: Abbas Ibn Firnas in al-Andalus[65]
- 859: University: Princess Fatima al-Fihri[103][104]
- 875: Hang glider: Abbas Ibn Firnas[99][105]
- 875: Artificial wing: Abbas Ibn Firnas[99][105]
- 875: Flight control frame: Abbas Ibn Firnas[99][105]
- c. 865-900: Kerosene: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) in Iraq[55][106]
- 865-925: Hard soap: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[107]
- 865-925: Chemotherapy: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[108]
- 865-925: Antiseptic: Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi[55]
- 900s: Banknote in China
- 900s: Fire lance in China
- 900s: Gun in China
- 900s: Milling factory in Baghdad[109]
- 900s: Cartographic grid in Baghdad[110]
- 900s: Graph paper in the Arab Empire[111][112][113]
- 900s: Horizontal-axle windmill in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran[51]
- 903-986: Timekeeping astrolabe: Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi)[114]
- 904: Fire Arrow in China
- 919: Double-piston flamethrower in China
- 984: Pound lock: Qiao Weiyo
- 953: Fountain pen: Al-Muizz Lideenillah of Egypt[65][115][116]
- 960-1000: Restaurant in the Arab Empire[117]
- 994: Astronomical sextant: Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi in Persia[118]
- 996: Geared mechanical astrolabe: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[119]
- Almucantar quadrant: Arabic astronomers[120]
- Navigational astrolabe: Arabic astronomers[121]
- Vertical sundial: Arabic astronomers[122]
- Polar sundial: Arabic astronomers[122]
- Coffee: Khalid in Ethiopia
- Shaving soap: Arabic chemists
- Plumb line: Arabic engineers[123]
- Reed level: Arabic engineers[123]
- Triangulation: Arabic engineers[123]
- Geared gristmill: Arabic engineers[124]
- Shatranj in Persia
- Paned window in the Arab Empire[125]
- Street lamp in the Arab Empire[125]
- Sherbet in the Arab Empire[126]
- Soft drink in the Arab Empire[126][127]
- Syrup in the Arab Empire[126]
- Mercury escapement mechanism in the Middle East
- Bridge dam in Iran[128]
- Milling dam in Iran[128][129]
- Diversion dam in Iraq[128]
- Public library in the Arab Empire[130]
- Lending library in the Arab Empire[130]
- Library catalog in the Arab Empire[131]
- Firecracker in China
- Snakes and ladders in India
2nd millennium
11th century
- c. 1000: Pendulum: Ibn Yunus in Egypt[132]
- c. 1000: Injection syringe: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili of Iraq[55][133][134]
- c. 1000: Hypodermic needle: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili[133][134]
- c. 1000: Cataract extraction: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili[133][134]
- c. 1000: Suction: Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili[133][134]
- 1000: Ligature: Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) in Al-Andalus[135]
- 1000: Adhesive plaster: Abu al-Qasim[136]
- 1000: Curette: Abu al-Qasim[137]
- 1000: Retractor: Abu al-Qasim[137]
- 1000: Lithotomy scalpel: Abu al-Qasim[138]
- 1000: Surgical catgut: Abu al-Qasim
- 1000: Surgical hook: Abu al-Qasim[137]
- 1000: Surgical rod: Abu al-Qasim[137]
- 1000: Surgical spoon: Abu al-Qasim[137]
- 1000: Inhalational anaesthetic: Abu al-Qasim[55][139]
- 1000: Anaesthetic sponge: Abu al-Qasim[55][139]
- 1000: Oral anaesthesia: Abu al-Qasim[55][139]
- 1000: Cotton dressing: Abu al-Qasim[140]
- c. 1000-1009: Monumental astrolabe: Ibn Yunus[141]
- c. 1000-1020: Heliocentric astrolabe: Al-Sijzi[142]
- c. 1000-1037: Thermometer: Avicenna (Ibn Sina) in Persia[143]
- c. 1000-1037: Essential oil: Avicenna[144]
- c. 1000-1048: Orthographical astrolabe: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in Persia[145]
- c. 1000-1048: Planisphere: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[145][146]
- c. 1000-1048: Star chart: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[146]
- c. 1000-1048: Laboratory flask: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[147]
- c. 1000-1048: Pycnometer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[147]
- c. 1000-1048: Conical measure: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[148]
- c. 1000-1048: Geared mechanical lunisolar calendar analog computer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[149]
- c. 1000-1048: Fixed-wired knowledge processing machine: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[150]
- 1020: Mechanical astrolabe: Ibn Samh in Al-Andalus[151]
- 1021: Magnifying glass: Ibn al-Haytham[152]
- 1021: Curved mirror: Ibn al-Haytham[153]]][154]
- 1021: Pinhole camera: Ibn al-Haytham[155]
- 1021: Camera obscura: Ibn al-Haytham[155]
- 1025: Cancer therapy: Avicenna[140][156]
- 1025: Hirudotherapy: Avicenna[157]
- 1025: Medicinal leech: Avicenna[157]
- 1025: Calcium channel blocker: Avicenna[158]
- 1025: Pharmacopoeia: Avicenna[159][160]
- 1028-1087: Equatorium: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) in Al-Andalus[161]
- 1028-1087: Universal astrolabe: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī
- 1031-1095: Raised-relief map: Shen Kuo[162][163]
- 1038-1075: Flywheel: Ibn Bassal in Al-Andalus[164]
- 1041: Movable type printing press: Bi Sheng in China
- 1044: Hand grenade: Zhen Tian Lei in China
- 1087: Almanac: Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī[165]
- 1088: Mechanical clock: Su Song
- 1088: Clock tower: Su Song
- 1088: Magnetic compass: Shen Kuo in China
- 1090: Belt drive: Qin Guan in in China
- 1090: Chain drive in China
- 1092: Astronomical clock: Su Song
- 1094: Printed star chart: Su Song
- Coke fuel in China
- Complex gearing: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[84]
- Epicyclic gearing: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[84]
- Segmental gearing: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[84]
- Geared mechanical clock: Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi in Al-Andalus[84]
- Weight-driven mechanical clock: Arabic engineers[84]
- Celestial globe: Arabic astronomers
- Clear glass mirror in Al-Andalus[55]
- Cobwork in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus[166]
12th century
- c. 1100: Framed bead abacus in China
- 1100-1150: Torquetum: Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber)[167]
- 1100-1161: Tracheotomy: Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) in Al-Andalus[168]
- 1119: Watertight hull compartment: Zhu Yu in China
- 1121: Steelyard: Al-Khazini in Persia[147]
- 1121: Hydrostatic balance: Al-Khazini[147]
- 1126: Fire arrow: Li Gang in China
- 1126: Rocket: Li Gang in China
- 1128: Cannon in China[169]
- 1135-1200: Linear astrolabe: Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī in Persia[170]
- 1150: Homing pigeons in Iraq and Syria[171]
- 1154: Striking clock: Al-Kaysarani in Syria[172]
- 1187: Counterweight trebuchet: Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi[173][174]
- 1187: Mangonel: Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi[175]
- 1190: Mariner's compass in Italy[176]
- Astrolabic quadrant in Egypt[177]
- Ventilator in Egypt[178]
- Bridge mill in Al-Andalus[129]
- Hydropowered forge in Al-Andalus[88]
- Finery forge in Al-Andalus[88]
- Central heating through underfloor pipes in Syria[179]
- Fireworks in China
- Sunglasses in China
13th century
- c. 1200: Glass mirror in Europe[6][180]
- c. 1200: Combination lock: Al-Jazari in Iraq (Mesopotamia)[65]
- 1206: Bolted joint lock[86]
- 1206: Clock automaton: Al-Jazari
- 1206: Flow control regulator: Al-Jazari
- 1206: Closed-loop system: Al-Jazari
- 1206: Elephant clock: Al-Jazari
- 1206: Hand washing device: Al-Jazari
- 1206: Kitchen appliance: Al-Jazari
- 1206: Camshaft: Al-Jazari[181]
- 1206: Connecting rod: Al-Jazari[182]
- 1206: Segmental gear: Al-Jazari[183]
- 1206: Suction pipe: Al-Jazari
- 1206: Suction piston pump: Al-Jazari[184]
- 1206: Reciprocating piston motion: Al-Jazari[184]
- 1206: Double-acting engine: Al-Jazari[184]
- 1206: Humanoid robot: Al-Jazari[185]
- 1206: Programmable robot: Al-Jazari[185]
- 1206: Programmable analog computer: Al-Jazari[186]
- 1206: Automatic gate: Al-Jazari[187]
- 1206: Pointer: Al-Jazari[86][187]
- 1206: Hydropowered water supply system: Al-Jazari[187]
- 1206: Geared water supply system: Al-Jazari[187]
- 1206: Laminate: Al-Jazari[86]
- 1206: Mechanical template: Al-Jazari[86]
- 1206: Paper model: Al-Jazari[86]
- 1206: Calibration: Al-Jazari[86]
- 1206: Sand casting: Al-Jazari[86]
- 1206: Emery powder: Al-Jazari[86]
- 1206: Crankshaft-driven chain pump: Al-Jazari[188]
- 1206: Hydropowered saqiya chain pump: Al-Jazari[189]
- 1206: Intermittent working: Al-Jazari[188]
- 1206: Hour hand: Al-Jazari[190][191]
- 1232: Rocket launcher in China
- 1235: Geared astrolabe with analog computer calendar: Abi Bakr of Isfahan[192]
- 1259: Research institute: Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī[193]
- 1259: Observatory institution: Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī[193]
- 1260: Hand cannon in Egypt[63][194]
- 1260: Explosive gunpowder in Egypt[63][194]
- 1260: Explosive cannon in Egypt[63][194]
- 1260: Handgun in Egypt[63][194]
- 1260: Portable firearm in Egypt[63][194]
- 1260: Cartridge in Egypt[194]
- 1260: Dissolve talc in Egypt[194]
- 1260: Fire protection in Egypt[194]
- 1260: Fireproof clothing in Egypt[194]
- 1270: Pure saltpetre: Hasan al-Rammah of Syria[63][194]
- 1274: Siege cannon: Abu Yaqub Yusuf[194]
- 1275: Torpedo: Hasan al-Rammah of Syria
- 1275: Restaurant menu in China
- 1277: Land mine: Lou Qianxia in China
- c. 1296: Astronomical compass: Yemeni sultan al-Ashraf[195]
- 1297-1298: Wooden movable type printing: Wang Zhen of China
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521547245.</ref>
- Crankshaft-driven screw: Arabic engineers[196]
- Crankshaft-driven screwpump: Arabic engineers[196]
- Sandpaper in China
- Solid-fuel rocket in China
- Condom in Italy
- Buttonhole in Germany[6]
14th century
- 1304-1375: Astrolabic clock: Ibn al-Shatir[197]
- 1304-1375: Compendium instrument: Ibn al-Shatir[122]
- 1304-1375: Compass dial: Ibn al-Shatir[198]
- 1350: Rope bridge in Peru
- 1355: Bombard: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1355: Booster: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1355: Matchlock: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1355: Multistage rocket: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1355: Naval mine: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1355: Round shot: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1355: Shell: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1355: Wheellock: Jiao Yu and Liu Ji
- 1371: Polar-axis sundial: Ibn al-Shatir[199]
- 32-point compass rose in the Arab world[200]
- Musket in China
- Spherical astrolabe in the Middle East
15th century
- 1400-1429: Plate of conjunctions: Jamshīd al-Kāshī[201][202]
- 1400-1429: Planetary analog computer: Jamshīd al-Kāshī[202][203][204]
- 1405-1433: Troopship: Zheng He
- 1405-1433: Treasure ship: Zheng He
- 1441: Rain gauge: Jang Yeong-sil
- 1450s: Alphabetic movable type printing press: Johannes Gutenberg
- 1451: Concave lens for eyeglasses: Nicholas of Cusa
- 1453: Supergun in Ottoman Empire
- 1453: Great Turkish Bombard in Ottoman Empire
- 1490-1492: Terrestrial globe: Martin Behaim
- 1494: Double-entry bookkeeping system: Luca Pacioli
- 1498: Bristle toothbrush: Hongzhi Emperor
- Iron-chain suspension bridge in China
- Arquebus in Europe
- Rifle in Europe
16th century
- c. 1500: Ball bearing: Leonardo Da Vinci
- c. 1500: Scissors: Leonardo Da Vinci
- 1524: Pocket watch: Peter Henlein[205]
- 1540: Ether: Valerius Cordus
- 1551: Steam turbine: Taqi al-Din in Ottoman Egypt[206]
- 1556: Spring-powered clock: Peter Henlein and Taqi al-Din[205][207]
- 1559: Six-cylinder pump: Taqi al-Din[208]
- 1565: Pencil: Conrad Gesner[6][209]
- 1576: Ironclad warship: Oda Nobunaga [citation needed]
- 1577-1580: Mechanical seconds clock: Taqi al-Din[210][211]
- 1579: Prefabricated home: Akbar the Great[212]
- 1579: Movable structure: Akbar the Great[212]
- 1582: Autocannon: Fathullah Shirazi[213]
- 1582: Multi-barrel gun: Fathullah Shirazi[213]
- 1582: Grain-griding carriage: Fathullah Shirazi[214]
- 1589: Stocking frame: William Lee
- 1589-1590: Seamless celestial globe: Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman[215]
- 1589-1590: Seamless metal sphere: Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman[215]
- c. 1590: Compound microscope: Zacharias Janssen, Hans Janssen, Hans Lippershey [216]
- 1593: Thermoscope: Galileo Galilei
- Musket in Europe
- Pencil in England
- High-rise apartment buildings in Shibam[217]
- Tower blocks in Shibam[218]
- Vertical construction urban planning in Shibam[217]
- 1596: Water closet=toiletTemplate:John Harrington&Thomas Crapper
17th century
- 1609: Telescope: Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen, Jacob Metius[219]
- 1610: Flintlock: Marin le Bourgeoys
- 1620: Slide rule: William Oughtred
- 1623: Automatic calculator: Wilhelm Schickard
- 1631: Vernier scale: Pierre Vernier
- 1642: Adding machine: Blaise Pascal
- 1643: Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli
- 1645: Vacuum pump: Otto von Guericke
- 1657: Pendulum clock: Christiaan Huygens
- 1672: Steam car: Ferdinand Verbiest[220][221]
- 1679: Pressure cooker: Denis Papin
- 1690: Polhem wheel: Christopher Polhem
- 1698: Steam engine: Thomas Savery
- 1700: Piano: Bartolomeo Cristofori
18th century
- 1701: Seed drill: Jethro Tull
- 1709: Iron smelting using coke: Abraham Darby I
- 1711: Tuning fork: John Shore
- 1712: Steam piston engine: Thomas Newcomen
- 1714: Mercury thermometer: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
- 1731: Octant: John Hadley, Thomas Godfrey
- 1733: Flying shuttle: John Kay
- 1737: Marine chronometer (H1): John Harrison
- 1742: Franklin stove: Benjamin Franklin
- 1750: Flatboat: Jacob Yoder
- 1752: Lightning rod: Benjamin Franklin
- 1759: Shampoo: Sake Dean Mahomet of Bengal
- 1764: Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves/Thomas Highs
- 1767: Carbonated water: Joseph Priestley
- 1769: Water frame: Richard Arkwright/Thomas Highs
- 1769: Steam road vehicle: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
- 1775: Submarine Turtle: David Bushnell
- 1776: Steamboat: Claude de Jouffroy
- 1776: Watt steam engine: James Watt
- 1777: Card teeth making machine: Oliver Evans
- 1777: Circular saw: Samuel Miller
- 1779: Spinning mule: Samuel Crompton
- 1780s: Iron-cased rocket: Tipu Sultan in India[222]
- 1780s: Metal-cylinder rocket artillery: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan in India[223]
- 1780s: Iron rocket artillery: Tipu Sultan of India[222]
- 1783: Hot air balloon: Montgolfier brothers
- 1784: Bifocals: Benjamin Franklin
- 1784: Oil lamp: Aimé Argand[6]
- 1784: Shrapnel shell: Henry Shrapnel
- 1785: Power loom: Edmund Cartwright
- 1785: Automatic flour mill: Oliver Evans
- 1786: Threshing machine: Andrew Meikle
- 1791: Artificial teeth: Nicholas Dubois De Chemant
- 1798: Vaccination: Edward Jenner
- 1798: Lithography: Alois Senefelder
19th century
1800s
- 1801: Jacquard loom: Joseph Marie Jacquard
- 1802: Screw propeller steamboat Phoenix: John Stevens
- 1802: Gas stove: James Sharp
- 1804: Locomotive: Richard Trevithick
- 1805: Submarine Nautilus: Robert Fulton
- 1807: Steamboat Clermont: Robert Fulton
- 1808: Band saw: William Newberry
- 1809: Arc lamp: Humphry Davy
1810s
- 1814: Steam locomotive (Blücher):
- 1816: Miner's safety lamp: Humphry Davy
- 1816: Stirling engine: Robert Stirling
- 1816: Stethoscope: Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec
- 1817: Draisine or velocipede (two-wheeled): Karl Drais
- 1817: Kaleidoscope: David Brewster
- 1818: Bicycle: Karl Drais[6]
1820s
- 1821: Electric motor: Michael Faraday
- 1823: Electromagnet: William Sturgeon
- 1823: Lighter: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner
- 1824: Portland cement: William Aspdin
- 1826: Photography: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
- 1826: Internal combustion engine: Samuel Morey
- 1827: Friction match: John Walker
- 1829: Steam locomotive: George Stephenson[6]
1830s
- 1830: Thermostat: Andrew Ure[6]
- 1830: Stenotype on punched paper strip: Karl Drais
- 1831: Multiple coil magnet: Joseph Henry
- 1831: Magnetic acoustic telegraph: Joseph Henry (patented 1837)
- 1831: Reaper: Cyrus McCormick
- 1831: Electrical generator: Michael Faraday, Ányos Jedlik
- 1834: The Hansom cab is patented
- 1834: Louis Braille perfects his Braille system
- 1834: Refrigerator: Jacob Perkins
- 1834: Combine harvester: Hiram Moore
- 1835: Revolver: Samuel Colt
- 1835: Electromechanical Relay: Joseph Henry
- 1835: Incandescent light bulb: James Bowman Lindsay
- 1836: Sewing machine: Josef Madersberger
- 1837: US electric printing press patented by Thomas Davenport (February 25)
- 1837: Steel plow: John Deere
- 1837: Standard diving dress: Augustus Siebe[224]
- 1837: Camera Zoom Lens: Jozef Maximilián Petzval
- 1837: Magnetic telegraph: Samuel Morse
- 1838: Electric telegraph: Charles Wheatstone (also Samuel Morse)
- 1838: closed diving suit with a helmet: Augustus Siebe[224]
- 1839: Vulcanization of rubber: Charles Goodyear
1840s
- 1840: Artificial fertilizer: Justus von Liebig
- 1841: Saxophone:Adolphe Sax
- 1842: Superphosphate fertilizer: John Bennett Lawes
- 1842: Steam hammer: James Nasmyth
- 1842: Anaesthesia: Crawford Long
- 1843: Typewriter: Charles Thurber
- 1843: Fax machine: Alexander Bain[citation needed]
- 1843: Ice cream maker: Nancy Johnson
- 1843: Pile driver: James Nasmyth
- 1844: The safety match: Gustaf Erik Pasch
- 1844: Pulp wood for papermaking: Charles Fenerty (Nova Scotia, Canada), and F.G. Keller (Germany)
- 1845: Pneumatic tyre: Robert Thomson (inventor)
- 1846: Sewing machine: Elias Howe
- 1846: Rotary printing press: Richard M. Hoe
- 1849: Safety pin: Walter Hunt
- 1849: Francis turbine: James B. Francis
- 1849: Telephone: Antonio Meucci[citation needed]
1850s
- 1852: Airship: Henri Giffard
- 1852: Passenger elevator: Elisha Otis
- 1852: Gyroscope: Léon Foucault
- 1855: Bunsen burner: Peter Desaga
- 1855: Bessemer process: Henry Bessemer
- 1856: Celluloid: Alexander Parkes
- 1858: Undersea telegraph cable: Charles Wheatstone
- 1858: Mason jar: John L. Mason
- 1859: Oil drill: Edwin L. Drake
- 1859: Lead acid battery: Gaston Plante
1860s
- 1860: Light Bulb, Sir Joseph Swan
- 1860: Linoleum: Fredrick Walton
- 1860: Repeating rifle: Oliver F. Winchester, Christopher Spencer
- 1860: Self-propelled torpedo: Giovanni Luppis
- 1861: Ironclad (Battleship) USS Monitor: John Ericsson
- 1861: Siemens regenerative furnace: Carl Wilhelm Siemens
- 1862: Revolving machine gun: Richard J. Gatling
- 1862: Mechanical submarine: Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol
- 1862: Pasteurization: Louis Pasteur, Claude Bernard
- 1863: Player piano: Henri Fourneaux
- 1865: Roller Coaster: LaMarcus Adna Thompson
- 1865: Barbed wire: Louis Jannin
- 1866: Dynamite: Alfred Nobel
- 1868: Practical typewriter: Christopher Sholes, Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule, with assistance from James Densmore
- 1868: Air brake (rail): George Westinghouse
- 1868: Oleomargarine: Mege Mouries
- 1869: Vacuum cleaner: I.W. McGaffers
1870s
- 1870: Chewing gum: Thomas Adams[6]
- 1870: Magic Lantern projector: Henry R. Heyl
- 1870: Stock ticker: Thomas Alva Edison
- 1871: Cable car (railway): Andrew S. Hallidie
- 1873: Jeans: Levi Strauss[6]
- 1873: Railway knuckle coupler: Eli H. Janney
- 1873: Modern direct current electric motor: Zénobe Gramme
- 1874: Barbed wire: Joseph Glidden[6]
- 1874: Electric street car: Stephen Dudle Field
- 1874: DDT: Othmar Zeidler[6]
- 1875: Dynamo: William A. Anthony
- 1875: Magazine (firearm): Benjamin B. Hotchkiss
- 1876: Carpet sweeper: Melville Bissell
- 1876: Gasoline carburettor: Daimler
- 1876: Loudspeaker: Alexander Graham Bell
- 1877: Stapler: Henry R. Heyl
- 1877: Induction motor: Nikola Tesla
- 1877: Phonograph: Thomas Alva Edison
- 1877: Microphone: Emile Berliner
- 1878: Cathode ray tube: William Crookes
- 1878: Rebreather: Henry Fleuss[225]
- 1879: Pelton turbine: Lester Pelton
- 1879: Cash register: James Ritty
1880s
- 1880: Photophone: Alexander Graham Bell
- 1880: Roll film: George Eastman
- 1880: Safety razor: Kampfe Brothers
- 1880: Seismograph: John Milne
- 1881: Metal detector: Alexander Graham Bell
- 1882: Electric fan: Schuyler Skaats Wheeler
- 1882: Blowtorch: Carl Rickard Nyberg
- 1883: Two-phase (alternating current) induction motor: Nikola Tesla
- 1884: Linotype machine: Ottmar Mergenthaler
- 1884: Recording data on a machine readable medium, the Punched card: Herman Hollerith
- 1884: Trolley car, (electric): Frank Sprague, Charles Van Depoele
- 1885: Automobile patent granted (internal combustion engine powered): Karl Benz, first automobile put into production
- 1885: Machine gun: Hiram Stevens Maxim[226]
- 1885: Motorcycle: Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach
- 1885: Alternating current transformer: William Stanley
- 1885: Safety bicycle: John Kemp Starley
- 1886: Dishwasher: Josephine Cochrane
- 1886: Gasoline engine: Gottlieb Daimler
- 1886: Improved phonograph cylinder: Tainter & Bell
- 1887: Monotype machine: Tolbert Lanston
- 1887: Contact lens: Adolf E. Fick, Eugène Kalt and August Muller
- 1887: Gramophone record: Emile Berliner
- 1887: Ceiling fan: Philip Diehl
- 1888: Polyphase AC Electric power system: Nikola Tesla (30 related patents.)
- 1888: Kodak hand camera: George Eastman
- 1888: Ballpoint pen: John Loud
- 1888: Harvester-thresher: Matteson (?)
- 1888: Kinematograph: Augustin Le Prince
- 1889: Northrop Loom: Draper Corporation, James Henry Northrop
1890s
- 1891: Escalator: Jesse W. Reno[6]
- 1891: Thermal cracking process: Vladimir Shukhov
- 1891: Zipper: Whitcomb L. Judson
- 1891: Carborundum: Edward G. Acheson
- 1891: Modern adjustable spanner: Johan Petter Johansson
- 1892: Color photography: Frederic E. Ives
- 1892: Automatic telephone exchange (electromechanical): Almon Strowger - First in commercial service.
- 1893: Carburetor: Donát Bánki and János Csonka
- 1893: tuned Wireless communication: Nikola Tesla (The True Wireless)
- 1893: Radio: Nikola Tesla [citation needed]
- 1894: Radio transmission: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal[227]
- 1894: Milking machine: Gustaf de Laval
- 1895: Diesel engine: Rudolf Diesel
- 1895: Radiotelegraph: Guglielmo Marconi
- 1896: Vitascope: Thomas Armat
- 1897: Modern escalator: Jesse W. Reno
- 1898: Tapered roller bearing: Henry Timken
- 1898: Remote control: Nikola Tesla
- 1899: Iron-mercury coherer with telephone detector: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal
- 1899: Automobile self starter: Clyde J. Coleman
- 1899: Magnetic tape recorder: Valdemar Poulsen
- 1899: Gas turbine: Charles Curtis [citation needed]
20th century
1900s
- 1900: Rigid dirigible airship: Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin
- 1900: Self-heating can
- 1900s: Microwave optics: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal
- 1900s: Crescograph: Jagdish Chandra Bose in Bengal[228]
- 1901: Mercury vapor lamp: Peter C. Hewitt
- 1901: Disposable razor blade: King C. Gillette
- 1901: Vacuum cleaner: Hubert Booth
- 1901: Gauge blocks: Carl Edvard Johansson
- 1902: Ostwald process: Wilhelm Ostwald
- 1902: Air Conditioner: Willis Carrier [6]
- 1902: Neon lamp: Georges Claude
- 1902: Radio telephone: Valdemar Poulsen, Reginald Fessenden
- 1902: Rayon cellulose ester: Arthur D. Little
- 1903: Electrocardiograph (EKG): Willem Einthoven
- 1903: Powered, controlled airplane: Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright
- 1904: Thermionic valve: John Ambrose Fleming
- 1904: Tractor: Benjamin Holt
- 1905: Radio tube diode: John Ambrose Fleming
- 1906: Sonar (first device): Lewis Nixon
- 1906: Triode amplifier: Lee DeForest
- 1907: Helicopter: Paul Cornu
- 1907: Radio tube triode: Lee DeForest
- 1907: Washing machine, (electric): Alva Fisher (Hurley Corporation)
- 1908: Cellophane: Jacques E. Brandenberger
- 1908: Geiger counter: Hans Geiger and Ernest Rutherford
- 1908: Gyrocompass: Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe
- 1908: Haber process: Fritz Haber
- 1909: Bakelite: Leo Baekeland
- 1909: Gun suppressor: Hiram Percy Maxim
1910s
- 1910: Braces on teeth: Joseph Clide
- 1910: Neon lighting: Georges Claude
- 1910: Thermojet engine: Henri Coandă
- 1911: Gyrocompass: Elmer A. Sperry
- 1911: Automobile self starter (perfected): Charles F. Kettering
- 1911: Hydroplane: Glenn Curtiss
- 1913: Bra: Mary Phelps Jacob
- 1913: Crossword: Arthur Wynne
- 1913: Parachute: Štefan Banič
- 1913: Radio receiver: Ernst Alexanderson, Reginald Fessenden
- 1913: Stainless steel: Harry Brearley
- 1913: X-Ray (coolidge tube): William D. Coolidge[229]
- 1914: Radio transmitter triode mod.: Ernst Alexanderson
- 1914: Liquid fuel rocket: Robert Goddard
- 1914: Tank, military: Sir William Ashbee Tritton and Major Walter Gordon Wilson[230]
- 1915: Tungsten Filament: Irving Langmuir
- 1915: Pyrex: Corning Inc.
- 1916: Browning Gun: John Browning
- 1916: Thompson submachine gun: John T. Thompson
- 1917: Sonar echolocation: Paul Langevin
- 1917: Cruise missile: Charles Kettering
- 1918: Interrupter gear: Anton Fokker
- 1918: Radio crystal oscillator: A.M. Nicolson
- 1919: Flip-flop circuit: William Eccles and F. W. Jordan
- 1919: Theremin: Leon Theremin
1920s
- 1920: Saha ionization equation: Meghnad Saha[231]
- 1921: Polygraph: John A. Larson
- 1922: Radar: Robert Watson-Watt, A. H. Taylor, L. C. Young, Gregory Breit, Merle Antony Tuve
- 1922: The absorption refrigerator: Baltzar von Platen
- 1923: Sound film: Lee DeForest
- 1923: Television Electronic: Philo Farnsworth
- 1923: Wind tunnel: Michael Max Munk
- 1923: Autogyro: Juan de la Cierva
- 1923: Xenon flash lamp: Harold Edgerton
- 1925: Ultra-centrifuge: Theodor Svedberg - used to determine molecular weights
- 1925: Television Nipkow System: C. Francis Jenkins
- 1926: Television Mechanical Scanner: John Logie Baird
- 1926: Aerosol spray: Rotheim
- 1927: Mechanical cotton picker: John Rust
- 1928: Sliced bread: Otto Frederick Rohwedder
- 1928: Electric dry shaver: Jacob Schick
- 1928: Antibiotics: Alexander Fleming (initial discovery of penicillin)
- 1928: Preselector gearbox: Walter Gordon Wilson
- 1928: Raman effect: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman[232]
- 1929: Electroencephelograph (EEG): Hans Berger
- 1929: Kinescope (CRT):Vladimir Zworykin
- 1920s: Band aid: Earle Dickson
- 1920s: Man-made Insulin: Paul Langerhans
- 1920s: Mechanical potato peeler: Herman Lay
1930s
- 1930: Neoprene: Wallace Carothers
- 1931: Radio telescope: Karl Jansky Grote Reber
- 1931: Iconoscope: Vladimir Zworykin
- 1934: Hammond Organ: Laurens Hammond
- 1935: Microwave RADAR: Robert Watson-Watt
- 1935: Nylon: Wallace Carothers
- 1935: Spectrophotometer: Arthur C. Hardy
- 1935: Casein fiber: Earl Whittier Stephen
- 1937: Turboprop engine: György Jendrassik
- 1937: Jet engine: Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain
- 1937: O-ring: Niels Christensen
- 1937: Nylon: Wallace H. Carothers[6]
- 1938: Ballpoint pen: Laszlo Biro
- 1938: xerography: Chester Carlson
- 1938: Fiberglass: Russell Games Slayter John H. Thomas
- 1938: LSD: Albert Hofmann
- 1939: Helicopter: Igor Sikorsky
- 1939: View-master: William Gruber
- 1939: Automated teller machine: Luther George Simjian
1940s
- 1941: Computer: Konrad Zuse[citation needed]
- 1941: Velcro: George de Mestral
- 1942: Bazooka Rocket Gun: Leslie A. Skinner C. N. Hickman
- 1942: Nuclear reactor: Enrico Fermi[6]
- 1942: Undersea oil pipeline: Hartley, Anglo-Iranian, Siemens in Operation Pluto
- 1943: Aqua-Lung: Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan
- 1944: Electron spectrometer: Deutsch Elliot Evans
- 1944: Fire balloon in Japan
- 1945: Slinky: Richard James and Betty James
- 1945: Microwave oven: Percy L. Spencer[6]
- 1945: Nuclear weapons (note: chain reaction theory was made in 1933):Manhattan Project
- 1946: Microwave oven: Percy Spencer
- 1946: Mobile Telephone Service: AT&T and Southwestern Bell
- 1946: Bikini: Louis Réard[6]
- 1947: Transistor: William Shockley, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen
- 1947: Polaroid camera: Edwin Land
- 1948: Long Playing Record: Peter Carl Goldmark
- 1948: Holography: Dennis Gabor[6]
- 1949: Atomic clocks
- 1949: Radiocarbon dating: Willard Libby
1950s
- 1950: Credit card: Frank X. McNamara
- 1951: Combined oral contraceptive pill: Djerassi, Miramontes, and Rosenkranz [233]
- 1951: Liquid Paper: Bette Nesmith Graham
- 1951: Nuclear power reactor: Walter Zinn
- 1952: Floppy disk: Yoshiro Nakamatsu[234]
- 1952: Optical fiber: Narinder Singh Kapany
- 1952: Fusion bomb: Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam
- 1952: Hovercraft: Christopher Cockerell
- 1953: MASER: Charles Townes
- 1953: Medical ultrasonography
- 1954: Radar gun: Bryce K. Brown
- 1954: Synthetic diamond: Tracy Hall
- 1954: Geodesic dome: Buckminster Fuller
- 1955: Hard Drive: Reynold Johnson with IBM
- 1955: Video phone: Gregorio Y. Zara in the Philippines
- 1956: Digital clock
- 1956: Videocassette recorder: Ampex
- 1957: Jet Boat: William Hamilton
- 1958: Integrated circuit: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor
- 1958: Communications satellite: Kenneth Masterman-Smith
- 1958: Implantable pacemaker: Rune Elmqvist
1960s
- 1960: Laser: Theodore Harold Maiman
- 1961: Optical disc: David Paul Gregg
- 1961: Cochlear implant: William House
- 1961: Human spaceflight: Yuri Gagarin, Sergey Korolyov, Kerim Kerimov[235]
- 1962: Light-emitting diode (LED): Nick Holonyak
- 1962: Space observatory: Ball Brothers Aerospace Corporation [2]
- 1963: Computer mouse: Douglas Engelbart
- 1967: Space dock: Kerim Kerimov[235][236]
- 1967: Automatic Teller Machine: John Shepherd-Barron
- 1967: Hypertext: Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson
- 1968: Video game console: Ralph H. Baer
- 1960s: Packet switching: Paul Baran and Donald Davies, independently
- 1969: ARPANET (first wide-area packet switching network): United States Department of Defense[6]
1970s
- 1970: Relational database management system: Edgar F. Codd
- 1971: Space station: Kerim Kerimov[235][236]
- 1971: E-mail: Ray Tomlinson[237]
- 1971: Liquid Crystal Display: James Fergason
- 1971: Microprocessor: Federico Faggin and Marcian Hoff
- 1971: Pocket calculator: Sharp Corporation
- 1971: Magnetic resonance imaging: Raymond V. Damadian
- 1972: Computed tomography: Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield
- 1973: Hybrid rice in China[238]
- 1973: Ethernet: Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs
- 1973: Genetically modified organism: Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer
- 1973: Personal computer: Xerox PARC
- 1974: Microcredit: Muhammad Yunus
- 1974: Microfinance: Muhammad Yunus
- 1974: Rubik's Cube: Ernő Rubik
- 1974: Hybrid vehicle: Victor Wouk [3]
- 1975: DNA sequencing by chain termination Frederick Sanger
- 1975: Digital camera: Steven Sasson
- 1976: Gore-Tex fabric: W. L. Gore
- 1977: Personal stereo: Andreas Pavel
- 1977: Mobile phone: Bell Labs [4]
- 1978: Spreadsheet: Dan Bricklin
1980s
- 1980: Compact Disc: Philips Electronics, Sony Corp[6]
- 1981: Scanning tunneling microscope: Gerd Karl Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
- 1982: Insulated gate bipolar transistor: Hans Becke and Carl Wheatley RCA
- 1982: ACE inhibitor: John R. Vane
- 1982: Artificial heart: Robert Jarvik, incorporating modifications to earlier experimental designs
- 1983: Camcorder: Sony
- 1983: Internet: first TCP/IP network: Robert E. Kahn, Vint Cerf and others
- 1984: Lithotripsy: Claude Dornier
- 1985: Polymerase chain reaction: Kary Mullis
- 1985: DNA fingerprinting: Alec Jeffreys
- 1987: Statin, cholesterol drug: Carl Hoffman
- 1987: Digital Light Processing: Dr. Larry Hornbeck, Texas Instruments
1990s
- 1990: World Wide Web: Tim Berners-Lee[6][239]
- 1993: Global Positioning System: United States Department of Defense
- 1993: Blue LED: Shuji Nakamura
- 1994: Wiki: Ward Cunningham[240]
- 1997: Non-mechanical digital audio player: SaeHan Information Systems[241]
3rd millennium
21st century
2000s
- 2001: Self-contained artificial heart
- 2001: PageRank: Sergey Brin Larry Page
- 2001: Human genome sequenced.[242]
See also
- List of inventors
- English inventions and discoveries
- Inventions in medieval Islam
- List of Chinese inventions
- List of Indian inventions
- List of United States inventions
- Scottish inventions and discoveries
- Welsh inventions and discoveries
- List of Australian inventions
Notes
- ^ Hadfield, Peter, Gimme Shelter
- ^ Earliest evidence of art found
- ^ Kouwenhoven, Arlette P., World's Oldest Spears
- ^ Pegg, Jr., Ed, Lebombo Bone
- ^ Keddie, Grant, The Atlatl Weapon[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Stone age man used dentist drill. BBC News.
- ^ "Dashing Finns were first to get their skates on 5,000 years ago". The Times. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ^ "rice." Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
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- ^ Maxim's 1884 Prototype Automatic Rifle Based on definition as being fully-automatic. James Puckle in 1718 made a "multi shot gun" that has been called a "machine gun" but not automatic, more like a revolver. Richard Gatling's 1861 Gatling Gun hand cranked so is a 'semi-automatic machine gun'
- ^ A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", Microwave Symposium Digest 2 (8-13), p. 557-560
- ^ "Jagadis Bose Research on Measurement of Plant Growth". Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ "Benefit to humanity"
- ^ Who Invented The Tank? - Bovington Tank Museum
- ^ Narlikar, J. V. (2002), An Introduction to Cosmology, p. 188, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521793769
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), "Raman effect"
- ^ [John Brockman, editor. The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years. Phoenix. 2000]
- ^ David Lazarus (1995). 'Japan's Edison' Is Country's Gadget King : Japanese Inventor Holds Record for Patent. International Herald Tribune.
- ^ a b c Peter Bond, Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov, The Independent, 7 April 2003.
- ^ a b Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", Azerbaijan International 3 (3).
- ^ Inventing Email
- ^ China Daily (February 10, 2007). 4 Great Modern Inventions Selected. Chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved on 2008-06-18.
- ^ Proposal for the World Wide Web
- ^ (Ebersbach 2008, p. 10)
- ^ Van Buskirk, Eliot. "Introducing the world's first MP3 player". CNET.
- ^ http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0050266&ct=1
References
- Asimov, Isaac, "Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery", Harper & Row, 1989. ISBN 0-06-015612-0
- De Bono, Edward, "Eureka! An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer", Thames & Hudson, 1974.
- Gowlett, John, "Ascent to Civilization", McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992. ISBN 0-07-544312-0
- Platt, Richard, "Eureka!: Great Inventions and How They Happened", 2003.