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Trinity Broadcasting Network

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Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN)
CountryUnited States
Affiliates(see article)
HeadquartersCosta Mesa, California, United States
Programming
Language(s)English

The Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) is a major American Christian television network.[1][2] TBN is based in Costa Mesa, California, with auxiliary studio facilities in Irving, Texas; Hendersonville, Tennessee; Gadsden, Alabama; Decatur, Georgia; Miami, Florida; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Orlando, Florida; and New York City.

TBN broadcasts programs hosted by a diverse group of ministries from traditional Protestant and Catholic denominations, Interdenominational and Full Gospel churches, non profit charities, Messianic Jewish and well-known Christian media personalities.[3] TBN also offers a wide range of original programming, and faith-based films.[4]

TBN owns and operates five broadcast networks, each reaching separate demographics; in addition to the main TBN network, TBN owns The Church Channel, Smile of a Child TV, TBN Enlace and JCTV.

As of 2010, Paul Crouch is TBN's President and Chairman, Jan Crouch is its vice-president and Director of Programming, and their son Matthew Crouch is Vice President.

History

The Trinity Broadcasting Network was co-founded by Paul Crouch, Jan Crouch, Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye Bakker in 1973 as Trinity Broadcasting Systems; the Bakkers would leave by 1975 to start their own ministry, The PTL Club. TBN began national distribution through cable systems in 1978. The network was a member of the National Religious Broadcasters association until 1990.

During the early years, the Crouches rented time on a local television station in 1973.[where?] After that station was sold, he began buying two hours a day on KLXA-TV in Fontana, California in early 1974. That station was put up for sale shortly after. Paul Crouch then put in a bid to buy it for a million dollars and raised $100,000 for a down payment. After many struggles, the Crouches managed to raise the down payment and took over the station outright, with the station becoming KTBN-TV in 1977 and its city of license changed to TBN's original home base, Santa Ana, in 1983. Initially, the station ran Christian programs about six hours a day. They continued to expand to 12 hours a day by 1975 and began selling time to outside Christian organizations to supplement their local programming, with the station instituting a 24-hour schedule in 1978.

The fledgling network was so weak in its first days, that, according to Crouch in his autobiography, Hello World!, it almost went bankrupt after just two days on the air. TBN, then known as the Trinity Broadcasting Systems, spread from UHF stations to cable outlets and then to satellite distribution. Over the years, TBN has been purchasing independent television stations to gain cable carriage, due to FCC must-carry rules. As a result, TBN is available to 95% of American households, as of early 2005.[5]

Growth

Main article: List of Trinity Broadcasting Network affiliates
Trinity Christian City International – CA.
Trinity Christian City International.

TBN owns 35 full-power television stations serving larger metropolitan areas, and, at its peak, 252 low power television stations in the United States, which are mixed among stations serving medium-sized cities and rural translator stations in order to maximize the network's reach as much as is permissible. TBN also has several hundred affiliate stations throughout the United States, although just 61 of these stations are regular UHF or VHF stations. The rest are low-powered stations, requiring a viewer to be within several miles of the transmitter. According to TVNewsCheck, TBN currently is the third largest over-the-air television station group in the country, besting the station groups of CBS, FOX, and NBC, but behind Ion and Univision.[6]

Worldwide, TBN's channels are broadcast on 70 satellites and over 18,000 TV and cable affiliates. TBN is also seen on the internet globally, where viewers can watch TBN programming live,[7] as well as select archived shows on demand, through the website and select IPTV services.[8][9] TBN also offers an app,[10] which gives users access to TBN and its channels, plus the Arabic language Healing Channel, and Nejat TV in Persian.[7][10][11]

During 2010, citing economic problems and a lack of donations, TBN closed down and sold many of its low-powered television repeaters. 17 of these were sold to the competing Daystar Television Network,[12] while 151 of these will be donated to the Minority Media and Television Council (MMTC),[13] an organisation designed to preserve equal opportunity and civil rights in the media;[14] MMTC would later sell 78 of these translators to Luken Communications, parent company of the Retro Television Network,[15] while four more translators were sold by MMTC to New Moon Communications, which intends to convert them to NBC affiliates.[16] 44 of the licenses that were donated by TBN to the MMTC would later be cancelled on December 1, 2011 for remaining silent over a year.[17]

TBN HD

On December 15, 2009, TBN became the first Christian television network to broadcast completely in high definition.[18] However, only the national feed on cable and satellite is transmitted in HD, as its owned-and-operated terrestrial stations are currently not equipped for HD broadcast due in part to technical limitations caused by the number of subchannels TBN requires its stations to carry that prevent the main TBN subchannel on its owned-and-operated stations to be carried in high definition or widescreen standard definition.

Programs produced in the widescreen format that are available in high definition on the cable/satellite HD feed are downconverted to 480i SD and broadcast in a letterboxed 4:3 picture format on all five of TBN's U.S. channels carried on the network's over-the-air digital stations.

Charitable and humanitarian initiatives

Smile of a Child Foundation

Smile of a Child Foundation is a compassion-focused ministry, founded in 2005 by TBN co-founder Jan Crouch initially as a vehicle to reach the children of Haiti, providing food, medical care, toys and disaster relief to people in need. Crouch has over twenty years of personal involvement with the island country, having established a children’s hospital, an orphanage, and a school in Haiti. TBN spent millions on these humanitarian projects.[19]

Following the earthquake in Haiti on January 12, 2010, TBN made immediate contributions of $100,000 through Lake Charles, Louisiana-based Friend Ships, which speeds emergency relief aid and medical expertise all over the world in its fleet of dedicated cargo/ministry ships.[20] Friend Ships has been partnering with TBN and Smile since 1992, Paul Crouch personally donated a Bell 206 Jet Ranger helicopter to the humanitarian organization.

In May, 2009, the United Nations officially recommended Smile of a Child to receive special consultative status with the Economic and Social Council for the Democracy Coalition Project.[21]

Hurricane Katrina Relief

TBN partnered with Friend Ships to assist thousands of individuals and families affected by the flooding in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The group's 180- foot cutter, named the "Hope", sailed out of Lake Charles on September 5 for Gretna, Louisiana, near New Orleans. "Hope" delivered food, water and other needed supplies. The Crouches authorized an initial gift of $100,000 specifically for Friend Ships' effort, and also sending 10,000 Bibles for distribution to affected areas. Jan Crouch is arranging to have over 85,000 dolls and other toys shipped for children whose families have lost everything.[22]

TBN Second Chance

TBN Second Chance is a free, 24-hour, faith-based rehabilitative TV programming helping to rebuild lives of imprisoned inmates and reduce recidivism. Four TBN networks are offered to prisons across the US via satellite, including free satellite reception equipment and installation to qualified prisons and re-entry centers.[23]

Programs and other media

TBN produces a variety of original Christian programs, such as gospel music concerts, live coverage of major Christian events, talk shows, health/fitness/nutrition programs with Christian family doctors, children's shows, contemporary Christian music videos, marriage enrichment series, holiday specials, Christian dramas, and full length, family-friendly movies. In February 2008, TBN was awarded the Parents Television Council Entertainment Seal of Approval for its entire network.[24]

Programming seen on TBN

[25]

Other personalities featured or have been featured on TBN include: A.R. Bernard, Carl Baugh,[26] Kirk Cameron,[27] MC Hammer, Marilyn Hickey,[28] Benny Hinn,[29] D. James Kennedy,[30] Carol Lawrence, Gavin MacLeod, Jay Sekulow, Fulton J. Sheen, Nasir Siddiki, Charles Stanley,[31] Paula White,[32] and Jack Van Impe.[33]

TBN's films

Films produced by or for TBN included "The Revolutionary" and "The Revolutionary II," based on the life of Jesus; "The Emissary," a film on the life of the apostle Paul; "The Omega Code"; "Carman: The Champion"; "Megiddo: The Omega Code 2"; "Time Changer"; and "Six: The Mark Unleashed" starring Stephen Baldwin and David A.R. White.[7] Some of these films were produced by Gener8Xion Entertainment, TBN's Christian motion picture studio, based in Hollywood, California. The founders of Gener8Xion Entertainment are Matthew Crouch and his wife, Laurie.

On occasion, TBN would show films from other producers on its main network. One notable film was Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ, which had its television premiere on TBN April 17, 2011 (Palm Sunday). TBN presented the film with much of the graphic violence left in; as a result, TBN rated the film "TV-MA-V" -- a rarity for many Christian networks.[34][35]

Attractions

Aside from its television ministry, TBN also has several attractions used as an outreach service.

Three of these—Trinity Music City, Trinity Christian City International and the International Production Center—include special virtual reality theaters, with two more planned for Hawaii and Jerusalem. The 50-seat theaters present visitors with high definition digital video technology and a 48-channel digital audio system. The theater’s showcase four original productions from TBN Films: "The Revolutionary", parts I and II, portraying the life and miracles of Jesus Christ, "The Emissary", depicting miraculous events from the book of Acts and the life of Paul, and "The Omega Code".[36]

Trinity Music City

Trinity Music City, USA TN
Trinity Music City.

TBN’s newest tourist attraction is Trinity Music City,[37] an entertainment complex in Hendersonville, Tennessee. Formerly known as "Twitty City", the former estate of country music legend Conway Twitty, the complex includes the 2000-seat Trinity Music City Church Auditorium where audiences attend TBN-produced concerts, dramas, seminars and special events. A 50-seat virtual reality theater showcases four original productions from TBN Films.[38]

Trinity Christian City International

TBN World Headquarters in Costa Mesa, California offers a variety of activities and tours. Virtual Reality Theater debuted "The Revolutionary", an original motion picture, filmed entirely on location in Israel. This high definition virtual reality theater features a 48 channel sound system. Visitors can also walk along a recreation of the Via Dolorosa, the street in the old walled city of Jerusalem where Jesus carried His cross to Calvary. Visitors can tour the Demos Shakarian Memorial Building, which houses the TBN studios that are seen regularly on international television broadcasts.[39]

Lake Trinity Estates

Lake Trinity Estates (formerly known as Trinity Towers) is an RV park in Hollywood, Florida, adjacent to WHFT-TV's studios. The facility is an 11-acre (45,000 m2) RV park. Full hook-ups are available with 30 AMP sites and propane sales. Swimming, fishing, Shuffleboard, Patanque, Basketball, and nearby golfing are available for guests.[40]

International Production Center

International Production Center - Irving, Texas
International Production Center

Dallas, Texas TBN affiliate KDTX-TV offers tours through a recreation of the Via Dolorosa, the street in the old walled city of Jerusalem where Jesus carried His cross to Calvary, and The Virtual Reality Theater, featuring a 48 channel sound system. Visitors can walk through The Angel Gardens, or shop at the Family Christian Store. Audiences can also watch live, television broadcasts, including "Praise the Lord!", TBN’s signature television show.[41]

Holy Land Experience

Holy Land Experience - Orlando, Florida
Holy Land Experience

In June 2007, TBN purchased the bible-themed adventure park Holy Land Experience in Orlando, Florida for $37 million.[42][43]

Controversy

Theology

Trinity Broadcasting Network has come under heavy criticism for its promotion of the prosperity gospel, teaching viewers that they will receive a reward if they donate or give offerings.[44] In a 2004 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Paul Crouch, Jr. expressed his disappointment that "the prosperity gospel is a lightning rod for the Body of Christ. It's not what drives TBN."[45]

Non-denominational programmers on TBN's schedule include: Joel Osteen, Nasir Siddiki, Steve Munsey, Benny Hinn, Rod Parsley, Creflo Dollar, Joyce Meyer, Eddie L. Long, Jesse Duplantis, Paula White, and Kenneth Copeland. Traditional Protestant pastors that air on TBN include: Dr. Charles Stanley, Franklin Graham, Billy Graham, Michael Youseff, David Jeremiah, and Robert Jeffress (pastor). Senator Chuck Grassley, the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance has conducted investigations into whether Hinn, White, Copeland, Dollar, Meyer, or Long mishandled their finances; none were found to have committed wrongdoing.[46][47]

Wealth and transparency

TBN is a 501-3 C non-profit company. Full disclosure of TBN’s financial statements have been evaluated by Charity Navigator, the nation’s largest evaluator of charities and non-profit companies. TBN has received a 3/4 star rating for 4 consecutive years, and in 2009 earned a 2/4 star rating due to a 2% increase in administrative costs in 2009; the report also revealed that for the fiscal year ending December 2009, TBN president Paul F. Crouch Sr. earned $419,500, Vice-President Janice Crouch earned $361,000, and Vice-President Paul F. Crouch Jr. earned $214,137.[48]

Another charity watchdog group, Ministry Watch, has given TBN an "F" in 2011, for its failure to provide financial statements, lack of timeliness in responding to correspondence, and its lack of clarity in the provided information.[49] Ministry Watch has also placed TBN on its "30 Donor Alerts of 2011". [50] TBN has been on the annual "30 Donor Alerts" list since 2009.[49]

TBN is not a member of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability or any official financial oversight group; Paul Crouch and his family—as members of TBN's executive board—control the network's finances.

In February 2012, Brittany B. Koper, TBN's former Director of Finance, filed a lawsuit against her former attorneys, Davert & Loe. The 3 counts of the complaint were: Breach of Fiduciary Duties; Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress; and Professional Negligence. Koper filed the suit following the termination of her employment with TBN. Davert & Loe, who also represented TBN, denied her claims. Koper’s suit against Davert & Loe is pending. No official judicial ruling has been made in this matter. [51][52]

In March 2012, Joseph McVeigh, filed a lawsuit against TBN in Orange County Superior Court. The 2 claims on the suit are listed as: Malicious Prosecution, and Declaratory Relief. The suit has subsequently been withdrawn by McVeigh's attorney. [53][54]

In a May 2012 interview with The New York Times, Koper claimed that, "My job as finance director was to find ways to label extravagant personal spending as ministry expenses", allowing TBN to operate beyond the reach of the IRS. Koper alleged that the network had herself and low-level employees—including chauffeurs and sound engineers—ordained as ministers in order to avoid paying Social Security taxes on their salaries. She further claimed that her father, Paul Crouch, Jr. resigned his position at TBN after Koper left TBN. As of November 10, 2011, Paul Crouch, Jr. has joined The Word Network as Director of Project Development.[55]

Wrongful termination lawsuit

In September 2004, the Los Angeles Times reported that Paul Crouch had paid Enoch Lonnie Ford, a former TBN employee, a $425,000 formal settlement to end a wrongful termination lawsuit in 1998.[56] Ford alleged that he and Crouch had a homosexual tryst during his employment.[57] TBN officials acknowledged the settlement but contested Ford's credibility, noting that he had been previously convicted for child molestation and drug abuse. In 1996, Ford was fired by TBN after he was arrested for drug-related violations and returned to prison for a year. Ford allegedly threatened to sue TBN for wrongful termination and sexual harassment after the network refused to hire him following his release, resulting in his claims against Paul Crouch. TBN officials stated that the settlement was made in order to avoid a lengthy and expensive lawsuit.[58]

In late 2003, Ford attempted to extort Paul Crouch, threatening to release an autobiographical manuscript of their alleged affair if TBN didn't purchase the document for $10 million. In October 2004, Judge Robert J. O'Neill awarded Paul Crouch $136,000 in legal fees to be paid by Ford for his violation of the terms of the settlement agreement, specifically the prohibition of discussing the settlement's details. On March 15, 2005, Ford appeared on the Pax TV show Lie Detector to be given an eponymous test.[59]

Ford was mentioned in a 2012 affadavit by Joseph McVeigh as part of his lawsuit against TBN on behalf of his niece and Crouch's granddaughter, Brittany B. Koper. Amongst a list of purported "multiple cover-ups of sexual and criminal scandals", the affadavit mentions "the cover-up of director Paul Crouch's use of Trinity Broadcasting funds to pay for a legal settlement with Enoch Lonnie Ford", indicating that Crouch and/or TBN misappropriated viewer donations in order to pay the original 1998 legal settlement.[60]

Censorship

From 1994 to 2005, Bible prophecy scholar Hal Lindsey hosted a program on TBN titled International Intelligence Briefing, in which Lindsey occasionally aired commentary segments criticizing Muslims and Islam. In December 2005, TBN pre-empted International Intelligence Briefing for the entire month. Lindsey accused the network of censorship, saying, "some at the network apparently feel that my message is too pro-Israel and too anti-Muslim."[61] Paul Crouch issued a press release insisting that Lindsey's show was only pre-empted for Christmas programming,[62] but eventually admitted that TBN management was concerned that Lindsey "placed Arabs in a negative light." Lindsey resigned from TBN on January 1, 2006, effectively cancelling International Intelligence Briefing. However, one year later, Crouch and Lindsey reconciled and a new program, The Hal Lindsey Report, premiered on the network.[63]

In June 2011, TBN refused to rebroadcast an episode of Jack Van Impe's weekly television program, in which the evangelist criticized pastors Rick Warren and Robert Schuller for participating in interfaith conferences alongside Muslim leaders and accused them of promoting "Chrislam". Both Warren and Schuller denied the accusations.[64] Paul Crouch defended TBN's decision, stating that it is against network policy for personalities to attack each other on the air.[65] As a result, Jack Van Impe Ministries announced that it would no longer air Van Impe's show on TBN.[66]

Travel the Road in Afghanistan

TBN produces and airs a Christian reality show called Travel the Road, which features missionaries Tim Scott and Will Decker in remote and often war-torn locations overseas in search of converts. In December 2008, the program attracted criticism from the Military Religious Freedom Foundation (MRFF), a watchdog group that looks for acts of religious discrimination in the United States military. The MRFF claimed that Scott and Decker were embedded with American troops stationed in Afghanistan, despite the fact that, according to MRFF president Mikey Weinstein, the military exercises a "complete prohibition of the proselytizing of any religion, faith, or practice...You see [Scott and Decker] wearing American helmets. It is obvious they were completely embedded." When ABC News contacted the U.S. Army in Afghanistan about Scott and Decker's alleged embed, which had taken place four years previously, they said that they no longer have the documentation of the missionaries' status with the troops.[67]

Scott defended the trip to Afghanistan, telling ABC, "It wasn't like we were hiding in the back saying we're going to preach. [The military] knew what we were doing. We told them that we were born again Christians, we're here doing ministry, we shoot for this TV station and we want to embed and see what it was like. We were interviewing the chaplains and we talked to them. We spoke at the services and things like that. So we did do our mission being over there as far as being able to document what the soldiers go through, what it's like in Afghanistan. So I could say that we were on a secular mission as well as far as documenting. I would say we were news reporters as well, we were delivering news of what was actually happening there, but we were also there to document the Christian side." Scott argued that since the pair were acting as Christian journalists, they had the same right to cover the war in Afghanistan as secular networks.[67]

See also

References

  1. ^ Is Content Kaput?, The BRIDGE, March 2009
  2. ^ Heavenly success: TV's largest religious network continues to expand around the world, while adding shows aimed at reaching a much wider audience. (30th Anniversary). - Multichannel News | HighBeam Research - FREE trial. Highbeam.com (2003-05-26). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  3. ^ NOV. 6 - 12, 2010 Program
  4. ^ TBN Films. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  5. ^ "TV's Religious Revival". Broadcasting&Cable. 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  6. ^ Top Station Groups Stay The Course, TVNewsCheck, April 7, 2010.
  7. ^ a b c Watch Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11. Cite error: The named reference "TBN.org" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ IPTV Service Provider Auroras Entertainment Signs Content Deals with Eight New Programming Partners. PR.com (2006-10-19). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  9. ^ Trinity's channels to bless Japan via IPTV | OnScreenAsia.com: The One Stop for TV / Entertainment News. OnScreenAsia.com (2007-10-29). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  10. ^ a b Mobile Viewing - Watch Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  11. ^ http://www.tbn.org/announcements/all-tbn-channels-now-available-on-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch-blackberry-android-and-windows-mobile
  12. ^ Northpine.com, via Rapture Forums: "TBN losing LPTV stations in Minnesota and North dakota and Wisconsin", March 30, 2010.
  13. ^ FCC document: "COMMENTS OF LPTV ENTREPRENEURS", December 17, 2010.
  14. ^ Per MMTC website.
  15. ^ TV News Check: "RTN Parent Buys 78 TV Translators", June 16, 2011.
  16. ^ Malone, Michael (June 28, 2011). "New Moon Brings NBC to Four Tiny Markets". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved June 28, 2011.
  17. ^ "Re: Applications for Assignment of License…" (PDF). CDBS Public Access. Federal Communications Commission. November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  18. ^ TBN Launches High Definition Channel on AT&T’s U-Verse TV Service. Webwire.com (2010-01-15). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  19. ^ "Filmmaker’s bond to Haiti". CNN. {{cite news}}: C1 control character in |title= at position 11 (help)
  20. ^ Haiti Mission 2006 - Friend Ships reaches out with tender loving care to the people of Haiti. Friendships.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  21. ^ COMMITTEE ON NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS REJECTS SPECIAL STATUS FOR GROUP, CLOSES FILE ON ANOTHER, APPROVES 10 APPLICATIONS WHILE DEFERRING 15 OTHERS. Un.org (2009-05-26). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  22. ^ Trinity Broadcasting Network. TBN. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  23. ^ TBN Second Chance. TBN Second Chance. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  24. ^ TBN Awarded Seal of Approval by Parents Television Council. Parentstv.org (2008-02-28). Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  25. ^ Broadcast Schedule - Watch Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  26. ^ Creation in the 21st Century page TBN.org
  27. ^ The Way of the Master page TBN.org
  28. ^ Today with Marilyn and Sarah page, TBN.org
  29. ^ This Is Your Day page, TBN.org
  30. ^ The Coral Ridge Hour page, TBN.org
  31. ^ In Touch Ministries, TBN.org
  32. ^ Paula White Today page, TBN.org
  33. ^ Jack Van Impe Presents page, TBN.org
  34. ^ TBN: "The Passion of the Christ"
  35. ^ Sky Angel: "“The Passion” Movie Premier Alert!", April 11, 2011.
  36. ^ Visit TBN - About Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  37. ^ Trinity Music City, USA, Website, retrieved 2009-04-05
  38. ^ Tennessee - About Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  39. ^ Southern California - About Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  40. ^ Florida - About Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  41. ^ Texas - About Us. Tbn.org. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  42. ^ "Scores lose jobs as Holy Land undergoes extreme makeover". Orlando Sentinel. October 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  43. ^ Home. The Holy Land Experience. Retrieved on 2010-11-11.
  44. ^ "Give, and it will be given to you. A large quantity, pressed together, shaken down, and running over will be put into your lap, because you will be evaluated by the same standard with which you evaluate others."http://bible.cc/luke/6-38.htm
  45. ^ TBN's Promise: Send Money and See Riches, Los Angeles Times, 20 September 2004
  46. ^ "Televangelists Living Like Kings?". CBS News. November 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  47. ^ "Two Televangelists Making Reform". The Christian Post.
  48. ^ "charitynavigator.org". Charity Navigator.
  49. ^ a b Ministry Watch: Trinity Broadcasting Network
  50. ^ Ministry Watch: "30 Donor Alerts of 2011"
  51. ^ http://www.charismanews.com/us/33409-exclusive-lawsuit-against-tbn-dismissed
  52. ^ Family Battle Offers Look Inside Lavish TV Ministry, The New York Times, 4 May 2012
  53. ^ http://www.charismanews.com/us/33409-exclusive-lawsuit-against-tbn-dismissed
  54. ^ Los Angeles Times: "Suit alleges financial fraud at TBN ministry", March 23, 2012.
  55. ^ http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2011/November/Paul-Crouch-JrJoins-The-Word-Network
  56. ^ Olsen, Ted (September 1, 2004). "Former TBN Employee Alleges Gay Tryst With Paul Crouch". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2006-12-24.
  57. ^ http://www.multichannel.com/article/79701-TBN_s_Crouch_Rebuts_Sexual_Harassment_Story.php
  58. ^ "Bad faith, blackmail and a troubled TV evangelist". The Independent. 14 September 2004. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  59. ^ Lloyd Grove, "Born again: Evangelist sex scandal," New York Daily News, March 31, 2005
  60. ^ TBN Lawsuit Alleges Cover-Up of Sexual and Criminal Scandals – Paul, Jan and Matt Crouch Implicated, RightWingWatch.org, 27 March 2012
  61. ^ [1] [dead link]
  62. ^ TBN - Trinity Broadcasting Network
  63. ^ TBN Welcomes Popular Christian Author Hal Lindsey with New Weekly Program, TBN Networks, 22 January 2007
  64. ^ http://www.christianpost.com/news/pastors-answer-does-rick-warren-endorse-chrislam-52833/
  65. ^ http://www.tbn.org/announcements/files/JVI%20NEW%20RESPONSE%206-24-11b.pdf
  66. ^ Jack Van Impe off TBN after criticizing two pastors, The Detroit News, 21 June 2011
  67. ^ a b Missionaries Face Death, Criticism to Preach, ABCNews.com, 2 February 2009
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