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Demographics of Nepal

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Nepalese and people of Nepali/Nepalese origin
Total population
27 million
Regions with significant populations
   Nepal29,519,114
 India4,100,000
 Burma400,000
 Saudi Arabia350,000
 Malaysia300,000
 USA110,616
 Japan100,000
 Qatar100,000
 UAE50,000
 United Kingdom50,000
 China20,348
 Hong Kong15,950
 Bhutan11,000
 South Korea10,000
 Australia7,000
 Canada3,780
 Pakistan1,000[1]
Languages
Nepali language, English
Religion
Predominantly Hinduism and significantly Buddhism

The population of Nepal is estimated at 26,630,809 people in census of 2011, with a population growth rate of 1.596% and a median age of 21.6 years. Female median age is estimated at 22.5 years, and male median age at 20.7 years. Only 4.4% of the population are estimated to be more than 65 years old, comprising 681,252 females and 597,628 males, whereas 61.1% of the population is between 15 and 64 years old, and 34.6% is estimated at younger than 14 years. Birth rate is estimated at 22.17 births/1,000 population with an infant mortality rate at 44.54 deaths per 1,000 live births. Life expectancy at birth is estimated at 67.44 years for females and 64.94 years for males. Death rate is estimated at 681 deaths per 100,000 people. Net migration rate is estimated at 61 migrants per 100,000 people. According to the 2001 census, only 48.6% of the total population is literate, of which 62.7% are male and 34.9% are female.[2]

The words "Nepali" and "Nepalis" are gaining widespread popularity in English usage as opposed to Nepalese, which is an Anglicized version.Nepal has the largest amount of illegal immigrants in any country in the world mainly from India due to the open border between two countries, Nepal government has issued high time alert of this illegal Indian immigrants. Indian Government sending them from bordering states of Bihar and UP helping economically to get benefits from the ongoing political crisis of Nepal.

Demographic history

Nepali or Nepalese are descendants of migrants from parts of Kashmir, earlier Greater Nepal, Tibet, India, and parts of Burma and Yunnan, along with native tribal populations.

Indo-Aryans and East Asian looking mixed people live in the hill region. The mountainous region is sparsely populated above 3,000 m (9,800 ft), but in central and western Nepal ethnic Tibetans inhabit even higher semi-arid valleys north of the Himalaya. Kathmandu Valley, in the middle hill region, constitutes a small fraction of the nation's area but is the most densely populated, with almost 5 percent of the nation's population. Nepali society is multilingual, multireligious and multiethnic.

Population growth

Nepalese woman with baby
Elderly woman from Ghyaru in northern Nepal

A significantly high universal marriage rate, particularly among reformed Hindus drives Nepal's annual population growth rate in excess of two percent. The result of this is that the marriage rate has caused the population to double about every 30 years. This severely strains the country's underdeveloped economy and finite natural resources. Deforestation is exceedingly widespread. A large amount of marginal land is cleared for agriculture, trees are cut down for firewood and leaves are harvested for fodder. Deforestation causes erosion in the hills, in turn causing alluvial buildup down on the Gangetic Plain that interferes with flood control structures.

Population in the hills greatly exceeds agricultural productivity. Thus, chronic food deficits drive resettlement into the Inner Terai to the detriment of indigenous Tharu people and eastward into Sikkim and Bhutan, where traditional practices of delayed marriage and diversion of significant population into monasteries and nunneries otherwise checked population growth. Seeing the demographic writing on the wall after a population census in 1988, Bhutan expelled some 100,000 ethnic Nepalese who became Bhutanese refugees in camps in southeastern Nepal. Overpopulation also drives export of manpower to India, the Middle East, Europe, Australia and North America in search of employment, the so-called Nepalese Diaspora.

Refugees comprise 107,803 people from Bhutan and 20,153 Tibetan people.[2]

Most refugees live in seven camps established by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Presence and activity of Tibetan refugees in Nepal also raise sporadic diplomatic conflicts with the People's Republic of China.

Vital statistics

UN estimates[3]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950–1955 368 000 218 000 150 000 42.9 25.
1955–1960 406 000 230 000 176 000 43.4 24.6 18.8 6.10 199.3
1960–1965 448 000 241 000 207 000 43.9 23.6 20.3 6.10 186.9
1965–1970 496 000 249 000 246 000 43.8 22.0 21.8 6.08 172.5
1970–1975 546 000 253 000 292 000 43.1 20.0 23.1 6.04 156.0
1975–1980 597 000 254 000 343 000 42.0 17.9 24.1 5.92 139.2
1980–1985 651 000 253 000 398 000 40.7 15.8 24.9 5.72 122.9
1985–1990 707 000 249 000 458 000 39.3 13.8 25.5 5.39 106.8
1990–1995 767 000 244 000 523 000 37.7 12.0 25.7 4.96 91.5
1995–2000 805 000 224 000 581 000 35.0 9.7 25.3 4.41 72.3
2000–2005 797 000 201 000 596 000 30.9 7.8 23.1 3.74 54.9
2005–2010 732 000 177 000 555 000 25.6 6.2 19.4 2.95 38.7
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Ethnic groups

Selected ethnic groups of Nepal;
Bhotia, Sherpa, Thakali, Gurung, Kiranti, Rai, Limbu, Newari, Pahari, Tamang
Elderly Limbu, Chong woman

Nepal's 2001 census enumerated 102 castes and ethnic groups.[4]

Recent studies derives 90% people being Nepali Origin and 10% Indian origin. Nepali origin are divide into two groups Khas and Mongoloids. Khas origin has further subgroups and they account for 50% of Nepal's total population, while Mongoloids group account for 40% of populations. Famous Khas origins are Chhetri, Thakuri, Bharamin etc. and famous Mongoloids origin are Gurung, Magar,Newar, Tamang, Sherpa, Rai, Limbu etc.

The following table is based on endogamous ethnicity, not language. Madheshi groups in the following table would need to be re-arranged or grouped together if a linguistic ethnic categorization is preferred instead and could reveal significantly different picture. References are according to the 2001 census.

Caste/ethnic group Population % of total
Khas - Chhetri (Kshatriya) 3,593,496 15.5[2]
Khas - Brahman 2,896,477 12.5[2]
Magar 1,622,421 7.0[2]
Madheshi Tharu 1,533,879 6.6[2]
Tamang 1,282,304 5.5[2]
Newar 1,245,232 5.4[2]
Madheshi Muslim 971,056 4.2[2]
Khas & - Kami 895,954 3.9[2]
Madhesi Yadav      895,423 3.9[2]
Rai      635,151     2.79
Gurung 686,000 2.39
Khas - Damai/Dholi      390,305     1.72
Limbu      359,379     1.58
Khas - Thakuri      334,120     1.47
Khas - Sarki      318,989     1.40
Madheshi Teli      304,536     1.34
Madheshi Chamar, Harijan, Ram      269,661     1.19
Madheshi Koiri      251,274     1.11
Madheshi Kurmi      212,842     0.94
Khas - Sanyasi      199,127     0.88
Madheshi Dhanuk      188,150     0.83
Madheshi Musahar      172,434     0.76
Madheshi Dusad/Paswan/Pasi      158,525     0.70
Sherpa      154,622     0.68
Madheshi Sunar      145,088     0.64
Madheshi Kewat      136,953     0.60
Madheshi Brahmin      134,496     0.59
Madheshi Baniya      126,971     0.56
Gharti/Bhujel[5][6]      117,568     0.52
Madheshi Mallah      115,986     0.51
Khas - Kalwar      115,606     0.51
Madheshi Kumal        99,389     0.44
Madheshi Hajam/Thakur        98,169     0.43
Madheshi Kanu        95,826     0.42
Madheshi Rajbansi        95,812     0.42
Sunuwar        95,254     0.42
Madheshi Sudhi        89,846     0.40
Madheshi Lohar        82,637     0.36
Tatma        76,512     0.34
Khatwe[7][8]        74,972     0.33
Madheshi Dhobi        73,413     0.32
Madheshi Majhi[9][10]        72,614     0.32
Madheshi Nuniya[11]        66,873     0.29
Madheshi Kumhar        54,413     0.24
Danuwar        53,229     0.23
Chepang        52,237     0.23
Madheshi Haluwai        50,583     0.22
Madheshi Rajput        48,454     0.21
Madheshi Kayastha        46,071     0.20
Madheshi Badhai        45,975     0.20
Marwadi        43,971     0.19
Madheshi Santhal/Satar        42,698     0.19
Madheshi Dhagar/Jhagar[12]        41,764     0.18
Bantar[13]        35,839     0.16
Khas & Madhesi - Barai        35,434     0.16
Madheshi Kahar        34,531     0.15
Gangai[14]        31,318     0.14
Madheshi Lodha        24,738     0.11
Madheshi Rajbhar        24,263     0.11
Thami        22,999     0.10
Dhimal        19,537     0.09
Bhote        19,261     0.08
Binga/Binda        18,720     0.08
Madheshi Bhediyar/Gaderi        17,729     0.08
Nurang        17,522     0.08
Yakkha        17,003     0.07
Darai[15][16]        14,859     0.07
Madheshi Tajpuriya[17]        13,250     0.06
Thakali        12,973     0.06
Madheshi Chidimar        12,296     0.05
Non-Khas Pahari peoples        11,505     0.05
Khas - Mali        11,390     0.05
Madheshi Bangali          9,860     0.04
Chhantyal          9,814     0.04
Madheshi Dom          8,931     0.04
Kamar          8,761     0.04
Bote[18][19]          7,969     0.04
Brahmu/Baramu[20][21]          7,383     0.03
Khas & Madhesi - Gaine/Gandarbha          5,887     0.03
Jirel          5,316     0.02
Adivasi/Janajati          5,259     0.02
Dura          5,169     0.02
Churaute[22][23]          4,893     0.02
Badi          4,442     0.02
Meche[24][25]          3,763     0.02
Lepcha          3,660     0.02
Madheshi Halkhor          3,621     0.02
Punjabi/Sikh          3,054     0.01
Kisan          2,876     0.01
Raji          2,399     0.01
Byangsi[26][27]          2,103     0.01
Hayu          1,821     0.01
Madheshi Koche          1,429     0.01
Madheshi Dhunia          1,231     0.01
Walung          1,148     0.01
Jain          1,015     0.00
Munda             660     0.00
Raute             658     0.00
Hyolmo[28][29]             579     0.00
Madheshi Pattharkatta/Kuswariya[30][31]             552     0.00
Kusunda             164     0.00
Unspecified Khas Dalit      173,401     0.76
Caste/Ethnicity not stated      231,641     1.02
Total 22,736,934 100.00

Demographic statistics

Nepal Demographic and Health Survey

The following demographic statistics are from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS).[32]

Median birth intervals (Median number of months since preceding birth)

Total: 36.2
Rural: 35.9
Urban: 40.3 (2011)

Median age at first birth

Median age: 20.1 (2011)

Fertility rate - past trend and present

Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1996)
Total fertility rate: 4.1 children born/woman (2001)
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (2006)
Total fertiltiy rate: 2.6 children born/woman
Rural fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman
Urban fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2011)

Ideal family size - Mean ideal number of children

Overall (female/male): 2.1 / 2.3
Currently married (female/male): 2.2 / 2.3
Urban (female/male): 1.9 / 2.0
Rural (female/male): 2.2 / 2.3 (2011)

Ideal family size by gender and age group

Below is a table of the ideal family size by gender and age for 2011.
Age Women Men
15-19 1.9 2.2
20-24 1.9 2.1
25-29 2.1 2.1
30-34 2.2 2.3
35-39 2.3 2.4
40-44 2.5 2.4
45-49 2.6 2.6

CIA World Factbook

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Nationality

noun: Nepali (singular and plural)
adjective: Nepali

Religions

Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 48.6%
male: 62.7%
female: 34.9% (2001 census)

Population

29,890,686 (July 2012 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 34.6% (male 5,177,264/female 4,983,864)
15-64 years: 61.1% (male 8,607,338/female 9,344,537)
65 years and over: 4.4% (male 597,628/female 681,252) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 21.6 years
male: 20.7 years
female: 22.5 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate

1.768% (2012 est.)

Birth rate

21.85 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Death rate

6.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

Net migration rate

2.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.41 children born/woman (2012 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 19% of total population (2010)
rate of urbanization: 4.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2012 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 66.51 years
male: 65.26 years
female: 67.82 years (2012 est.)

Languages

Main article: Languages of Nepal

Nepal's diverse linguistic heritage evolved from four major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolian, and various indigenous language isolates. According to the 2001 national census, 92 different living languages are spoken in Nepal (a 93rd category was "unidentified"). The major languages of Nepal (percent spoken as mother tongue) are Nepali (80%)(2011 est.), Tharu (3%), Tamang (2%), Gurung (1.5%), Maithili (2%), Bhojpuri (2%) Newari/Nepal Bhasa (1%), Magar (1%), Awadhi (1%), Rai (1%), Limbu (1%) and Bajjika (1%). The remaining 81 languages are each spoken as mother tongue by less than one percent of the population.

Derived from Khas bhasa, Nepali is considered to be a member of Indo-European language and is written in Devanagari script. Nepali was the language of the country's unifiers in the late 18th century and became the official, national language that serves as the lingua franca among Nepalese of different ethnolinguistic groups. Hindi—along with regional dialects Awadhi, Bhojpuri and Maithili—is spoken in the southern Terai Region. Other than those, most of the Nepali can also understand and speak Neighbouring country's language . Many Nepali in government and business uses English as well.

Other languages, particularly in the Inner Terai, hill and mountain regions are remnants of the country's pre-unification history of dozens of political entities isolated by mountains and gorges. These languages typically are limited to an area spanning about one day's walk. Beyond that distance dialects and languages lose mutual intelligibility.

Religion

Further information: Religion in Nepal

Hinduism 80.2%, Buddhism 10.7%, Islam 4.2%, Yuma Samyo or Yumaism 3.6% other 1.2% (2006). Religion is important in Nepal; the Kathmandu Valley alone has more than 2,700 religious shrines. The constitution of Nepal describes the country as a "Hindu kingdom", although it does not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Nepal's constitution continues long-standing legal provisions prohibiting discrimination against other religions (but also proselytization). The king was deified as the earthly manifestation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Then on May 19, 2006, the government facing a constitutional crisis, the House of Representatives which had been just reformed, having been previously dissolved, declared Nepal a "secular state".

The 2001 census identified 80.6% of the population as Hindu and 10.7% as Buddhist (although many people labeled Hindu or Buddhist often practice a syncretic blend of Hinduism, Buddhism, or animist traditions). 4.2% of the population is Muslim and 3.6% of the population follows the indigenous Kirant Mundhum religion. Christianity is practiced by less than 0.5% of the population. [1]

Buddhist and Hindu shrines and festivals are respected and celebrated by most Nepalese. Certain animist practices of old indigenous religions survive.

Ethnic and regional equity

Pahari Hill Hindus of the Khas tribe (Bahun and Chhetri castes) and the Newar ethnicity dominated the civil service, the judiciary and upper ranks of the army throughout the Shah regime (1768–2008). Nepali was the national language and Sanskrit became a required school subject. Children who spoke Nepali natively and who were exposed to Sanskrit had much better chances of passing the national examinations at the end of high school, which meant they had better employment prospects and could continue into higher education. Children who natively spoke local languages of the Terai and Hills, or Tibetan dialects prevailing in the high mountains were at a considerable disadvantage. This history of exclusion coupled with poor prospects for improvement created grievances that encouraged many in ethnic communities such as Madhesi and Tharu in the Terai and Kham Magar in the mid-western hills to support the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and various other armed Maoist opposition groups such as the JTMM during and after the Nepalese Civil War. The negotiated end to this war forced King Gyanendra to abdicate in 2008. Issues of ethnic and regional equity have tended to dominate the agenda of the new republican government and continue to be divisive.[33][34][35][36][37]

Nepali in the U.K.

Main article: Nepali British

According to latest figure from Office for National Statistics estimates that 35,000 Nepali-born people are currently resident in the UK .[38]

Nepali in Hong Kong

Main article: South Asians in Hong Kong

Nepali people in Hong Kong are mainly the children of ex-Gurkhas born in Hong Kong during their parents' service with the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas, which was based in Hong Kong from the 1970s until the handover. Large groups can be found in Shek Kong, Yuen Long District, of the main bases of the British army. Many ex-Gurkhas remained in Hong Kong after the end of their service under the sponsorship of their Hong Kong-born children, who held right of abode.

Nepalis of middle age or older generations in Hong Kong are predominantly found in security, while those of younger generations are predominantly found in the business industry.

Nepali overseas

Country Articles Overseas Nepali Population
India Nepali Indian 4,100,000
Burma Burmese Gurkha 400,000
Saudi Arabia Nepalis in Saudi Arabia 350,000
Malaysia Nepalese people in Malaysia 300,000
United States Nepalese American 110,616
Bhutan Lhotshampa 110,000
Qatar Nepalis in Qatar 100,000
Japan Nepalis in Japan 100,000
United Arab Emirates Nepalis in the United Arab Emirates 50,000
United Kingdom Nepalis in the United Kingdom 35,000[38]
Iraq 30,000[39]
China Nepalis in China 21,000
Continental Europe 20,000
Hong Kong Nepalis in Hong Kong 16,000
Australia Nepalese Australian 10,000
South Korea Nepalis in South Korea 100,000
Canada Nepalese Canadian 6,000
Total Overseas Nepal Population ~5,643,000

References

  1. ^ International Nepal Fellowship - Nepali diaspora
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k CIA (2011) The World Factbook : Nepal.
  3. ^ World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
  4. ^ Government of Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Year Book of Nepal, 2009 (PDF). Kathmandu.
  5. ^ "Nationalities of Nepal, #36: Bhujels/Ghartis". Friedrich-Ebert-Stifting (FES). Retrieved 2011-04-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ Lewis, M. Paul (2009). "Bhujel, a language of Nepal". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Dallas: SIL International. Retrieved 2011-04-06. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Anon. (April, 2006), Social Inclusion: What really achieved? (PDF), Kishore, Nepal: Centre for Professional Journalism Studies, Nepal {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Jha, Shrawan Kumar (1997), "The Khatbe of North Bihar, an Anthropological Perspective", Scheduled Castes Today (Makhan Jha, ed.), New Delhi: M D Publications, pp. 161 ff.
  9. ^ "#40: Majhis". FES, op. cit.
  10. ^ Lewis, op. cit. "Majhi, a language of Nepal". {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Call to uplift ethnic Nunia community". The Rising Nepal. Kathmandu: Gorkhapatra. June 13. Retrieved April 8, 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ "#12: Jhangads". FES, op. cit.
  13. ^ "Bantar Community in Nepal". BlogSpot: Mahesh Paudyal Prarambha. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  14. ^ "#5: Gangais". FES, op. cit.
  15. ^ Lewis, op. cit. "Darai, a language of Nepal". {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "#24: Darais". FES, op. cit.
  17. ^ "#16: Tajpurias". FES, op. cit.
  18. ^ "#34: Botes". FES, op. cit.
  19. ^ Lewis, op. cit. "Bote-Majhi, a language of Nepal". {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "#32: Baramos". FES, op. cit.
  21. ^ Lewis, op. cit. "Baraamu, a language of Nepal". {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Sharma, Sudhindra. "How the crescent fares in Nepal". Himal, May 1995. Retrieved April 7, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |journal= (help)
  23. ^ Siddique, Muhammad (2001). "Muslim Population in the Kingdom of Nepal: Some Outstanding Features" (PDF). Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 21 (2). Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  24. ^ "#43: Meches". FES, op. cit.
  25. ^ Lewis, op. cit. "Bodo, a language of India". {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "#35: Byasis". FES, op. cit.
  27. ^ Lewis, op. cit. "Byangsi, a language of India". {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "#61: Hyolmos". FES, op. cit.
  29. ^ Lewis, op. cit. "Helabu Sherpa, a language of Nepal". {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ "#3: Kushbadias". FES, op. cit.
  31. ^ National Coalition Against Racism. "Janajati: Kushbadia". Retrieved April 8, 2011.
  32. ^ "Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-07.
  33. ^ "OCHA Nepal – Situation Overview" (PDF). Issue 12. OCHA. 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-07. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "OCHA Nepal – Situation Overview" (PDF). Issue 16. OCHA. 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-07. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  35. ^ "OCHA Nepal – Situation Overview" (PDF). Issue 30. OCHA. 2008. Retrieved 2011-05-07. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Sharma, Hari (2010-11-18). "Body of murder victim found in Gulmi". Gulmi: The Himalayan Times online. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
  37. ^ Hatlebakk, Magnus (2007). "Economic and social structures that may explain the recent conflicts in the Terai of Nepal" (PDF). Kathmandu: Norwegian Embassy. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
  38. ^ a b "Population by Country of birth and nationality Jan10-Dec10". Office for National Statistics. September 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  39. ^ Nepal government lifts Iraq working ban

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2003 edition.)

External links

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