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Canada–China relations

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See also: List of ambassadors of Canada to China
Canada–China relations
Map indicating locations of Canada and People's Republic of China

Canada
China
Diplomatic mission
Canadian Embassy, BeijingChinese Embassy, Ottawa, Ontario
Envoy
Dominic BartonAmbassador Cong Peiwu
Embassy of Canada in China
Embassy of China in Canada

Canada–China relations, or Sino-Canadian relations, officially dates back to 1942, when Canada sent an ambassador to China. Before then, Canada had been represented by the British ambassador. The Communist victory (1949) in the Chinese Civil War caused a break in relations that lasted until 1970, when Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau became one of the first Western leaders to recognize the People's Republic of China. Canada is home to a large Chinese diaspora, which affects diplomatic and other dimensions. Since 1997, Hong Kong has been an official part of China, and relations have been aggravated of late by the tensions between the Communist Party of China and the protestors on that island.[1]

China was Canada's largest trading partner in Asia for some years, including 2017; it was Canada's top export market and it was Canada's top import supplier in Asia.[2] On the other hand, Canada had a significant trade imbalance, importing CA$44.235 billion more from China than the value of its exports to that country in 2016, for example.[3]

According to the Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey of Pew Research Center, 27% of Canadians had a favourable view on China, while 67% had a negative view.[4] A major BBC World Service poll from 2017 found that only 37% of Canadians viewed China's world influence positively, with 51% expressing a negative view.[5] A survey conducted in December 2019 by Angus Reid found that 70% of Canadians say human rights and rule of law should be more important than trade opportunities with China, only 22% of respondents said that Canada should develop closer trade ties with China, down from 40% in 2015. The survey also corroborated the Pew poll, saying that 66% of Canadians held a negative view of China. [6] An October 2017 survey by UBC indicated that close to 70% of Canadians supported a free trade agreement with China, in spite of concerns about the latter's growing world power[7] and China's record on human rights.[8] Some negative effect on trade between was likely however, subsequent to increased tension between the two countries in December 2018 after arrests in both Canada and China.[9] Some Canadians view the contrasted situations of China's and Canada's prisoners in a negative light. While Meng, who is a Chinese citizen, is allowed to live in a six-bedroom mansion and move about relatively freely in Vancouver, the Canadian citizens are kept in solitary confinement and subjected to a technique classified as torture by some analysts.[10][11] Canada condemns China's recent use of the death penalty against Canadian citizens and Lynette Ong an associate professor of political science at the University of Toronto points to Meng's arrest as the catalyst for the recent use of the death penalty against Canadians in China.[12]

History

See also: Canada–Taiwan relations

Prior to 1950

The headstone of Brigadier John K. Lawson at Hong Kong's Sai Wan War Cemetery.

As part of the British empire, and later Commonwealth, Canada did not establish a foreign ministry (External Affairs) until 1909 and developed an independent foreign policy with the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Canada posted one-third of six battalions to Hong Kong in the antecedent to the Battle of Hong Kong, which in the event was lost to the Japanese Imperial Army from 25 December 1941 to 16 September 1945, more than a month after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[13][14] Canada established embassies overseas only in the 1940s, and in 1942 Canada posted its first ambassador in the Chinese wartime Nationalist capital of Chongqing. The embassy was moved to Nanjing in 1946.

Canada faced a dilemma following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. On many issues, Canada followed the lead of British and the US, but the two governments followed different policies on China. The United Kingdom, under the control of a Socialist government, extended diplomatic recognition to the Communist Chinese, while the United States refused to recognize the Communist government. After the Liberal victory in the Canadian federal election of 1949 and more discussion, Canada followed the British approach. The Canadian embassy in Nanjing was kept open, and Canada posted a chargé d'affaires. By June 23, 1950, the Canadian Department of External Affairs had prepared instructions for the chargé to open negotiations with the Chinese government for an exchange of ambassadors.[15]

However, the Korean War began two days later, on June 25, 1950. With Canadian troops fighting with the United Nations forces, opposing Chinese troops, the continuation of diplomatic relations became untenable. After Canada voted in favour of a UN Resolution that branded China an aggressor, the Chinese government asked the Canadian chargé to leave. The Canadian embassy in Nanjing was closed on February 26, 1951. Thereafter, Canada maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, whose government had evacuated to Taiwan after losing to the Communists. However, Canada did not send an ambassador to the Nationalist Chinese capital of Taipei. Instead, relations were maintained through the Nationalist Chinese ambassador in Ottawa.[15]

Trudeau-Mulroney years

The Canadian government was optimistic about China's market oriented reforms of the 1970s and 1980s but it was difficult to see much substantial improvement as the Cultural Revolution raged.[16] It was not until the reformers like Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang were consolidated that Chinese life began to calm.

The Chretien era

Early in their tenures under Jean Chretien, Ministers Allan Rock and André Ouellet felt it beneficial to sign a treaty with China that gave the Chinese access to the powers of the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Act (Canada), and in fact it was signed in Beijing by the latter in July 1994.[17]

Chretien accompanied to China about 300 business leaders on a trade mission in November 1994. They returned with an order book of $9 billion. Senior figures in government like International Trade Minister Roy MacLaren were convinced that Canada needed to diversify away from the United States; they adopted a "Four Pillars Policy". Canada believed that to engage the Chinese in more open trade and to support the World Trade Organization accession of the Chinese would help with its goals.[16] In fact, Chretien strongly endorsed Chinese accession, because "With China's accession to the WTO, tariffs will drop and access by Chinese consumers and business to our products and services will increase... WTO accession is part of China's broad agenda of developing the rule of law, to ensure fair and equal treatment before the courts for both people and companies... Human rights are good for business." Always a mug, Chretien told the "Chinese they would have to clean up their image if they expected to do business on the world stage".[18]

The Chinese finally acceded to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, and the Canadians sent another trade mission to celebrate and ink more deals. Said MacLaren in 2019:[16]

To get China into the WTO was fundamental to our trade policy. For China to be a partner, accepting the disciplines of a rules-based trade organization was immensely important as a first step. We [believed that] deepening trade and investment relations with China, not only through the Team Canada mission but the far more important question of getting China into the WTO, would lead - in my view and in Jean Chretien's view - to human-rights advances. As the Chinese economy expanded and liberalized, China would be drawn into the liberal international order. I have no doubt that the China strategy was the right one. In my view, it worked.

Harper era

Gerard Kennedy meeting Dalai Lama at Tibetan Centre in Toronto, 2010

In 2006, following elections, Stephen Harper became Prime Minister of Canada, and implemented a more activist foreign policy, emphasising ties with democracies, and expressing criticism of non-democratic regimes, such as the case of China. Harper stated his belief in Canadian values such as human rights should not be trumped by the "almighty dollar".[citation needed] For example, the Harper government awarded an honorary Canadian citizenship to the Dalai Lama, and criticizing China's human rights record, accusing it of commercial espionage. Harper also delayed a planned meeting between the foreign ministers, and increased the level of Canadian involvement in Taiwan, further displeasing Beijing.[citation needed] At the APEC Summit in November 2006, China initially appeared to back out of formal meeting between Harper and President Hu, but Hu instead opted for a brief informal meeting with the Canadian PM. Harper notably did not attend the opening ceremonies of the Beijing Olympics in 2008.

In 2005 Charles Burton, an associate professor at Brock University wrote a report and conducted media interviews on Canada's policy towards China.[19] Burton's report, commissioned by the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, was entitled Assessment of the Canada-China Bilateral Human Rights Dialogue[20] and released in an unclassified public version in April, 2006. As revealed by U.S. diplomatic cables by WikiLeaks, the "Burton Report" considerably affected Western policy approaches to engagement with China on human rights[21] and China's response.[22]

The global recession that began at the end of 2008 and the economic effect on Canada led the Harper government to reduce its criticism of China to repair relations with China, whose economic status remained robust. A number of high level official visits took place in this period. Trade Minister Stockwell Day, Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon, and Transportation Minister John Baird visited China in 2009. Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi made reciprocal trip to Canada in June. Finance Minister Jim Flaherty led a high-profile delegation to China to enhance economic and financial ties. Prime Minister Harper visited China for the first time from December 2–6, 2009,[23] visiting Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. Before a bilateral meeting with Harper in Beijing, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao suggested that too long a time had elapsed without a visit to China by a Canadian Prime Minister. After the meetings, Hu Jintao, Wen and Harper agreed to build stronger relations, particularly in the economic sphere. Chinese President Hu Jintao paid an official state visit to Canada from June 23 to 27, 2010, ahead of the G20 summit in Toronto.[24] Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean travelled to China from June 30 to July 5, 2010, on a "friendship visit", accepting an invitation from China to attend Canada's national day at Expo 2010 in Shanghai. She also visited Guangdong, Sichuan, and Beijing.[25][26][27][28] Then Liberal Leader Michael Ignatieff also paid a working visit to Beijing and Shanghai from July 3 to 8, 2010.[29]

Baird and Harper agree to give away the farm

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper with members of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai in Guangzhou, February 2012

During Prime Minister Harper's February 2012 visit to China, some commentators in the Canadian media reported that the Chinese government was much more welcoming than in 2009. Harper met with both President Hu and Premier Wen, and signed a number of economic agreements that had been prepared by Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird including a uranium export treaty,[30] and the Canada-China Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Agreement (CCPRPIA), which was linked by the media to (further) potential Chinese investment in the Athabasca oil sands,[23] and which had been negotiated for eighteen years. The negotiations as well as the text itself were kept secret,[23] as they were until November 2016. Chinese officials suggested that the next logical step would be a free trade agreement, which Canadian officials promised to study.[31]

In July 2012,[32] the proposed $15.1 billion takeover of Alberta-based petroleum producer Nexen by the Chinese State Owned Enterprise (SOE) CNOOC "really spooked" western members of the Conservative Party of Canada including Harper, who was MP for a Calgary riding. His government eventually approved the takeover because after all, that was what he had signed up for with the CCPRPIA, and in combination with that approval, somewhat tightened for SOEs the regulation of the Investment Canada Act.[16]

The Harper Cabinet approved the CCPRPIA during early September 2014, for a 1 October commencement date. The deal was criticized by Osgoode Hall law professor Gus Van Harten, who noted[23]

  • its generational length: 31 year duration, whereas the norm for international treaties is an exit notification period of six months.
  • that it was lopsided in favour of China because it froze in stone the existing bilateral practices and restrictions
  • Chinese companies would benefit from NAFTA Chapter 11-type investor-state dispute settlement procedure
  • Arbitration cases were to be decided by professional arbitrators
  • Arbitration rulings would be, at the option of the sued party, kept secret
  • CCPRPIA and NAFTA differences might cause trouble to the government because the Most Favoured Nation concept could be weaponized.

Justin Trudeau era

By 2015, roughly 460 Canadian companies were doing business in China.[16] Justin Trudeau became the Prime Minister of Canada in October 2015, and the relationship between China and Canada was improved, at least for two years. Trudeau paid an official visit to China from August 30 to September 7, 2016, days before the G20 meeting in Hangzhou. However, such visit failed to get a balanced relationship with China.[33] Trudeau negotiated the release after a two-year Chinese imprisonment on espionage charges of Canadian missionary Kevin Garratt.[34]

Li Kegiang's visit

Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visited Canada in September 2016 to implement China's cat-and-mouse tactic.[35] Canadian canola exports had been under the threat of a ban by the Chinese, who maintained that the product shipped to them contained pests.[34] This was alleviated on 22 September 2016. The world's largest canola exporter is Canada, and in 2015 over 40 per cent of that crop was exported to China. The two countries have been contending over the crop since 2009.[35]

Trudeau talks about extradition treaty

Goddess of Democracy, University of British Columbia

In the first year of his prime ministership, Justin Trudeau's government agreed to talks on a bilateral extradition treaty with China in 2016.[34] Former diplomat Charles Burton, presented as a critic of the government policy as the treaty talks were revealed, said in a New York Times account,[34]

We don't seem to have the linguistic and cultural expertise and political knowledge to defend our interests against a very sophisticated diplomatic engagement by China, which seems to always come out on top.

Trudeau talks about extending NAFTA Chapter 11 rights to China

In January 2017, it appeared in the press that a rumoured treaty with China would extend rights to Chinese investors, including SOEs, to sue the government just like Chapter 11 of NAFTA does.[36] This came to light because the province of Quebec intended, under the Couillard government to prevent fracking exploration under the St. Lawrence Seaway.[37]

Governor-General pledges to expand ties

David Johnston, the Governor General of Canada, paid an official visit to China from July 10 to July 14, 2017. The two countries pledged to enhance cooperation on education, research, innovation, culture, diversity, agriculture and tourism.[38]

Canadian journalist detained

In August 2017, a The Globe and Mail journalist named Nathan VanderKlippe was detained and had his computer seized while he was in Xinjiang province. Editor-in-chief David Walmsley called what transpired "harassment" and said it was "deeply disturbing".[39] VanderKlippe described at length his preparations and experience in a November interview, and remarked that he spoke directly to the Canadian Minister of Foreign Relations Chrystia Freeland.[40]

Failed negotiations on Free-Trade Area

In December 2017, Trudeau visited China for the second time, and left it without an the agreement he expected to begin formal talks on free trade. The Chinese media pilloried the Canadian media, who by way of response pointed out that China was fifth from the bottom in the most recent ranking of the World Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders.[41] The two countries nevertheless jointly proclaimed 2018 the Canada China Year of Tourism, to encourage visits to/from both countries.[42]

Harbingers of conflict

In response to the July 2017 death of Chinese Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo, who died of organ failure while in government custody, Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland said in a statement: "I offer my sincere condolences to the family and friends of Mr Liu and to his many supporters around the world ... We continue to call for the release of all political prisoners."[43]

In September 2018, Freeland also raised the issue of human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority in a meeting with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi.[44]

Failed takeover by SOE of Aecon

In May 2018, the Trudeau government blocked the sale of the construction company which built the CN Tower, Aecon, to a Chinese State Owned Enterprise named CCCC International Holding (CCCI) for $1.5 billion. The CCCI is the investment arm of China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), which in turn is 64%-owned by the Chinese government. The purchase of Aecon had already received shareholder approval, been approved by the judiciary, and received clearance from the competition regulator. The sale was terminated under section 25.3 of the Investment Canada Act by Minister for Innovation Navdeep Bains. John Beck, president and CEO of Aecon said he was disappointed by the termination. Conservative MP Tony Clement was worried about SOE purchases of Canadian companies:[45]

If they are making investments, first of all they are not making investments necessarily based on market decisions because they are directed by a country, directed by a state. They could be making those investments for strategic or political reasons... We know Aecon has been awarded numerous sensitive Canadian government contracts, including working with our military and in the nuclear sector.

USMCA Poison Pill

On 1 October 2018, the Trudeau government agreed the USMCA trade deal with Donald Trump, who had made it contingent on securing a new type of poison pill with both Canada and Mexico. One example in the USMCA agreement is clause 32.10, whereby both countries must notify the US "if either intends to enter trade talks with a non-market economy". If the US administration is dissatisfied with the content of the other trade agreement, it can then abrogate the USMCA treaty. State Owned Enterprises are another focus of US concern in the USMCA, and this slows China's move to dominance because the Chinese modus operandi is founded upon the SOE model.[46]

Meng Wanzhou strains the relationship

On December 1, 2018, the chief financial officer of Huawei's deputy chair and CFO Meng Wanzhou was arrested in Vancouver at an extradition request by U.S. authorities on suspicion of violating U.S. sanctions against Iran. Trudeau said that the federal government was aware of the intended arrest but had no involvement in the process while the PRC government protested the arrest made by Canadian authorities.[47][48][49] The arrest had ramifications for the bilateral ties of the two countries.[50][51][52]

On December 10, 2018, former Canadian diplomat Michael Kovrig was detained by the Beijing Bureau of Chinese State Security. Then the senior adviser in Hong Kong for the International Crisis Group, a conflict resolution think tank based in Brussels, Kovrig had worked for the diplomatic service in Beijing and Hong Kong until 2016. As of December 12, the Chinese government had released few specifics as to the reason for the detention, but Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lu Kang said the International Crisis Group was not registered in China and hence, "once its staff become engaged in activities in China, it has already violated the law". Lu also reaffirmed his country's demand that the "Canadian side should immediately release the detained Ms. Meng Wanzhou and to protect her legitimate rights and interests".[53][54][55][56]

The comments made by Lu convinced some that Kovrig's detention was in retaliation for Canada's holding of Meng Wanzhou based on a U.S. arrest warrant. (On December 9, China had warned Canada's ambassador John McCallum of severe consequences unless Meng was released.)[57] Dr. John Higginbotham, of Carleton University's Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, made this comment about Kovrig's arrest: "The idea that there is retaliation against a Canadian citizen – unwarranted retaliation – will make it even more difficult for the Canadian government to squirm its way out of this situation that the United States has presented us with".[58] Guy Saint-Jacques, Canada's ambassador to China from 2012 to 2016, told The Canadian Press, that "the Chinese government wanted to send us a message ... [it is] trying to put as much pressure as possible on the Canadian government to force us to return Ms. Meng to China". Trudeau said that the government is treating the situation "very seriously", had been in touch with diplomats from China, and was providing consular assistance to Kovrig.[59] In mid December, the Canadian ambassador met with Kovrig and with Michael Spavor but provided no additional details because of the provisions of the Privacy Act. Trudeau called the detention of the two Canadians "not acceptable" and planned to work with Chinese authorities to make that clear to them.[60][61]

On December 12, 2018, the Communist Party-run newspaper Global Times warned that "if Canada extradites Meng to the U.S., China's revenge will be far worse than detaining a Canadian". [62] By that time, another Canadian living in China, Michael Spavor, was detained, also on suspicion of "endangering national security", according to China's Foreign Ministry. Spavor is the founder of Paektu Cultural Exchange,[63] which promotes travel to North Korea.[64] David Mulroney, a former Canadian ambassador to China, said, "It would be nice if publicly and also behind the scenes if countries like the United States, the U.K., Australia and France would put in a word on our behalf and let the Chinese know how damaging this is to their reputation and to the notion that China is a safe place to work and pursue a career."[65] On 18 December 2018, a third Canadian was detained but the authorities said it was unrelated to the previous arrests.[66]

Canada's ambassador to China John McCallum (2017–2019)

The retaliatory moves by China confirmed that the previously smooth working relationship between the countries had broken down. While Canada was merely responding to an arrest warrant issued by a court in New York state, China had not taken steps against Americans because it "wants to improve its relations with the U.S.", a much larger trading partner, according to Nelson Wiseman, a political science professor at the University of Toronto.[62] Former ambassador Guy Saint-Jacques concurred: "they know they cannot kick them [the U.S.] so they turned around and kicked us".[9] The situation was complicated by Donald Trump's suggestion that he might allow Meng to be released as part of the negotiation for improved trade relations with China, leaving Canada in an awkward position.[67] In response, Chrystia Freeland, Canada's foreign affairs minister, made this statement on 14 December: "Canada understands the rule of law and extradition ought not ever to be politicized or used as tools to resolve other issues."[68]

Several political analysts agreed that Canada was caught in the middle,[69] between China and the U.S. Christopher Sands of the School of Advanced International Studies in D.C., said that "in normal times, the U.S. sends a signal, usually discreetly, to allies to cut it out and play nice". That had not happened as of December 14, 2018, leading historian Robert Bothwell to comment, "We've never been this alone. We don't have any serious allies. And I think that's another factor in what the Chinese are doing. ... Our means of retaliation are very few. China is a hostile power."[70] In truth, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo supported Canada's position in a U.S.–Canada press conference on 14 December and said he would work to ensure the release of the two Canadians who were then in "unlawful detention". News reports did not indicate whether he had made such a statement to the government of China.[71][72]

On the same day, Trudeau commented that "the escalating trade war between them [China and the U.S.] is going to have all sorts of unintended consequences on Canada, potentially on the entire global economy. We're very worried about that".[60] On 21 December 2018, Freeland told the news media that she had advised the Chinese ambassador that Canada was requesting the release of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor. British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt said that the UK believes that Canada is conducting "a fair and transparent legal proceeding" of Meng. "I am deeply concerned by suggestions of a political motivation for the detention of two Canadian citizens by the Chinese government", Hunt said.[73]

Canada's ambassador to China John McCallum said, "From Canada's point of view, if [the U.S.] drops the extradition request, that would be great for Canada."[74] On January 26, 2019, McCallum was fired as Canada's ambassador to China by Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.[75]

Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland expressed support for the right to peaceful protest in Hong Kong


On 30 March 2019, China banned the Canadian canola crop, notwithstanding Canadian government protests that the ban "defies science" (sic), because it had found pests in four separate shipments since January. Two companies had their produce banned: Richardson International, and the Agrium unit known as Viterra. The canola industry employs more than 250,000 people in Canada, which has 43,000 growers.[76]

Goodale on 5G telecoms

In the first week of May 2019, Canadian Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale committed to decide before the 2019 Canadian federal election what the Liberal government would do with respect to construction of Canada's 5G telecommunications infrastructure. Critics like H. R. McMaster argued forcefully that a Chinese law that obligates corporations like Huawei to co-operate with the Chicom state makes rubbish of Chinese protestations of virtue.[77] On 30 July 2019 Goodale abandoned his commitment due to consultations with the US and the Five Eyes partners about their concerns. The US and Australia have rejected Huawei because they think it is too connected with the intelligence services of China.[78]

RCMP investigates virologist Xiangguo Qiu

The University of Winnipeg was forced to sever ties with Xiangguo Qiu and her husband Keding Cheng, who had been employed in its department of medical microbiology after the RCMP began to investigate the Chinese scientists who were employed at the highest security Biosafety Level 4 Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health. This facility "is equipped to work with the most serious and deadly human and animal diseases." Security access for the pair and the Chinese students of the pair was terminated. Qiu had worked in a team of scientists on the ZMapp treatment for Ebola. Someone at the PHAC had alerted the authorities on 24 May, and the pair were removed from the laboratory on 5 July. Qiu has been able to train students from China at the facility for over 20 years.[79]

Qiu made "at least five trips" over the school year 2017-18 to the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,[80] which was certified for BSL4 in January 2017. In August 2017, the National Health Commission of China approved research activities involving Ebola, Nipah, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses at the Wuhan facility, and in March 2019, the Chinese published their tour de force.[81] Other staff members in Winnipeg questioned why the Government of Canada furnished such a lavish support to the Chicom party, while the obligatory Chinese émigrée working in a juicy academic post at the University of Alberta was trotted out by the CBC to pacify the natives.[80]

Canada's negative travel advisory

On January 14, 2019, Canadian Robert Lloyd Schellenberg had his 15-year drug smuggling prison sentence escalated to a death sentence, resulting in Canada issuing a travel warning on "the risk of arbitrary enforcement of local laws".[82] China in turn issued its own travel advisory, citing "arbitrary detention" at request of a "third-party country".[83]

In July 2019, mainland Chinese authorities detained a Canadian student, who had been accused along with more than two dozen others in a drug trafficking gang.[84][85]

On 15 July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC condemning China’s mistreatment of the Uyghurs as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the Xinjiang re-education camps.[86][87]

On 8 August 2019, the Government of Canada issued a travel advisory for Hong Kong, and recommended its people to exercise a "high degree of caution" because protests and mass demonstrations there might suddenly become violent and can spring up "with little or no notice... Acts of violence occur, especially at night. Some have resulted in serious injuries... There have also been random attacks on demonstrators by their opponents." The communiqué adds that the police often employ tear gas for crowd control measures.

On 21 August 2019, at the height of the protests over the 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill, spokesman Geng Shuang of China's Foreign Ministry rebuked the Canadian government, with the comment it had "made irresponsible remarks on Hong Kong affairs repeatedly and grossly interfered in China's internal affairs." Xinwen Lianbo remarked acidly that it "is the third time since May of this year that Chrystia Freeland has issued a declaration on Hong Kong."[88]

In late September 2019, a 27-year-old Toronto-born independent journalist named Toby Gu travelled to Hong Kong and took "graphic footage of a man being beaten, and confrontations between protesters and police." Gu appeared in a hard hat, clear goggles and a gas mask in the foreground of a street-corner that had somehow been lit on fire and said that he "wanted to share the brutality, the pain, and the difficulties that residents here in Hong Kong are experiencing every single day when they try to go out and fight for their freedom."[89]

WTO dispute

In September 2019, Canada took its first step in the WTO trade dispute resolution mechanism over the canola issue, and formally filed a letter of protest with the Chinese. Under WTO rules, the opponents must meet within 30 days in front of an arbitrator and should these talks not resolve the dispute, the plaintiff can request adjudication by a panel. The Conservative leader of the Opposition, Andrew Scheer, said he had told Trudeau 120 days earlier to visit the arbitration process, but Trudeau instead had simply extended in May loans to canola farmers.[90] In the words of one observer, "China has a vegetable oil supply shortage of 20 million tonnes per year. It covers a large percentage of that shortage with soybean imports from Brazil, the US and Argentina."[91]

It came to light in September 2019 that the Chinese government had been protecting certain industries until July 2019. Small wonder then that the trade imbalance between the two countries was so lopsided. Since 1988, Canada had imported almost $889 billion worth of Chinese goods, whereas in return China had imported only $293 billion worth of Canadian goods. The oil and gas sector in China was opened to FDI only in July 2019, whereas the Chinese had near-complete carte blanche for their SOE takeovers since 2001. As of September 2019, foreigners had no access to Chinese firms in a "huge swath" of industries, including telecoms, automobile manufacture, health care and education. In stark contrast to Roy MacLaren, said Charles Burton:[16]

The assumption was that as China developed and became more integrated into the global economy, [it] would come into compliance with international norms of trade and diplomacy. That has proven not to be the case.

PRC 70th birthday

On the 70th birthday of modern China, while the Chinese military was engaged in a display of power, Canadian defence minister Harjit Singh Sajjan was the guest of honour at a Vancouver soiree to celebrate the event. Meanwhile, thugs impeded or attacked assemblies of people concerned about Hong Kong in Ottawa, Vancouver and Richmond, British Columbia. Journalist Terry Glavin saw an "existential struggle for the future of democracy in the world... being fought street by street, mall by mall and plaza by plaza, in the streets of Hong Kong."[92]

Trade

In 1961, the government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker passed legislation to open up the Chinese market for Canadian farmers, despite the absence of diplomatic relations.[93] In 1968, the government of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau initiated negotiations with the People's Republic of China that led to the establishment of diplomatic relations on October 13, 1970. Canada and China established resident diplomatic missions in 1971. By 1971, the countries exchanged ambassadors, and Canadian Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce Jean-Luc Pépin visited China. In 1972, Canadian Foreign Minister Mitchell Sharp led a Canadian trade delegation to China and met with Premier Zhou Enlai. Sharp also travelled to Shijiazhuang where he recognized the significant contribution to Canada–China relations of Norman Bethune.[94]

In 1973, Pierre Trudeau became the first Canadian Prime Minister to pay an official visit to the PRC, and in 1984 Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang visited Canada, becoming the first Communist leader to address Parliament. Governor General of Canada Jeanne Sauvé also conducted a state visit to China during her tenure. In 1985 as part of a growing concern for relations with China and Japan the Canadian Parliament passed an Act to create the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, a think-tank focusing on Canada–Asia relations.

In 1976, Trudeau refused to permit Taiwan to participate in the Olympic games held that year in Montreal unless they were willing to give up the name "Republic of China," which they refused to do.[95] Canada thereby became the first host country to breach its obligation to admit all teams recognized by the International Olympic Committee.[95]

By 1990, two-way trade exceeded CA$3 billion, and in 1992, CA$4.6 billion. In 1994 Canada established its four-pillar policy on China: economic partnership; sustainable development; human rights, good governance and the rule of law; and peace and security. That same year Prime Minister Jean Chrétien visited Beijing and Shanghai with Team Canada: two ministers, nine provincial premiers, the territorial leaders and the head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. Chrétien and Premier Li Peng signed a nuclear co-operation agreement and a letter of intent on six development projects in China. The following year Premier Li Peng visited Canada to commemorate the 25th anniversary of bilateral relations and attended Canada-China Business Council annual general meeting in Montreal.

Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, Minister of International Trade Art Eggleton and Secretary of State (Asia Pacific) Raymond Chan visited Shanghai again in 1996 to attend the annual general meeting of the Canada-China Business Council, and Chrétien, Minister of International Trade Sergio Marchi, and Secretary of State (Asia Pacific) Raymond Chan visited Beijing and Lanzhou returned once more in 1998. In 1999 Premier Zhu Rongji visited Canada.

The Nexen Building in Calgary. Canadian oil and gas company Nexen was acquired in 2013 by China's state-controlled China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC).

In 2001 Team Canada visited Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong. It was the largest trade mission in Canadian history to that point. Chrétien was accompanied by close to 600 business participants, eight provincial premiers, three territorial leaders, Minister for International Trade Pierre Pettigrew and Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific) Rey Pagtakhan. In 2003 Premier Wen Jiabao visited Canada. President Hu Jintao visited Canada in 2005 and met with Prime Minister Paul Martin. The two leaders announced a "strategic partnership" and said they would double trade within five years. Martin said he had discussions about human rights with Hu.[citation needed]

Since 2003, China has been Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for about 6% of Canada's total world trade (imports and exports combined).[96] Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400%.[96]

According to a study by the Fraser Institute think tank, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 percent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totaled CA$38.3 billion.

Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.[97]

According to the China Goes Global survey conducted by the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada in 2013, Canada was poised to accept more trade and investment from China as it is viewed by Chinese companies as being one of the most open countries to their investment.[98]

In 2013, Canadian oil and gas company Nexen became a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong-based CNOOC Limited. The Reuters reported that the "deal gave CNOOC access to acreage in the Gulf of Mexico, the UK North Sea and off the coast of Western Africa".[99] According to the Maclean's, "The CNOOC-Nexen deal touched off a great deal of controversy about what degree foreign state-owned control of Canadian resources is acceptable. That the deal came from a Chinese company, in particular, raised concerns in some quarters about doing business with a non-democratic state."[100]

Canada had a major trade imbalance with China (nearly CA$36 billion in 2017),[3] leading Trudeau to strive to increase exports, primarily agricultural products. On 15 October 2018, he stated: "Obviously, China is the world's second-largest economy and growing, and will remain an important place to do business and to look for opportunity ... We will continue to look (at increasing trade), but we will continue to do it in the way Canada always has, mindful of the challenges, both of scale and of different approaches to business, in a way that is thoughtful about drawing benefit and protections for Canada."[101] About a month later, Chinese premier Li Keqiang called for more trade with Canada and hinted that China was open to discussing the free-trade agreement that Canada had suggested.[102]

The negotiations were continuing, although the relationship between Canada and China was somewhat strained because of concerns about the latter's record on human rights and various trade issues.[103] This was exacerbated in December 2018 by Canada's arrest of Huawei Technologies' Chief Financial Officer, Meng Wanzhou, based on a warrant issued by a court in New York state and the subsequent detention of two Canadians living in China. The effect on trade between China and Canada was not yet apparent as of mid December, but some effect was likely, based on China's warning of "grave consequences" if Meng was not released.[69] By 18 December, the free-trade discussions between the countries had been halted, however.[104]

The political tensions were unlikely to lead to a major, long-term disruption of trade between the two countries, according to Fraser Johnson, a professor at the Western University's Ivey School of Business. He stated, "I really can't imagine it happening. There's just too much at stake. I don't think either country wants to damage (the relationship)."[105]

Public opinion

A survey published in September 2019 by the Pew Research Center found that 67% of Canadians had an unfavourable view of China.[106]

IP strategies

Jim Balsillie, former Chair of once-dominant handheld telephony firm Research In Motion, remarked in 2019 that China actively restricts "the export of domestically produced Intellectual Property for economic or national-security reasons", whereas Canada does not.[107]

Migration

Main article: Chinese Canadian
Vancouver's Chinatown. In 2016, people of Chinese origin made up 27% of all Vancouver residents.

In recent decades China has consistently become Canada's largest source of immigration every year. The numbers are even larger when people from Hong Kong are added. Chinese Canadians are now one of Canada's largest ethnic groups, after Europeans and First Nations population. They are set to overtake Koreans as the largest group of international students studying in Canada.

Education

Canada and PRC have at least one pair of schools twinned with each other:

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Canada and the People's Republic of China.

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External links

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