Haplogroup T-M184: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
orthographic
No edit summary
Line 5: Line 5:
|map =Distribution Haplogroup T Y-DNA II.svg
|map =Distribution Haplogroup T Y-DNA II.svg
|origin-date = 19,000-34,000 years BP<ref name = "Mendez2011"/>
|origin-date = 19,000-34,000 years BP<ref name = "Mendez2011"/>
|origin-place = [[West Asia]]<ref>Underhill PA, et al. (2001), [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HM_2001_v17_p271.pdf Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific.], Hum Mutat. 2001 Apr;17(4):271-80.</ref><ref>[http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol83/iss1/3/ Mendez, et al. (2011)]</ref>
|origin-place = [[West Asia]]<ref name="Underhill2001">Underhill PA, et al. (2001), [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HM_2001_v17_p271.pdf Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific.], Hum Mutat. 2001 Apr;17(4):271-80.</ref><ref name="Mendez2011">[http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol83/iss1/3/ Mendez, et al. (2011)]</ref>
|ancestor = [[Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)|LT]]
|ancestor = [[Haplogroup LT (Y-DNA)|LT]]
|descendants = [[haplogroup_T-M193_(Y-DNA)|T-M193]]
|descendants = [[haplogroup_T-M193_(Y-DNA)|T-M193]]
Line 25: Line 25:
Haplogroup T-M184 is not associated with the [[Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)|R1]], [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|G]] and [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] lineages that entered Africa from Eurasia relatively recently. Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of the clade on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The [[Levant]] rather than [[Arabia|the Arabian Peninsula]] appears to have been the main route of entry, as the [[Egypt]]ian and [[Turkey|Turkish]] haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 ybp and 9,000 ybp, respectively) than those found in [[Oman]] (only 1,600 ybp). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]], [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]], G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.<ref name = "Luis2004"/>
Haplogroup T-M184 is not associated with the [[Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)|R1]], [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|G]] and [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] lineages that entered Africa from Eurasia relatively recently. Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of the clade on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The [[Levant]] rather than [[Arabia|the Arabian Peninsula]] appears to have been the main route of entry, as the [[Egypt]]ian and [[Turkey|Turkish]] haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 ybp and 9,000 ybp, respectively) than those found in [[Oman]] (only 1,600 ybp). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]], [[Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-DNA)|E1b1a]], G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.<ref name = "Luis2004"/>


The distribution of haplogroup T-M184 in most parts of Europe is patchy or regionalized; for example, haplogroup T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern [[Russia]], but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.<ref>[http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)00025-0 Oleg Balanovsky, Siiri Rootsi, Andrey Pshenichnov, Toomas Kivisild, Michail Churnosov, Irina Evseeva, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Margarita Boldyreva, Nikolay Yankovsky, Elena Balanovska, and Richard Villems, "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context"], ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'', 82, 236–250, January 2008. The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: [[Roslavl]], [[Livny]], [[Pristen (inhabited locality)|Pristen]], [[Repyevka]], and [[Belgorod]]; and [[Kuban Cossacks]] from the [[Republic of Adygea]].</ref>
The distribution of haplogroup T-M184 in most parts of Europe is patchy or regionalized; for example, haplogroup T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern [[Russia]], but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019}}</ref> The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: [[Roslavl]], [[Livny]], [[Pristen (inhabited locality)|Pristen]], [[Repyevka]], and [[Belgorod]]; and [[Kuban Cossacks]] from the [[Republic of Adygea]].</ref>


FTDNA, a commercial genetic genealogy company, has displayed a map that purportedly shows a relatively high frequency of haplogroup T-M184 in some Australian aborigines. Probably the populations coincide with those previously reported in several studies as K*(M9), with a frequency near to 30% in Northern Australia. According to FTDNA, the defining SNP for haplogroup T-M184 is M184, while M70 defines T1.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}
[familytreedna|Family Tree DNA]], a commercial genetic genealogy company, has displayed a map that shows a relatively high frequency of haplogroup T-M184 in some Australian aborigines. Probably the populations coincide with those previously reported in several studies as K*(M9), with a frequency near to 30% in Northern Australia. According to Family Tree DNA, the defining SNP for haplogroup T-M184 is M184, while M70 defines T1.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}


=== South Asia ===
=== South Asia ===
Line 290: Line 290:
|}
|}


With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of [[Russians]] in [[Yaroslavl Oblast|Yaroslavl]],<ref name="Malyarchuk2005">Boris A. Malyarchuk et al. "Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations"," 'Human Biology, Volume 76, Number 6''' (2005)</ref> 12.5% (3/24) of [[Italians]] in [[Matera]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003">F. Di Giacomo et al. "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects"," 'ScienceDirect''' (2003)</ref> 10.3% (3/29) of [[Italians]] in [[Avezzano]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 10% (3/30) of [[History of Tyrol|Tyroleans]] in [[Val di Non|Nonstal]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 10% (2/20) of [[Italians]] in [[Pescara]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 8.7% (4/46) of [[Italians]] in [[Benavento]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 7.8% (4/51) of [[Italians]] in South [[Latium]],<ref name="Capelli 2006"/> 7.4% (2/27) of [[Italians]] in [[Paola, Calabria|Paola]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 7.3% (11/150) of [[Italians|Italian]]s in Central-South [[Italy]],<ref>Cesare Rapone "Y chromosome haplotypes in Central-South Italy: Implication for reference database"," ''Forensic Science International'' (2006)</ref> 7.1% (8/113) of [[Serbs]] in [[Serbia]],<ref>Marijana Pericic "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations"," ''Oxford Journals'' (2005)</ref> 7% (6/86) of [[Sardinians]] in [[Tempio]],<ref>Contu et al."Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian"," 'PubMed Central''' (2008)</ref> 4.7% (2/42) of [[Aromanians]] in [[Romania]],<ref>Bosch et al."Paternal and maternal lineages in the Balkans show a homogeneous landscape over linguistic barriers, except for the isolated Aromuns."," 'University College London''' (2006)</ref> 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in [[Biella]],<ref name="Cerutti2005">N. Cerutti et al. "Population data for Y-chromosome STR haplotypes from Piedmont (Italy)"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2005)</ref> 3.7% (1/27) of [[Andalusians]] in [[Córdoba (Spanish province)|Córdoba]],<ref name = "Flores2004"/> 3.3% (2/60) of [[Leonese people|Leoneses]] in [[Province of León|León]]|,<ref name = "Flores2004"/> 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in [[Postua]],<ref name="Cerutti2005"/> 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in [[Cavaglià]],<ref name="Cerutti2005"/> 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in [[Reggio Calabria]],<ref name="V.Rodríguez2008"/> 2.8% (1/36) of [[Russians]] in [[Ryazan Oblast]],<ref name="Fechner2008">Angela Fechner. "Boundaries and Clines in the West Eurasian Y-Chromosome Landscape: Insights From the European Part of Russia"," 'AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY''' (2008)</ref> 2.8% (2/72) of [[Italians]] in South [[Apulia]],<ref name="C.Capelli2005">Cristian Capelli et al. "A 9-loci Y chromosome haplotype in three Italian populations "," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics''' (2005)</ref> 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in [[Cosenza]],<ref name="V.Rodríguez2008"/> 2.6% (3/114) of [[Serbs]] in [[Belgrade]],<ref name="Lauc2004">Lovorka Barac Lauc et al. "Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2004)</ref> 2.5% (1/40) of [[Russians]] in [[Pskov]],<ref name="Malyarchuk2005"/> 2.4% (1/42) of [[Russians]] in [[Kaluga]],<ref name="Malyarchuk2005"/> 2.2% (2/89) of [[Transylvania]]ns in [[Csíkszereda]],<ref name="Egyed2005">Balazs Egyed. "Population genetic study in two Transylvanian populations using forensically informative autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2005)</ref> 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in [[Trino Vercellese]],<ref name="Cerutti2005"/> 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in [[Brescia]],<ref name="Cerri2005">Nicoletta Cerri et al. "YPopulation data for 12 Y-chromosome STRs in a sample from Brescia (northern Italy)"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd.''' (2005)</ref> 1.9% (2/104) of [[Romanians]] in [[Romania]],<ref name="Barbarii2003">Ligia Elena Barbarii et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Romanian population sample"," 'Springer-Verlag''' (2003)</ref> 1.7% (4/237) of [[Serbs]] and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] in [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]],<ref name="Stevanovic2006">Miljana Stevanovic "Human Y-specific STR haplotypes in population of Serbia and Montenegro"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2006)</ref> 1.7% (1/59) of [[Italians]] in [[Marche]],<ref name="C.Capelli2005"/> 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in [[Catanzaro]],<ref name="V.Rodríguez2008">V. Rodríguez et al. "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci"," 'J Legal Med''' (2008)</ref> 1.6% (3/183) of [[Greeks]] in Northern [[Greece]],<ref name="Kovatsi2009">Leda Kovatsi et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Northern Greeks"," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics''' (2009)</ref> 1.3% (2/150) of [[Swiss German]]s in [[Zürich]] Area,<ref name="Haas2005">C. Haas et al. "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a population sample from Switzerland (Zurich area)"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2005)</ref> 1.3% (1/79) of [[Italians]] in South [[Tuscany]] and North [[Latium]],<ref name="C.Capelli2005"/> 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in [[Leiden]],<ref name="Rodig2007">Heike Rodig et al. "Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal STR loci"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2007)</ref> 0.8% (1/132) of "Andalusians" in Northwest [[Tunisia]],<ref name="Cherni2005">Lotfi Cherni et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd.''' (2005)</ref> 0.5% (1/185) of [[Serbs]] in [[Novi Sad]] ([[Vojvodina]]),<ref name="Veselinovic2007">Igor S. Veselinovic et al. "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2007)</ref> 0.5% (1/186) of [[Poland|Polish]] in [[Podlasie]]<ref name="Pepinski2004">Witold Pepinski et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, northeastern Poland"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd.''' (2004)</ref> and 0.4% (1/234) of [[Germans]] in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt]].<ref name="UtaD.Immel2005">Uta-Dorothee Immel et al. "Y chromosome polymorphisms and haplotypes in South Saxony-Anhalt (Germany)"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2005)</ref>
With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of [[Russians]] in [[Yaroslavl Oblast|Yaroslavl]],<ref name="Malyarchuk2005">Boris A. Malyarchuk et al. "Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations"," 'Human Biology, Volume 76, Number 6''' (2005)</ref> 12.5% (3/24) of [[Italians]] in [[Matera]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003">F. Di Giacomo et al. "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects"," 'ScienceDirect''' (2003)</ref> 10.3% (3/29) of [[Italians]] in [[Avezzano]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 10% (3/30) of [[History of Tyrol|Tyroleans]] in [[Val di Non|Nonstal]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 10% (2/20) of [[Italians]] in [[Pescara]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 8.7% (4/46) of [[Italians]] in [[Benavento]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 7.8% (4/51) of [[Italians]] in South [[Latium]],<ref name="Capelli 2006"/> 7.4% (2/27) of [[Italians]] in [[Paola, Calabria|Paola]],<ref name="Giacomo 2003"/> 7.3% (11/150) of [[Italians|Italian]]s in Central-South [[Italy]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.072}}</ref> 7.1% (8/113) of [[Serbs]] in [[Serbia]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/molbev/msi185}}</ref> 7% (6/86) of [[Sardinians]] in [[Tempio]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001430}}</ref> 4.7% (2/42) of [[Aromanians]] in [[Romania]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213}}</ref> 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in [[Biella]],<ref name="Cerutti2005">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.07.002}}</ref> 3.7% (1/27) of [[Andalusians]] in [[Córdoba (Spanish province)|Córdoba]],<ref name = "Flores2004"/> 3.3% (2/60) of [[Leonese people|Leoneses]] in [[Province of León|León]]|,<ref name = "Flores2004"/> 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in [[Postua]],<ref name="Cerutti2005"/> 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in [[Cavaglià]],<ref name="Cerutti2005"/> 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in [[Reggio Calabria]],<ref name="V.Rodríguez2008"/> 2.8% (1/36) of [[Russians]] in [[Ryazan Oblast]],<ref name="Fechner2008">Angela Fechner. "Boundaries and Clines in the West Eurasian Y-Chromosome Landscape: Insights From the European Part of Russia"," 'AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY''' (2008)</ref> 2.8% (2/72) of [[Italians]] in South [[Apulia]],<ref name="C.Capelli2005">Cristian Capelli et al. "A 9-loci Y chromosome haplotype in three Italian populations "," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics''' (2005)</ref> 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in [[Cosenza]],<ref name="V.Rodríguez2008"/> 2.6% (3/114) of [[Serbs]] in [[Belgrade]],<ref name="Lauc2004">Lovorka Barac Lauc et al. "Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2004)</ref> 2.5% (1/40) of [[Russians]] in [[Pskov]],<ref name="Malyarchuk2005"/> 2.4% (1/42) of [[Russians]] in [[Kaluga]],<ref name="Malyarchuk2005"/> 2.2% (2/89) of [[Transylvania]]ns in [[Csíkszereda]],<ref name="Egyed2005">Balazs Egyed. "Population genetic study in two Transylvanian populations using forensically informative autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2005)</ref> 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in [[Trino Vercellese]],<ref name="Cerutti2005"/> 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in [[Brescia]],<ref name="Cerri2005">Nicoletta Cerri et al. "YPopulation data for 12 Y-chromosome STRs in a sample from Brescia (northern Italy)"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd.''' (2005)</ref> 1.9% (2/104) of [[Romanians]] in [[Romania]],<ref name="Barbarii2003">Ligia Elena Barbarii et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Romanian population sample"," 'Springer-Verlag''' (2003)</ref> 1.7% (4/237) of [[Serbs]] and [[Montenegrins (ethnic group)|Montenegrins]] in [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]],<ref name="Stevanovic2006">Miljana Stevanovic "Human Y-specific STR haplotypes in population of Serbia and Montenegro"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2006)</ref> 1.7% (1/59) of [[Italians]] in [[Marche]],<ref name="C.Capelli2005"/> 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in [[Catanzaro]],<ref name="V.Rodríguez2008">V. Rodríguez et al. "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci"," 'J Legal Med''' (2008)</ref> 1.6% (3/183) of [[Greeks]] in Northern [[Greece]],<ref name="Kovatsi2009">Leda Kovatsi et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Northern Greeks"," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics''' (2009)</ref> 1.3% (2/150) of [[Swiss German]]s in [[Zürich]] Area,<ref name="Haas2005">C. Haas et al. "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a population sample from Switzerland (Zurich area)"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2005)</ref> 1.3% (1/79) of [[Italians]] in South [[Tuscany]] and North [[Latium]],<ref name="C.Capelli2005"/> 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in [[Leiden]],<ref name="Rodig2007">Heike Rodig et al. "Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal STR loci"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2007)</ref> 0.8% (1/132) of "Andalusians" in Northwest [[Tunisia]],<ref name="Cherni2005">Lotfi Cherni et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd.''' (2005)</ref> 0.5% (1/185) of [[Serbs]] in [[Novi Sad]] ([[Vojvodina]]),<ref name="Veselinovic2007">Igor S. Veselinovic et al. "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2007)</ref> 0.5% (1/186) of [[Poland|Polish]] in [[Podlasie]]<ref name="Pepinski2004">Witold Pepinski et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, northeastern Poland"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd.''' (2004)</ref> and 0.4% (1/234) of [[Germans]] in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt]].<ref name="UtaD.Immel2005">Uta-Dorothee Immel et al. "Y chromosome polymorphisms and haplotypes in South Saxony-Anhalt (Germany)"," 'Forensic Science International''' (2005)</ref>


Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include [[Trentino]] (2/67 or 3%), [[A Mariña|Mariña Lucense]] (1/34 or 2.9%), [[Heraklion]] (3/104 or 2.9%), [[Roslavl]] (3/107 or 2.8%), [[Ourense]] (1/37 or 2.7%), [[Livny]] (3/110 or 2.7%), [[Biella]] (3/114 or 2.6%), [[Entre Douro]] (6/228 or 2.6%), [[Porto District|Porto]] (3/118 or 2.5%), [[Urbino]] (1/40 or 2.5%), [[Iberian Peninsula]] (16/629 or 2.5%), [[Blekinge]]/[[Kristianstad]] (1/41 or 2.4%), [[Belarus]] (1/41 or 2.4%), [[Modena]] (3/130 or 2.3%), [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] (1/45 or 2.2%), [[Pristen (inhabited locality)|Pristen]] (1/45 or 2.2%), [[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]] (2/91 or 2.2%), [[Brac]] (1/47 or 2.1%), [[Satakunta]] (1/48 or 2.1%), [[Croatia|Western Croatia]] (2/101 or 2%), [[Ukrainia]] (1/50 or 2%), [[Greifswald]] (2/104 or 1.9%), [[Moldovans|Moldavians]] in [[Sofia, Drochia|Sofia]] (1/54 or 1.9%), [[Uppsala]] (1/55 or 1.8%), [[Lublin]] (2/112 or 1.8%), [[Pias (Serpa)|Pias]] in [[Beja District|Beja]] (1/54 or 1.8%), [[Macedonian Greeks]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Nea Nikomedeia]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Sesklo]]/[[Dimini]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Lerna/Franchthi]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Açores]] (2/121 or 1.7%), [[Viana do Castelo District|Viana do Castelo]] (1/59 or 1.7%), [[Midi-Pyrénées]] (1/67 or 1.5%), [[Belgorod]] (2/143 or 1.4%), [[Sardinia]] (1/77 or 1.3%).<ref>Alicia M Cadenas, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Luca L Cavalli-Sforza, Peter A Underhill and Rene J Herrera, "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007), 1 - 13</ref><ref>M. Regueiro ''et al.'': "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," ''Human Heredity'', 2006, vol. 61, pp. 132–43.</ref><ref>Cinnioglu, Cengiz, et al., "Excavating Y-Chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia," ''Human Genetics'', 2004, vol. 114, pp. 127–48.</ref><ref>Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Himabindu, Jheelam Banerjee, T. Sitalaximi, Sonali Gaikwad, R. Trivedi, Phillip Endicott, Toomas Kivisild, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems, and V. K. Kashyap, "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios," ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. Published online on January 13, 2006, 10.1073/pnas.0507714103.[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0507714103v1] (cf. Supporting Figure 3 in online data supplement)</ref><ref name = "Zalloua2008">Pierre A. Zalloua, Yali Xue, Jade Khalife, Nadine Makhoul, Labib Debiane, Daniel E. Platt, Ajay K. Royyuru, Rene J. Herrera, David F. Soria Hernanz, Jason Blue-Smith, R. Spencer Wells, David Comas, Jaume Bertranpetit, Chris Tyler-Smith, and The Genographic Consortium, "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events," ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 82, 873–882, April 2008.</ref><ref name = "Firasat2007">Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub, "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007) 15, 121–126.</ref><ref name="krepublishers.com"/><ref name="Capelli 2006"/><ref name="Sandra Beleza 2006"/><ref name="MirvatLevant"/><ref>Battaglia et al. "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe"," ''European Journal of Human Genetics (in press)'' (2009)</ref><ref>Rita Gonçalves et al."Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and A¸cores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry"," 'University of Madeira''' (2005)</ref><ref>Karlsson et al."Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective"," European Journal of Human Genetics''' (2006)</ref><ref>Varzari et al."Searching for the Origin of Gagauzes: Inferences from Y-Chromosome Analysis"," American Journal of Human Biology''' (2008)</ref><ref>Semino et al."The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective"," Science''' (2000)</ref><ref>Kivisild et al."The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations"," American Journal of Human Genetics''' (2003)</ref><ref>Tove H. Jorgensen et al."The origin of the isolated population of the Faroe Islands investigated using Y chromosomal markers"," Human Genetics''' (2003)</ref><ref>Verónica Gomes et al."Refining the analysis of Y-chromosomal diversity in Alentejo (Portugal)"," Elsevier Ireland Ltd''' (2008)</ref><ref>Marin A.et al." Biodemographic and molecular analysis of an isolated Alpine population (Postua)"," International Journal of Anthropology''' (2005)</ref><ref>M.Brion et al." Hierarchical analysis of 30 Y-chromosome SNPs in European populations"," Springer-Verlag''' (2004)</ref><ref>G.Ferri et al." Slow and fast evolving markers typing in Modena males (North Italy)"," 'Forensic Science International'' (2009)</ref><ref name = "King2008">R.J. King ''et al.'', "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2008)</ref><ref name = " Kasperaviciute2004">D. Kasperaviciute ''et al.'', "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2004)</ref><ref name="krepublishers.com"/><ref name = " Lappalainen2009">T. Lappalainen, U. Hannelius ''et al.'', "Population Structure in Contemporary Sweden—A Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2009)</ref><ref name = " Grignani2000">P. Grignani ''et al.'', "Highly informative Y-chromosomal haplotypes by the addition of three new STRs DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439," ''Springer-Verlag'' (2000)</ref><ref name = " Gaikwad2005">S. Gaikwad ''et al.'', "Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India based upon polymorphisms across non-recombinant and recombinant regions in genome," ''Genome Biology'' (2005)</ref><ref name = "Onofri2007">V. Onofri ''et al.'', "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis," ''Springer-Verlag'' (2007)</ref><ref>Zoë H. Rosser et al."Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language"," 'American Journal of Human Genetics''' (2000)</ref><ref>Mark G Thomas et al."New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics''' (2008)</ref><ref>Irene Pichler et al."Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics''' (2010)</ref><ref name = "Ramos-Luis2009">E. Ramos-Luis ''et al.'', "Phylogeography of French male lineages," ''Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series'' (2009)</ref><ref name="Gaibar2010">Maria Gaibar et al. "STR genetic diversity in a Mediterranean population from the south of the Iberian Peninsula"," 'Annals of Human Biology''' (2010)</ref> According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of [[Italians|Italian]] males belonging to this haplogroup.<ref>[http://italydna.blogspot.com/ Italy DNA Project blog], "What a difference a year makes" (posted Tuesday, September 04, 2007), based on data from the Italy DNA Project at Family Tree DNA</ref> Approximately 3% of [[Sephardi Jews]] and 2% of [[Ashkenazi Jews]] belong to haplogroup T.<ref>Nicholas Wade, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/us/28jefferson.html Study Raises Possibility of Jewish Tie for Jefferson]," ''The New York Times'' (February 28, 2007)</ref>
Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include [[Trentino]] (2/67 or 3%), [[A Mariña|Mariña Lucense]] (1/34 or 2.9%), [[Heraklion]] (3/104 or 2.9%), [[Roslavl]] (3/107 or 2.8%), [[Ourense]] (1/37 or 2.7%), [[Livny]] (3/110 or 2.7%), [[Biella]] (3/114 or 2.6%), [[Entre Douro]] (6/228 or 2.6%), [[Porto District|Porto]] (3/118 or 2.5%), [[Urbino]] (1/40 or 2.5%), [[Iberian Peninsula]] (16/629 or 2.5%), [[Blekinge]]/[[Kristianstad]] (1/41 or 2.4%), [[Belarus]] (1/41 or 2.4%), [[Modena]] (3/130 or 2.3%), [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]] (1/45 or 2.2%), [[Pristen (inhabited locality)|Pristen]] (1/45 or 2.2%), [[Cáceres, Spain|Cáceres]] (2/91 or 2.2%), [[Brac]] (1/47 or 2.1%), [[Satakunta]] (1/48 or 2.1%), [[Croatia|Western Croatia]] (2/101 or 2%), [[Ukrainia]] (1/50 or 2%), [[Greifswald]] (2/104 or 1.9%), [[Moldovans|Moldavians]] in [[Sofia, Drochia|Sofia]] (1/54 or 1.9%), [[Uppsala]] (1/55 or 1.8%), [[Lublin]] (2/112 or 1.8%), [[Pias (Serpa)|Pias]] in [[Beja District|Beja]] (1/54 or 1.8%), [[Macedonian Greeks]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Nea Nikomedeia]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Sesklo]]/[[Dimini]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Lerna/Franchthi]] (1/57 or 1.8%), [[Açores]] (2/121 or 1.7%), [[Viana do Castelo District|Viana do Castelo]] (1/59 or 1.7%), [[Midi-Pyrénées]] (1/67 or 1.5%), [[Belgorod]] (2/143 or 1.4%), [[Sardinia]] (1/77 or 1.3%).<ref>Alicia M Cadenas, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Luca L Cavalli-Sforza, Peter A Underhill and Rene J Herrera, "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007), 1 - 13</ref><ref>M. Regueiro ''et al.'': "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," ''Human Heredity'', 2006, vol. 61, pp. 132–43.</ref><ref>Cinnioglu, Cengiz, et al., "Excavating Y-Chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia," ''Human Genetics'', 2004, vol. 114, pp. 127–48.</ref><ref>Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Himabindu, Jheelam Banerjee, T. Sitalaximi, Sonali Gaikwad, R. Trivedi, Phillip Endicott, Toomas Kivisild, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems, and V. K. Kashyap, "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios," ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. Published online on January 13, 2006, 10.1073/pnas.0507714103.[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0507714103v1] (cf. Supporting Figure 3 in online data supplement)</ref><ref name = "Zalloua2008">Pierre A. Zalloua, Yali Xue, Jade Khalife, Nadine Makhoul, Labib Debiane, Daniel E. Platt, Ajay K. Royyuru, Rene J. Herrera, David F. Soria Hernanz, Jason Blue-Smith, R. Spencer Wells, David Comas, Jaume Bertranpetit, Chris Tyler-Smith, and The Genographic Consortium, "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events," ''The American Journal of Human Genetics'' 82, 873–882, April 2008.</ref><ref name = "Firasat2007">Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub, "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007) 15, 121–126.</ref><ref name="krepublishers.com"/><ref name="Capelli 2006"/><ref name="Sandra Beleza 2006"/><ref name="MirvatLevant"/><ref>Battaglia et al. "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe"," ''European Journal of Human Genetics (in press)'' (2009)</ref><ref>Rita Gonçalves et al."Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and A¸cores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry"," 'University of Madeira''' (2005)</ref><ref>Karlsson et al."Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective"," European Journal of Human Genetics''' (2006)</ref><ref>Varzari et al."Searching for the Origin of Gagauzes: Inferences from Y-Chromosome Analysis"," American Journal of Human Biology''' (2008)</ref><ref>Semino et al."The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective"," Science''' (2000)</ref><ref>Kivisild et al."The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations"," American Journal of Human Genetics''' (2003)</ref><ref>Tove H. Jorgensen et al."The origin of the isolated population of the Faroe Islands investigated using Y chromosomal markers"," Human Genetics''' (2003)</ref><ref>Verónica Gomes et al."Refining the analysis of Y-chromosomal diversity in Alentejo (Portugal)"," Elsevier Ireland Ltd''' (2008)</ref><ref>Marin A.et al." Biodemographic and molecular analysis of an isolated Alpine population (Postua)"," International Journal of Anthropology''' (2005)</ref><ref>M.Brion et al." Hierarchical analysis of 30 Y-chromosome SNPs in European populations"," Springer-Verlag''' (2004)</ref><ref>G.Ferri et al." Slow and fast evolving markers typing in Modena males (North Italy)"," 'Forensic Science International'' (2009)</ref><ref name = "King2008">R.J. King ''et al.'', "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2008)</ref><ref name = " Kasperaviciute2004">D. Kasperaviciute ''et al.'', "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2004)</ref><ref name="krepublishers.com"/><ref name = " Lappalainen2009">T. Lappalainen, U. Hannelius ''et al.'', "Population Structure in Contemporary Sweden—A Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2009)</ref><ref name = " Grignani2000">P. Grignani ''et al.'', "Highly informative Y-chromosomal haplotypes by the addition of three new STRs DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439," ''Springer-Verlag'' (2000)</ref><ref name = " Gaikwad2005">S. Gaikwad ''et al.'', "Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India based upon polymorphisms across non-recombinant and recombinant regions in genome," ''Genome Biology'' (2005)</ref><ref name = "Onofri2007">V. Onofri ''et al.'', "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis," ''Springer-Verlag'' (2007)</ref><ref>Zoë H. Rosser et al."Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language"," 'American Journal of Human Genetics''' (2000)</ref><ref>Mark G Thomas et al."New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics''' (2008)</ref><ref>Irene Pichler et al."Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics''' (2010)</ref><ref name = "Ramos-Luis2009">E. Ramos-Luis ''et al.'', "Phylogeography of French male lineages," ''Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series'' (2009)</ref><ref name="Gaibar2010">Maria Gaibar et al. "STR genetic diversity in a Mediterranean population from the south of the Iberian Peninsula"," 'Annals of Human Biology''' (2010)</ref> According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of [[Italians|Italian]] males belonging to this haplogroup.<ref>[http://italydna.blogspot.com/ Italy DNA Project blog], "What a difference a year makes" (posted Tuesday, September 04, 2007), based on data from the Italy DNA Project at Family Tree DNA</ref> Approximately 3% of [[Sephardi Jews]] and 2% of [[Ashkenazi Jews]] belong to haplogroup T.<ref>Nicholas Wade, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/us/28jefferson.html Study Raises Possibility of Jewish Tie for Jefferson]," ''The New York Times'' (February 28, 2007)</ref>

Revision as of 19:34, 2 January 2013

This article is about the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup T-M184. For the unrelated mtDNA Haplogroup, see Haplogroup T (mtDNA).
Haplogroup T-M184
Possible time of origin19,000-34,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of originWest Asia[2][1]
AncestorLT
DescendantsT-M193
Defining mutationsM184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445
Highest frequenciesNorthern Dir Tribes, Kurru, Bauris, Ogaden, Armenian Sasuntzis, Chians, Arabs from Somalia Saccensi/Sicilians, Fulbe, Eivissencs, Northeastern Portuguese Jews, Rajus, Mahli, Zoroastrians in Kerman, Bakhtiaris/Lurs, Southern Egyptians

In human genetics, Haplogroup T-M184 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. From 2002 to 2008, it was known as Haplogroup K2.

The UEP which defines this clade is generally considered to be the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) M184. Other SNPs (M193, M272, L206, PAGES129) are currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent.

Origins

K2-M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])"

— J. R. Luis et al.: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations (Errata), American Journal of Human Genetics, 74: 532-544.

The occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow.[1]

Distribution

Haplogroup T-M184 (M193, M272, L206, PAGES129) is found in an insignificant majority of Kurru, Bauris & Lodha in South Asia; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fulbe in north Cameroon; Chian Greeks, Saccensi/Sicilians, Eivissencs / Ibizans and Northeastern Portuguese Jews in Europe; Sayyid in the Indo-Middle Eastern continent and Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris/Lurs in the Middle East.

Haplogroup T-M184 is not associated with the R1, G and J lineages that entered Africa from Eurasia relatively recently. Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of the clade on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 ybp and 9,000 ybp, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 ybp). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b, E1b1a, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.[3]

The distribution of haplogroup T-M184 in most parts of Europe is patchy or regionalized; for example, haplogroup T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.[4] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.</ref>

[familytreedna|Family Tree DNA]], a commercial genetic genealogy company, has displayed a map that shows a relatively high frequency of haplogroup T-M184 in some Australian aborigines. Probably the populations coincide with those previously reported in several studies as K*(M9), with a frequency near to 30% in Northern Australia. According to Family Tree DNA, the defining SNP for haplogroup T-M184 is M184, while M70 defines T1.[citation needed]

South Asia

Haplogroup T-M184 has been detected in:

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Kurru Yerukala (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh 10/18 55.6% [5]
Bauris Bengali (Indo-Aryan) West Bengal 10/19 52.6% [5] K* is found at 6/19, if M70- but M184+, then could be 84.2%
Lodha Lodha (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) West Bengal 2/4 50% [5]
Rajus Telugu (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh 3/19 15.9% [5]
Maheli Mahali (Kherwari Munda) West Bengal 2/13 15.3% [5]
Chenchus Chenchu (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh 3/20 15% [5] K* is found at 7/20, if M70- but M184+, then could be 50%
Kare Vokkal Kannada (Dravidian) Uttara Kannada 4/30 13.3% [6] K* is found at 3/30, if M70- but M184+, then could be 23.3%
Banjaras Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) Andhra Pradesh 2/18 11.1% [5]
Gonds Gondi (Dravidian) South Uttar Pradesh 4/38 10.6% [7][8]
Gonds Gondi (Dravidian) Madhya Pradesh 10/139 7.2% [7][8]
Indians languages of India South India 18/305 5.9% [5]
Maheli Mahali (Kherwari Munda) Jamshedpur from Jharkhand; Purulia, Midnapore & other location from West Bengal 2/38 5.3% [5][9] Two samples from different studies grouped together
Chenchus Chenchu (Dravidian) Andhra Pradesh 3/61 4.9% [5][10] Samples from Trivedi et al. and Kivisild et al.
Banjaras Lambadi (Indo-Aryan) Andhra Pradesh 2/53 3.8% [5][10] Two samples from different studies grouped together
Indians languages of India East India 14/367 3.8% [5]
Gujaratis Gujarati (Indo-Aryan) Gujarat 1/29 3.4% [10]
Lodha Lodha (Sora–Juray–Gorum Munda) Midnapore & other location from West Bengal 2/71 2.8% [5][9][11] Three samples from different studies grouped together
Sahariyas Saharia (Munda) Madhya Pradesh 2/73 2.7% [12]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[13] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[14] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[15] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[16] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia,[17] 10% (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[7] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[7] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[18] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[16] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[7] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[14] 3.6% (2/56) of Syed in South Asia,[17] 3.1% (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[7] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[7] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[19] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[14] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[16]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Europe

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance) Arquata del Tronto and Apiro 2/2 100% [20]
Chians southeastern Greek Khíos 4/16 25% [21]
German Stilfser/Tyrolese Southern Austro-Bavarian (Upper German) Stilfs 4/17 23.5% [22]
Venetians Venetian (Romance) Vigasio and Povegliano Veronese 2/9 22.2% [23]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Sciacca 5/28 17.9% [24]
Balearics Eivissenc (Romance) Eivissa 9/54 16.7% [25]
Northeastern Portuguese Jews Portuguese (Romance) Trás os Montes 9/57 15.7% [26]
Corsicans Corsican (Romance) Balagne (region of Haute-Corse) 3/24 12.5% [27]
Cantabrians Cantabrian (Romance) Cantabria 2/18 11.1% [28] All individuals were interviewed in order to assess the geographical origin of their grandparents and their speaking dialect.
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance) Matelica 1/9 11.1% [20]
Gaditanos Andalusian (Romance) Cádiz 3/28 10.7% [29]
Cretans Cretan Greek Lasithi 2/23 8.7% [30]
Campanians Southern Italian (Romance) West Campania 7/84 8.3% [31]
Campanians Southern Italian (Romance) Cilento 4/48 8.3% [32]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Alcamo 2/24 8.3% [24]
Lebaniegos Cantabrian (Romance) Liébana 3/37 8.1% [33]
Corsicans Corsican (Romance) Corte 5/62 8.1% [27]
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance) Central Marche 3/38 7.9% [34]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) East Sicily 9/114 7.9% [24]
Northern Portugueses Portuguese (Romance) Vila Real 3/39 7.7% [35]
Campanians Southern Italian (Romance) Campania 8/108 7.4% [36]
Balearics Eivissenc (Romance) Eivissa 7/96 7.3% [37]
Cretans Cretan Greek Oropedio Lasithiou 3/41 7.3% [30]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Ragusa 2/28 7.1% [24]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Piazza Armerina 2/28 7.1% [24]
Walloons Walloon (Romance) Wallonia 3/47 6.4% [38]
Gagauzes Gagauz (Turkic) Kongaz 3/48 6.3%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Aveiro 4/66 6.1%
Western Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Huelva 10/167 6% [39]
Aragonese Aragonese and Castilian (Romance) Aragón 2/34 5.9%
Corsicans Corsican Corsica 2/34 5.9%
Extremadurans Extremaduran and Castilian (Romance) Extremadura 3/52 5.8%
Dutch Hollandic (West Germanic) North Holland 1/18 5.6%
Lombardians Lombard and Italian (Romance) Lombardia 1/18 5.6% [27]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) Mazara del Vallo 1/18 5.6%
Southern Italians Italian (Romance) South Apulia 4/71 5.6%
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) South Sicily 3/55 5.4%
Lombardians Lombard and Italian (Romance) Lombardia 7/131 5.3%
Hutterites Austro-Bavarian (Upper German) Tyrol 4/75 5.3%
Estonians Estonian (Uralic) Estonia 11/207 5.3%
Gutes Gutnish (North Germanic) Gotland 2/40 5%
Alsatians Alsatian (Upper German) Alsace 4/80 5%
Asturians Asturian (Romance) Asturies 1/20 5%
Italian speakers Italian (Romance) Bozen 3/59 5%
Ladin Stilfser/Tyrolese Ladin (Romance) Stelvio 1/20 5%
Northeastern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Trás os Montes 3/64 4.7%
Sardinians Corsican (Romance) Sassari 2/43 4.7% [27]
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) East Sicily 4/87 4.6%
Western Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Huelva 1/22 4.5% [29]
West Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Sevilla 7/155 4.5% [29]
Galicians Galician (Romance) Santiago 2/46 4.4%
Ligurians Ligurian (Romance) Central Liguria 2/45 4.4% [34]
Greeks Greek Athens 4/92 4.3%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese Beira Litoral 5/116 4.3%
South Italians Salentino (Romance) North Apulia 2/46 4.3%
Cantabrians Cantabrian (Romance) Cantabria 3/70 4.3% [29]
Germans German (West Germanic) Berlin 4/103 3.9%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Braga 2/51 3.9%
Tuscans Tuscan (Romance) South Tuscany 3/79 3.8%
Riojans Riojan and Castilian (Romance) La Rioja 2/54 3.7% [28]
Marchigianos Marchigiano (Romance) Apennines Marche 1/27 3.7%
Calabrians Southern Italian (Romance) West Calabria 1/27 3.7% [34]
Galicians Galician (Romance) Montes Baixo Miño 1/28 3.6%
Corsicans Corsican (Romance) Ajaccio 1/28 3.6% [27]
Estonians Estonian (Uralic) Estonia - 3.5%
Southern Portugueses Portuguese (Romance) Évora 1/29 3.5%
Canarians Canarian Spanish (Romance) La Palma 3/85 3.5%
Scanians Scanian dialects (South Scandinavian) Malmö 1/29 3.4%
Occitans Auvergnat (Romance) Auvergne 3/89 3.4%
Azoreans Portuguese (Romance) Eastern Azores 3/87 3.4% [40]
Galicians Galician (Romance) Lugo 2/61 3.3%
Albanians Albanian dialects Albania 1/30 3.3%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Viseu 1/30 3.3%
Northern Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Guarda 1/30 3.3%
Sicilians Sicilian (Romance) West Sicily 4/122 3.3%
Lithuanians Aukštaitian (Baltic) West Aukstaiciai 1/31 3.2%
Campanians Southern Italian (Romance) Central Campania 1/31 3.2% [34]
Valencians Catalan and Castilian (Romance) Valencia 1/31 3.2% [29]
Southern Tyroleans Southern Austro-Bavarian (Upper German) Lower Vinschgau 1/32 3.1%
Rhinelanders Ripuarian (Central Franconian) Köln 3/96 3.1%
Swedes Swedish dialects (East Scandinavian) Örebro 1/32 3.1%
Portuguese Portuguese (Romance) Madeira 4/129 3.1%
Azoreans Portuguese (Romance) Central Azores 2/76 2.6% [40]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Vysocina 1/40 2.5% [41]
Flemish Dutch (West Germanic) Turnhout 1/42 2.4% [42] ‘1675’ data set
Sardinians Corsican (Romance) Gaddùra 1/46 2.2% [27]
Sardinians Sardinian (Romance) Trexenta 1/47 2.1% [27]
Eastern Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Alpujarra de la Sierra 1/50 2%
Basques Gipuzkoan (Isolate language) Southwestern Gipuzkoa 1/57 1.8% [28]
Basques Gipuzkoan (Isolate language) Gipuzkoa 1/58 1.7% [43]
Flemish Dutch (West Germanic) Noord-Brabant 2/119 1.7% [42] ‘1775’ data set
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Plzen 1/62 1.6% [41]
Mecklenburgers East Low Saxon (West Germanic) Rostock 3/200 1.5% [44]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Usti nad Labem 1/86 1.2% [41]
Eastern Andalusians Andalusian (Romance) Granada 2/180 1.1% [39]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) South Moravia 2/216 0.9% [41]
Czechs Czech (West Slavic) Prague 3/595 0.5% [41]

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[45] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[32] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[32] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[32] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[32] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benavento,[32] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[31] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[32] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[46] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[47] 7% (6/86) of Sardinians in Tempio,[48] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[49] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[50] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[29] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León|,[29] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[50] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[50] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[51] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[52] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[53] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[51] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[54] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[45] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[45] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Csíkszereda,[55] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[50] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[56] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[57] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[58] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[53] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[51] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[59] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[60] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[53] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[61] 0.8% (1/132) of "Andalusians" in Northwest Tunisia,[62] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[63] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[64] and 0.4% (1/234) of Germans in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt.[65]

Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Midi-Pyrénées (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).[66][67][68][69][70][71][5][31][35][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][5][86][87][88][20][89][90][91][92][93] According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.[94] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.[95]

Middle East and Caucasus

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Tajiks Dari (Southwestern Iranian) Logar Province 2/4 50% [96]
Armenian Sasuntzis Western Armenian dialect, Kurmanji and Dimli (Northwestern Iranian) languages Sasun 21/104 20.2% [97] T1a1 and T1a2 subclades
Zoroastrians Persian Kerman 5/37 13.5% [98]
Bakhtiaris/Lurs Bakhtiari/Lurs (Southwestern Iranian (Perside)) Izeh 13/103 12.6% [99][100]
Assyrians Assyrian (Central Semitic) West Azerbaijan Province 4/39 10.3% [101]
Persian muslims Persian Shiraz 5/51 9.8% [98]
Persian muslims Persian Kerman 6/66 9.1% [98]
Iraqis Iraqi Arabic (Semitic) Al-Qadisiyah 6/69 8.7% [102]
Kurds Sorani (Northwestern Iranian) Kurdestan 5/59 8.5% [101]
Omani Arabs Omani Arabic (Semitic) Oman 10/121 8.3% [3]
Azeris Azeri (Oghuz) West Azerbaijan Province 5/63 7.9% [101]
Iraqis Iraqi Arabic (Semitic) Iraq 10/139 7.2% [103]
Kuwaitis Gulf Arabic (Semitic) Kuwait 3/42 7.1% [72]
Iraqis Iraqi Arabic (Semitic) Iraq 3/43 7% [104]
Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestina 10/143 7% [105]
Persians Farsi (Southwestern Iranian) Fars 3/44 6.8% [101]
Christian Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestina 3/44 6.8% [106]
Western Armenians Armenian Eastern Turkey 6/90 6.7% [107]
Persians Farsi (Southwestern Iranian) Yazd 3/46 6.5% [101]
Armenians Armenian Gardman 6/96 6.3% [97]
Muslim Arabs Levantine Arabic Israel and Palestina 7/119 5.9% [106]
Northern Armenians Armenian Northern Armenia, southern Georgia (Bolnisi, Akhalkalaki and Akhaltsikhe) and northwestern Azerbaijan (around Gyanja) 10/189 5.3% [107]
Armenians Armenian Tehran 2/38 5.3% [98]
Eastern Armenians Armenian Karabakh 11/215 5.1% [107]
Persians Farsi (Southwestern Iranian) Khorasan 3/59 5.1% [101]
Saudi Arabians Arabic dialects (Semitic) Saudi Arabia 8/157 5.1% [108]
Armenians Armenian Syunik 7/140 5% [107]
Emiratis Gulf Arabic (Semitic) United Arab Emirates 8/164 4.9%
Lebanese muslims Lebanese Arabic (Semitic) Lebanon 28/568 4.9% [109]
Kurds Kurmanji (Northwestern Iranian) Anatolia 12/251 4.8% [110]
Kurds Kurdish dialects (Northwestern Iranian) Iraq 6/126 4.8% [111]
Anizes Gulf Arabic (Semitic) Kuwait 1/21 4.7% [112]
Lebaneses Levantine Arabic (Semitic) Lebanon 43/914 4.7%
Cypriots Cypriot Greek Cyprus 3/65 4.6%
Maronites Lebanese Arabic and Syriac (Semitic) Lebanon 24/518 4.6% [109]
Armenians Armenian Ararat 2/44 4.6% [107]
Qeshmis Qishmi (southwestern Iranian) Qeshm 2/49 4.1% [101]
Lurs Luri (Southwestern Iranian) Lorestan 2/50 4% [101]
Sadats Languages of Iran Different cities of Iran 2/50 4% [113]
Armenians Armenian Lake Van 4/103 3.9% [97]
Armenians Armenian Ararat Valley 4/110 3.6% [97]
Tajiks Tajik (Southwestern Iranian) Afghanistan 2/56 3.6% [96]
Iranians Languages of Iran South Iran 4/117 3.4% [114]
Ionians Greek Phokaia 1/31 3.2% [115]
Bandaris Bandari (Southwestern Iranian) Bandar Abbas 4/131 3.1% [101]
Jordanians Arabic dialects (Semitic) Jordania 8/273 2.9%
Lezghins Lezgian (Northeast Caucasian) Southern Dagestan 2/81 2.5% [116]
Turks Turkish Turkey 13/523 2.5%
Iranians Languages of Iran Iran 7/324 2.2% [109]
Azerbaijani muslims Azerbaijani (Turkic) Uromia 2/91 2.2% [98]
Assyrians Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (Semitic) Uromia and Tehran 1/55 1.8% [98]
Abkhazians Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian) Abkhazia 1/58 1.7% [116]
Greek Orthodox Koine Greek Lebanon 2/116 1.7% [109]
Aeolians Greek Smyrna 1/68 1.5% [115]
Turkmens Turkmen (Oghuz) the people of Golestan 1/68 1.5% [101]
Ossetian Digors Digorian (Scythian) North Ossetia 1/127 0.8% [116]
Syrians Syrian Arabic (Semitic) Syria 4/518 0.8% [109]
Circassians Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian) Republic of Adygea 1/142 0.7% [116]
Pashtuns Pashto (Eastern Iranian) mainly living in the Southern Afghanistan province of Kandahar 1/141 0.7% [117]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[100] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[118] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[100] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[118] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[119] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestina,[17] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[120] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[118] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[119] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[100][121] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[17] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestina,[17] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[100][121] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[100][121] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[121] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[100][121] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[17] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[121]

Africa

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Somalis (Northern Dir tribes) Northern Somali (East Cushitic) Dire Dawa 14/17 82.4% [122] Dir sub-clans of Dire Dawa are Issa, Gurgura and Gadabuursi.
Aushi Aushi Zambia 1/2 50% [123]
Somalis Darood Somali (East Cushitic) Jijiga (Ogaden) 19/83 22.9% [122] Jijiga is mostly inhabited by Darod subclans like Bartire, Geeri Koombe and Ogaden.
Arabs from Somalia Benaadir (Cushitic) immigrants in Yemen 7/33 21.2% [124]
Lemba Venda and Shona (Bantu) South Africa 6/34 17.6% [1] Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
Fulbe Fula northern Cameroon 3/17 17.6% [125]
Multiple ethnicity - Somalia 15/105 14.3% [126][127]
Somali Somali (Cushitic) immigrants to Norway 12/104 11.5% [128]
Bench Bench(northern Omotic) Bench Maji Zone 14/126 11.4% [122]
Kores (Cushitic) SNNP 2/18 11.1% [122]
Oromo Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) Oromiyaa 1/9 11.1% [129]
Somali Somali (Cushitic) immigrants to Denmark 21/201 10.4% [130]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Luxor Governorate 3/29 10.3% [25][131]
Kontas Konta language (Omotic) Konta special woreda 11/107 10.3% [122]
Gewadas Gewada language (east Cushitic) SNNP 11/116 9.5% [122]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Aswan Governorate 1/11 9.1% [132]
Subiya Subiya/Kuhane (Bantu) Zambia 1/11 9% [123]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Assiut Governorate 6/70 8.6% [132]
Konsos (Semitic) Konso special woreda 2/24 8.3% [122]
Somali Somali (Cushitic) immigrants to Sweden 12/147 8.2% [133]
Arabs and Berbers Egyptian Arabic and Siwi Lower Egypt 12/147 8.2% [3]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Sohag Governorate 4/52 7.7% [132]
Egyptians Erythraic (Cushitic) Egypt 7/92 7.6% [127][129] If the K* sample is M184+ then 8.7%
Oromo (Semitic) SNNP 2/28 7.1% [123]
Tigray-Tigrinyas Tigrinya (South Semitic) SNNP 2/30 6.7% [122]
Dirashas Dirasha (east Cushitic) Dirashe special woreda 5/79 6.3% [122]
Canarians Canarian Spanish Tenerife 11/178 6.2%
Omo Valley Omotic languages Ethiopia 6/98 6.1% [123]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Qena Governorate 3/52 5.8% [132]
Afars Afar (East Cushitic) Afar Region 6/111 5.4% [122]
Ethiopians Ethiopian languages Ethiopia 4/74 5.4% [104]
Mashiles Mashile language (Cushitic) SNNP 7/130 5.4% [122]
Gurages Gurage languages (South Semitic) SNNP 6/118 5.1% [122]
Canarians Canarian Spanish Gran Canaria 4/78 5.1% [123]
Oromo Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) Oromiyaa 4/78 5.1% [123]
Oromo Afaan Oromo language (Cushitic) Adis Abeba 2/40 5% [123]
Turu Nyaturu (Bantu) Tanzania 1/20 5% [134]
Gedeos Gedeo (east Cushitic) SNNP 6/122 4.9% [122]
Iraqw[135] Iraqw (Cushitic) Tanzania 2/43 4.7%
Yems Yemsa (Omotic) SNNP 5/107 4.7% [122]
Gobeze Cushitic SNNP 5/113 4.4% [122]
Upper Egyptians Egyptian Arabic Minya Governorate 1/23 4.3% [132]
Konsos Konso language (East Cushitic) Konso special woreda 4/94 4.3% [122]
Amhara Amharic (Semitic) Ethiopia 2/48 4.2% [123]
Kembaatas East Cushitic Kembata Tembaro Zone 4/102 3.9% [122]
Maasai Maasai (Eastern Nilotic) Kenya 3/79 3.8% [123]
Lower Egyptians Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) Mansoura 1/44 2.2% [25][131]
Berbers Siwi (Berber) Siwa Oasis 2/93 2.2% [136][137]
Meru Meru (Northeast Bantu) Tanzania 2/99 2% [138]
Itam Ibibio Obong Itam (Southeast Nigeria) 1/50 2% [139]
Berbers Shilha (Berber) Asni 1/54 1.9% [136][137]
Eastern Libyans Libyan Arabic (Semitic) Benghazi 4/214 1.9% [140]
Algerians Algerian Arabic (Semitic) Algeria 3/164 1.8% [17]
Bokoras Karamojong (Eastern Nilotic) Karamoja region 1/59 1.7% [141]
Lower Egyptians Egyptian Arabic (Semitic) Cairo 1/63 1.6% [142]
Nilotes Ateker (Eastern Nilotic) Karamoja region 1/118 0.8% [141]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 9.7% (3/31) of Datogs in Tanzania,[134] 5.8% (4/69) of Kordofanians in Kurdufan,[17] 5.6% (1/18) of Tuaregs in Gorom-Gorom,[143] 4.8% (5/105) of Tunisians in Sfax,[144] 4.8% (3/63) of Libyans in Tripoli Area,[145] 2.6% (1/39) of Hutus in Rwanda[146] 2.1% (1/47) of Berbers in Sejenane,[147] 1.9% (1/53) of Ovimbundo in Angola,[148] and 1.5% (1/68) of Mozabites in Ghardaia,[149]

Far East

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Xibe/Sibo/Xibo people Xibe (Tungusic) Xinjiang 1/8 12.5% [150][151]
Kazakhs Kazakh (Turkic) Southwestern Altai 1/30 3.3% [152]
Uyghur Uyghur (Turkic) Xinjiang 1/48 (1/4 samples) 2.1% [153]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 4.9% (2/41) of Xibe in Xinjiang,[154] 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[155] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[156]

Colonial America

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Movimas Movima language (Language isolate) Beni 1/5 20% [157]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Antioquia 9/51 17.6% [158]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Caldas 23/190 12.1% [158]
Bahamians Bahamian English (West Germanic) Long Island 3/43 7% [159]
Northwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish (Romance) Mountainous region of San Salvador de Jujuy 6/86 7% [160]
Kolla Quechua, Aymara and Argentinian Spanish Mountainous region of Tucumán 2/29 6.9% [161][162]
Basques Basque (Isolate language) Nevada 1/16 6.3% [163]
Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish (Romance) Mountainous region of La Rioja (Capital) 5/87 5.7% [160]
Kolla Quechua, Aymara and Argentinian Spanish Mountainous region of Jujuy 1/18 5.6% [164]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Cundinamarca 1/22 4.5% [158]
Centralwest Argentinians Argentinian Spanish (Romance) Mountainous region of Mendoza (Capital) 3/75 4% [160]
Bahamians Bahamian English (West Germanic) Eleuthera 1/60 1.7% [159]
Colombians Colombian Spanish (Romance) Peque (Antioquia) 1/62 1.6% [158]

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[165] and specifically to the T1a1a* (old T1a*) subclade, according to further studies.[1] T1a1a* was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[166]

Notable haplogroup members

See also: Jefferson DNA data

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is Thomas Jefferson. The Y-chromosomal complement of the Jefferson male line was studied in 1998 in an attempt to resolve the controversy over whether he had fathered the mixed-race children of his slave Sally Hemings. A 1998 DNA study of the Y chromosome in the Jefferson male line found that it matched that of a descendant of Eston Hemings, Sally Hemings' youngest son. This confirmed the body of historical evidence, and most historians believe that Jefferson had a long-term intimate liaison with Hemings for 38 years, and fathered her six children of record, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line. Jefferson grandchildren had asserted in the 19th century that a Carr nephew had been the father of Hemings' children, and this had been the basis of historians' denial for 180 years.

Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson’s patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President’s Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.

— Turi E. King et al.: "Thomas Jefferson’s Y Chromosome Belongs to a Rare European Lineage", AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 000:000–000.2007

The affiliation of the Jefferson haplotype to T1a* and the absence of closely related haplotypes (zero to two step mutations away) in the network supports the hypothesis that this haplotype belongs to an ancient rare European Y-chromosome lineage rather than to lineages that recently migrated to Europe from the Near East.

— F.L. Mendez et al.: "Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe,and Africa", Human Biology, 83(1):39-53, (2011)

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the 2012 ISOGG Tree.

  • T (M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445) Found in Armenia and Northwest Europe.
    • T1 (M193, L206, L490) Found in Syria.
      • T1a (M70/PAGES46, PAGES78) Found in Iran.
        • T1a1 (L162/PAGES21, L299) Found in northern Anatolia
          • T1a1a (L208/PAGES2) Mostly found in western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran, Arabian Peninusla, Upper Egypt and Horn of Africa. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
            • T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
            • T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
              • T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria and Italian Jews.
        • T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
          • T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
          • T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
        • T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Mendez, et al. (2011) Cite error: The named reference "Mendez2011" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Underhill PA, et al. (2001), Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific., Hum Mutat. 2001 Apr;17(4):271-80.
  3. ^ a b c J. R. Luis et al.: The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations (Errata), American Journal of Human Genetics, 74: 532-544.
  4. ^ . doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o R. Trivedi, Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Hima Bindu, Jheelam Banerjee, Manuj Tandon, Sonali Gaikwad, Revathi Rajkumar, T Sitalaximi, Richa Ashma, G. B. N. Chainy and V. K. Kashyap, "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations"
  6. ^ Anish M. Shah et al., ["Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture"] 2011
  7. ^ a b c d e f g S.Sharma et al. "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system"," 'Journal of Human Genetics (2009)
  8. ^ a b Clyde Winters "Y-Chromosome evidence of an African origin of Dravidian agriculture"," 'International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology (2010)
  9. ^ a b Vikrant Kumar et al. "Y-chromosome evidence suggests a common paternal heritage of Austro-Asiatic populations"
  10. ^ a b c T. Kivisild et al. "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations"
  11. ^ Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists"
  12. ^ Gunjan Sharma et al. "Genetic Affinities of the Central Indian Tribal Populations"
  13. ^ K.Tangaraj et al. "Y-Chromosomal STR Haplotypes in Two Endogamous Tribal Populations of Karnataka, India"," 'American Academy of Forensic Sciences (2007)
  14. ^ a b c d e f g G. Venkata et al. "Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India"]
  15. ^ R. Cordaux et al. "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages"]
  16. ^ a b c I. Thanseem et al. "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA S1 "," 'BMC Genetics (2006)
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Elise M. S. Belle et al. "Y chromosomes of self-identified Syeds from the Indian subcontinent show evidence of elevated Arab ancestry but not of a recent common patrilineal origin"]
  18. ^ Richard Cordaux et al. "The Northeast Indian Passageway: A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?"," 'Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)
  19. ^ P. Majumder et al. "Ethnic populations of India as seen from an evolutionary perspective"]
  20. ^ a b c V. Onofri et al., "Y-chromosome genetic structure in sub-Apennine populations of Central Italy by SNP and STR analysis," Springer-Verlag (2007)
  21. ^ C. Robino et al., "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios," Forensic Science International (2004)
  22. ^ I. Pichler et al., "Genetic Structure in Contemporary South Tyrolean Isolated Populations Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu Polymorphisms," Human Biology, August 2006, v. 78, no. 4, pp. 441–464.
  23. ^ Stefania Turrina et al. , "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Northeast Italian population sample using 17plex loci PCR assay," Springer-Verlag (2006)
  24. ^ a b c d e Cornelia Di Gaetano, Nicoletta Cerutti, Francesca Crobu et al., "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome," European Journal of Human Genetics (2009) 17, 91–99
  25. ^ a b c Pierre A. Zalloua, Daniel E. Platt, Mirvat El Sibai et al., "Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean," American Journal of Human Genetics (2008), doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. cf. "Table S3. Haplogroup Numbers and Frequencies" in the online data supplement.
  26. ^ Inês Nogueiro et al., Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities, Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009 Nov 16.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Rosaria Scozzari et al., Human Y-chromosome variation in the Western Mediterranean area: implications for the peopling of the region, Human Immunology 2001
  28. ^ a b c Begoña Martínez-Cruz et al., Evidence of pre-Roman tribal genetic structure in Basques from uniparentally inherited markers, Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2012.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Carlos Flores, Nicole Maca-Meyer, Ana M González, Peter J Oefner, Peidong Shen, Jose A Pérez, Antonio Rojas, Jose M Larruga and Peter A Underhill, "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography," European Journal of Human Genetics (2004) 12, 855–863 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group
  30. ^ a b Laisel Martinez, Peter A Underhill, Lev A Zhivotovsky et al., "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 485–493
  31. ^ a b c Capelli et al. "Y chromosome variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter"," 'ScienceDirect (2006)
  32. ^ a b c d e f g F. Di Giacomo et al. "Clinal patterns of human Y chromosomal diversity in continental Italy and Greece are dominated by drift and founder effects"," 'ScienceDirect (2003)
  33. ^ N. Maca-Meyer, P. Sánchez-Velasco, C. Flores et al., "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Characterization of Pasiegos, a Human Isolate from Cantabria (Spain)," Annals of Human Genetics (2003) 67,329–339
  34. ^ a b c d F. Brisighelli et al."Patterns of Y-STR variation in Italy","Forensic Science International: Genetics (2012)
  35. ^ a b Sandra Beleza et al."Micro-Phylogeographic and Demographic History of Portuguese Male Lineages"," Annuals of Human Genetics (2006)
  36. ^ Giuseppe Calcagno et al. "Y-Chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in a Campania population sample"," 'Clin Chem Lab Med (2005)
  37. ^ V.Rodriguez et al., "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci," International Journal of Legal Medicine (2008), "Table S2. Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in 554 unrelated men from the western Mediterranean region" in the online data supplement.
  38. ^ Decorte R. et al., "'YHRD
  39. ^ a b Ambrosio B. et al., "'Y-STR genetic diversity in autochthonous Andalusians from Huelva and Granada provinces (Spain)," Forensic Sci International Genetics (2011)
  40. ^ a b R. Montiel et al."Analysis of Y-chromosome Variability and its Comparison with mtDNA Variability Reveals Different Demographic Histories Between Islands in the Azores Archipelago (Portugal)"," Annals of Human Genetics (2005)
  41. ^ a b c d e Jan Zastera et al., "Assembly of a large Y-STR haplotype database for the Czech population and investigation of its substructure," Forensic Science International: Genetics (2010)
  42. ^ a b Maarten HD Larmuseau et al., "Temporal differentiation across a West-European Y-chromosomal cline: genealogy as a tool in human population genetics.," European Journal of Human Genetics (2011)
  43. ^ Kristin L. Young et al., "Paternal Genetic History of the Basque Population of Spain," Human Biology, 83(4):455-475 (2011)
  44. ^ Susann Seiberling et al., "Allelverteilung Y-chromosomaler Short TandemRepeats in Vorpommern," Greifswald, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie (2005)
  45. ^ a b c Boris A. Malyarchuk et al. "Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes in Russian Populations"," 'Human Biology, Volume 76, Number 6 (2005)
  46. ^ . doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.072. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  47. ^ . doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  48. ^ . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  49. ^ . doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  50. ^ a b c d . doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.07.002. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  51. ^ a b c V. Rodríguez et al. "Genetic sub-structure in western Mediterranean populations revealed by 12 Y-chromosome STR loci"," 'J Legal Med (2008)
  52. ^ Angela Fechner. "Boundaries and Clines in the West Eurasian Y-Chromosome Landscape: Insights From the European Part of Russia"," 'AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (2008)
  53. ^ a b c Cristian Capelli et al. "A 9-loci Y chromosome haplotype in three Italian populations "," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics (2005)
  54. ^ Lovorka Barac Lauc et al. "Y chromosome STR polymorphisms in a Serbian population sample"," 'Forensic Science International (2004)
  55. ^ Balazs Egyed. "Population genetic study in two Transylvanian populations using forensically informative autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers"," 'Forensic Science International (2005)
  56. ^ Nicoletta Cerri et al. "YPopulation data for 12 Y-chromosome STRs in a sample from Brescia (northern Italy)"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2005)
  57. ^ Ligia Elena Barbarii et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a Romanian population sample"," 'Springer-Verlag (2003)
  58. ^ Miljana Stevanovic "Human Y-specific STR haplotypes in population of Serbia and Montenegro"," 'Forensic Science International (2006)
  59. ^ Leda Kovatsi et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Northern Greeks"," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics (2009)
  60. ^ C. Haas et al. "Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in a population sample from Switzerland (Zurich area)"," 'Forensic Science International (2005)
  61. ^ Heike Rodig et al. "Evaluation of haplotype discrimination capacity of 35 Y-chromosomal STR loci"," 'Forensic Science International (2007)
  62. ^ Lotfi Cherni et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2005)
  63. ^ Igor S. Veselinovic et al. "Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-chromosome STR loci in a Serbian population sample from Vojvodina province"," 'Forensic Science International (2007)
  64. ^ Witold Pepinski et al. "Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, northeastern Poland"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2004)
  65. ^ Uta-Dorothee Immel et al. "Y chromosome polymorphisms and haplotypes in South Saxony-Anhalt (Germany)"," 'Forensic Science International (2005)
  66. ^ Alicia M Cadenas, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Luca L Cavalli-Sforza, Peter A Underhill and Rene J Herrera, "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007), 1 - 13
  67. ^ M. Regueiro et al.: "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," Human Heredity, 2006, vol. 61, pp. 132–43.
  68. ^ Cinnioglu, Cengiz, et al., "Excavating Y-Chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia," Human Genetics, 2004, vol. 114, pp. 127–48.
  69. ^ Sanghamitra Sahoo, Anamika Singh, G. Himabindu, Jheelam Banerjee, T. Sitalaximi, Sonali Gaikwad, R. Trivedi, Phillip Endicott, Toomas Kivisild, Mait Metspalu, Richard Villems, and V. K. Kashyap, "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Published online on January 13, 2006, 10.1073/pnas.0507714103.[1] (cf. Supporting Figure 3 in online data supplement)
  70. ^ Pierre A. Zalloua, Yali Xue, Jade Khalife, Nadine Makhoul, Labib Debiane, Daniel E. Platt, Ajay K. Royyuru, Rene J. Herrera, David F. Soria Hernanz, Jason Blue-Smith, R. Spencer Wells, David Comas, Jaume Bertranpetit, Chris Tyler-Smith, and The Genographic Consortium, "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events," The American Journal of Human Genetics 82, 873–882, April 2008.
  71. ^ Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub, "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 121–126.
  72. ^ a b Mirvat El Sibai et al., "Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast," Annals of Human Genetics (2009), "Table S1. General information and haplotype and haplogroup assignment of samples genotyped in this study" in the online data supplement.
  73. ^ Battaglia et al. "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe"," European Journal of Human Genetics (in press) (2009)
  74. ^ Rita Gonçalves et al."Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and A¸cores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry"," 'University of Madeira (2005)
  75. ^ Karlsson et al."Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective"," European Journal of Human Genetics (2006)
  76. ^ Varzari et al."Searching for the Origin of Gagauzes: Inferences from Y-Chromosome Analysis"," American Journal of Human Biology (2008)
  77. ^ Semino et al."The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective"," Science (2000)
  78. ^ Kivisild et al."The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations"," American Journal of Human Genetics (2003)
  79. ^ Tove H. Jorgensen et al."The origin of the isolated population of the Faroe Islands investigated using Y chromosomal markers"," Human Genetics (2003)
  80. ^ Verónica Gomes et al."Refining the analysis of Y-chromosomal diversity in Alentejo (Portugal)"," Elsevier Ireland Ltd (2008)
  81. ^ Marin A.et al." Biodemographic and molecular analysis of an isolated Alpine population (Postua)"," International Journal of Anthropology (2005)
  82. ^ M.Brion et al." Hierarchical analysis of 30 Y-chromosome SNPs in European populations"," Springer-Verlag (2004)
  83. ^ G.Ferri et al." Slow and fast evolving markers typing in Modena males (North Italy)"," 'Forensic Science International (2009)
  84. ^ R.J. King et al., "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic," Annals of Human Genetics (2008)
  85. ^ D. Kasperaviciute et al., "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians," Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
  86. ^ T. Lappalainen, U. Hannelius et al., "Population Structure in Contemporary Sweden—A Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis," Annals of Human Genetics (2009)
  87. ^ P. Grignani et al., "Highly informative Y-chromosomal haplotypes by the addition of three new STRs DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439," Springer-Verlag (2000)
  88. ^ S. Gaikwad et al., "Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India based upon polymorphisms across non-recombinant and recombinant regions in genome," Genome Biology (2005)
  89. ^ Zoë H. Rosser et al."Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language"," 'American Journal of Human Genetics (2000)
  90. ^ Mark G Thomas et al."New genetic evidence supports isolation and drift in the Ladin communities of the South Tyrolean Alps but not an ancient origin in the Middle"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics (2008)
  91. ^ Irene Pichler et al."Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes"," 'European Journal of Human Genetics (2010)
  92. ^ E. Ramos-Luis et al., "Phylogeography of French male lineages," Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series (2009)
  93. ^ Maria Gaibar et al. "STR genetic diversity in a Mediterranean population from the south of the Iberian Peninsula"," 'Annals of Human Biology (2010)
  94. ^ Italy DNA Project blog, "What a difference a year makes" (posted Tuesday, September 04, 2007), based on data from the Italy DNA Project at Family Tree DNA
  95. ^ Nicholas Wade, "Study Raises Possibility of Jewish Tie for Jefferson," The New York Times (February 28, 2007)
  96. ^ a b Marc Haber et al., "Afghanistan’s Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events," PLoS ONE 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288
  97. ^ a b c d Kristian J Herrera et al, "Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists," "European Journal of Human Genetics" (2011)
  98. ^ a b c d e f Zahra Lashgary et al, "Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: A reservoir of genetic variation," "Annals of Human Biology" (2011)
  99. ^ L. Roewer et al, "A Y-STR database of Iranian and Azerbaijanian minority populations," "Forensic Science International: Genetics 4" (2009),
  100. ^ a b c d e f g Nasidze et al."Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus"," 'Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
  101. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viola Grugni et al., "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians," PLoS ONE 2012, {{doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252}}
  102. ^ Yonan et al., "Y-chromosome diversity in the Assyrian christians," (2009)
  103. ^ N. Al-Zahery, O. Semino, G. Benuzzi, C. Magri, G. Passarino, A. Torroni, and A.S. Santachiara-Benerecetti, "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations," Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2003)
  104. ^ a b L. QUINTANA-MURCI et al., "Y-chromosome speci®c YCAII, DYS19 and YAP polymorphisms in human populations: a comparative study," Annals of Human Genetics (1999)
  105. ^ Mukherjee N., Nebel A., Oppenheim A. and Majumder P. P., "High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from Central Asia and West Asia into India," J. Genet. 80, 125–135 (2001)
  106. ^ a b Ana Teresa Fernandes et al., "Y-chromosomal STRs in two populations from Israel and the Palestinian Authority Area: Christian and Muslim Arabs," Forensic Science International: Genetics (2011)
  107. ^ a b c d e Michael E. Weale et al., "Armenian Y chromosome haplotypes reveal strong regional structure within a single ethno-national group," Journal of Human Genetics (2009)
  108. ^ Khaled K. Abu-Amero, Ali Hellani, Ana M. Gonzalez et al., "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions," BMC Genetics 2009, 10:59 doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59
  109. ^ a b c d e Marc Haber et al., "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon," European Journal of Human Genetics 2010
  110. ^ Carlos Flores et al. "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan"," 'J Hum Genet (2005)
  111. ^ Carsten Hohoff and Bernd Brinkmann "Institut für Rechtsmedizin"," 'Universität Münster <http://www.yhrd.org>
  112. ^ Mohammad et al. "Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait"," 'UKPMC (2009)
  113. ^ M.-R. Rafiee et al., "Analysis of Y-Chromosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Polymorphism in an Iranian Sadat Population," Russian Journal of Genetics (2009)
  114. ^ Roy M. Regueiro et al., "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," Human Heredity 2006, doi:10.1159/000093774
  115. ^ a b Roy J King et al., "The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean," BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:69 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-69
  116. ^ a b c d Oleg Balanovsky et al., "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
  117. ^ Niaz M. Achakzai et al., "Y-chromosomal STR analysis in the Pashtun population of Southern Afghanistan," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
  118. ^ a b c Nasidze et al. "Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians"," 'Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
  119. ^ a b Nasidze et al. "MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups"," 'Annals of Human Genetics (2005)
  120. ^ R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," The National Academy of Sciences, 2001
  121. ^ a b c d e f Nasidze et al. "Haplotypes from the Caucasus, Turkey and Iran for nine Y-STR loci"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd (2003)
  122. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Plaster et al., "Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia," UCL Discovery (2011)
  123. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cesare de Filippo et al., "Y-chromosomal variation in Sub-Saharan Africa, insights into the history of Niger–Congo groups," Oxford University Press, 2010
  124. ^ U.D. Immel et al., "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Somalia" (2009)
  125. ^ Fulvio Cruciani, Piero Santolamazza, Peidong Shen et al., "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes," American Journal of Human Genetics 70:1197–1214, 2002
  126. ^ María Brión et al., "Introduction of an single nucleodite polymorphism-based "Major Y-chromosome haplogroup typing kit" suitable for predicting the geographical origin of male lineages," Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH (2005)
  127. ^ a b Klara Stefflova et al., "Dissecting the Within-Africa Ancestry of Populations of African Descent in the Americas," PLoS ONE (2011)
  128. ^ Margurethe Stenersen et al., "Kurdish (Iraq) and Somalian population data for 15 autosomal and 9 Y-chromosomal STR loci," Elsevier (2004)
  129. ^ a b Elizabeth T Wood et al., "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) Cite error: The named reference "Wood2005" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  130. ^ Juan J Sanchez, Charlotte Hallenberg, Claus Børsting, Alexis Hernandez and Niels Morling, "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males," European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 856–866
  131. ^ a b Barbara Arredi, Estella S. Poloni, Silvia Paracchini et al., "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa," American Journal of Human Genetics 75:338–345, 2004
  132. ^ a b c d e Ghada A. Omran et al., "Diversity of 17-locus Y-STR haplotypes in Upper (Southern) Egyptians," Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series2007
  133. ^ Andreas O. Tillmar et al., "Population data of 12 Y-STR loci from a Somali population (2009)
  134. ^ a b Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. "Supplementary Table 2: Y chromosome genotype data"," 'Mol. Biol. Evol. (2007)
  135. ^ Called "Wairak" and misidentified as Bantu in the studies.
  136. ^ a b Fulvio Cruciani et al. "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12 "," 'Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)
  137. ^ a b Jean-Michel Dugoujon et al. "The Berber and the Berbers - Genetic and linguistic diversities"," 'John Benjamins Publishing Company (2009)
  138. ^ Wanwalai Charoenchote et al. "AmpFℓSTR Identifiler STR Allele Frequencies and PowerPlex Y-STR Haplotype Frequencies of the Meru Population of Northern Tanzania"," 'University of Nevada (2004)
  139. ^ Krishna R Veeramah et al. "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria"," 'BMC Evolutionary Biology (2010)
  140. ^ Samir Elmrghni et al. "Population genetic data for 17 Y STR markers from Benghazi (East Libya)"," 'Forensic Science International: Genetics (2011)
  141. ^ a b Verónica Gomes et al. "Digging deeper into East African human Y chromosome lineages"," 'Hum Genet (2010)
  142. ^ Franz Manni et al. "Y-Chromosome Analysis in Egypt Suggests a Genetic Regional Continuity in Northeastern Africa"," 'Human Biology, Volume 74, Number 5, October 2002, pp. 645–658 (2002)
  143. ^ Luisa Pereira et al. "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel"," 'European Journal of Human Biology (2010)
  144. ^ Imen Ayadi et al. "Haplotypes for 13 Y-chromosomal STR loci in South Tunisian population (Sfax region)"," 'Elsevier Ltd. (2005)
  145. ^ U.-D. Immel et al. "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in an Arab population from Libya"," 'Elsevier B.V. (2005)
  146. ^ ALESSANDRA CAGLIÀ et al. "A Study of Y-Chromosome Microsatellite Variation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparison between FST and RST Genetic Distances"," 'Human Biology, Volume 75, Number 3. (2003)
  147. ^ Sabeh Frigi et al. "Data for Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs (AmpFLSTR1 YfilerTM) in two Tunisian Berber communities"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2005)
  148. ^ Miguel M. Melo et al. "Y-STR haplotypes in three ethnic linguistic groups of Angola population"," 'Forensic ScienceInternational:Genetics (2010)
  149. ^ E. Bosch et al. "Y chromosome STR haplotypes in four populations from northwest Africa"," 'Int J Legal Med (2000)
  150. ^ R.Sanghamitra Sengupta et al, "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists," "The American Journal of Human Genetics" (2006),
  151. ^ R. Howard M. Cann et al, "A Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel," "Science " (2002), "Table 1" in the online data supplement.
  152. ^ Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG, "Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions," "PLoS ONE" (2011),
  153. ^ Zhong et al, "Extended Y-chromosome investigation suggests post-Glacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route," "Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution" (2010),
  154. ^ Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao et al., "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006)
  155. ^ Rufeng Bai et al. "Y-chromosomal STRs haplotypes in Chinese Hui ethnic group samples"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2008)
  156. ^ Yuet Meng Chang et al. "Haplotype diversity of 17 Y-chromosomal STRs in three native Sarawak populations (Iban, Bidayuh and Melanau) in East Malaysia"," 'Elsevier Ireland Ltd. (2008)
  157. ^ Mirian Tirado et al, "Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by 17 STRs included in AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit in a multi ethnical population from El Beni Department (North Bolivia)," "Legal Medicine" (2009).
  158. ^ a b c d Winston Rojas et al, "Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers," "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY" (2010),
  159. ^ a b T. Simms et al, "Paternal Lineages Signal Distinct Genetic Contributions From British Loyalists and Continental Africans Among Different Bahamian Islands," "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (2011),
  160. ^ a b c V. Ramallo et al, "Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina," "Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series" (2009),
  161. ^ Ulises Toscanini et al, "Male Lineages in South American Native Groups: Evidence of M19 Traveling South," "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY" (2011),
  162. ^ Ulises Toscanini et al, "Y chromosome microsatellite genetic variation in two Native American populations from Argentina: Population stratification and mutation data," "Forensic Science International: Genetics" (2008),
  163. ^ Laura Valverde Potes et al, "Grupo BIOMICs / BIOMICs Research Group," "www.yhrd.org/" (2011),
  164. ^ A. Blanco-Verea et al, "Y-chromosome lineages in native South American population," "Forensic Science International: Genetics" (2009),
  165. ^ Ornella Semino et al, "Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny," "The American Society of Human Genetics" (2002),
  166. ^ Colin N. Moran et al, Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners," "Human Genetics" (2004),

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_T-M184&oldid=530963458"