Baltimore dialect

The Baltimore dialect, most popularly known as Baltimorese (sometimes pseudophonetically written Bawlmerese or Ballimerese), is a dialect of American English in the Mid-Atlantic United States that originated among the White blue-collar residents of South and Southeast Baltimore. It has a few similarities with the Philadelphia dialect, although they can sound very different. The most notable characteristics of Baltimore English are the fronted "oh" sound (occasionally written out as "eh-ew" or "ao") and the usage of the endearment "hon".

It is spoken mostly in Baltimore City and the surrounding areas (particularly Essex, Dundalk, Middle River). It is also heard in other parts of the nearby counties – Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Carroll, Harford, and Howard. While the dialect is localized in these areas, it is not limited to them and can be heard as far west as Frederick and Hagerstown, as far east as Elkton, and as far south as Calvert County. Due to Maryland's small size and its close proximity to a variety of strong cultures, the further one gets from Baltimore, the more the local speech is influenced by these other cultures. For example, the speech of Western Maryland is influenced by Appalachia, Northeast Maryland by Delaware Valley and the Eastern Shore of Maryland by the Tidewater accent. Families who migrated out of the city along the Maryland Route 140 and Maryland Route 26 corridors brought the dialect and in some cases pronunciations melded with local colloquialisms such as the word "bixicated" referring to someone who is silly or simple.

Pronunciation

Baltimore English closely resembles blue-collar Philadelphia-area English pronunciation in many ways. These two cities are the only major ports on the Eastern Seaboard never to have developed nonrhotic speech among European American speakers; they were greatly influenced in their early development by Hiberno-English, Scottish English, and West Country English. Due to the significant similarity between the speeches of Baltimore, Philadelphia, Delaware and southern New Jersey, some sociolinguists refer to them collectively as the Mid-Atlantic dialect.

The Bawlmerese or Ballimerese dialect that originated among the White blue-collar residents of South and Southeast Baltimore is not the only accent found in Baltimore. There is also an accent found among African American Baltimoreans. Notable characteristics include vowel centralization before /r/ (words such as "carry" are often pronounced like "curry") and the centralization of /ɑ/ to schwa, particularly in the word "dog" (often pronounced as "dug").

Vowels

• [oʊ] shifts to [eʊ].
• prerhotic monopthongizations: [eɪ] becomes [i]; so bared can rhyme with leered and *[aɪ], [ɔɪ] ,and [aʊ] become [ɔ]; choir and hire rhyme with war, aisle and boil with ball
• [aɪ] becomes [a] before [ɹ]; fire is pronounced as [fɑɹ], sometimes rendered pseudophonetically as far
• As in Philadelphia, the word "water" is often pronounced as "wooder" (/wʊdər/) or, more uniquely, (/wɔɹdəɹ/).
• Resistance to the "cot–caught" merger is common in Baltimorese. The words 'cot' /ɑ/ and 'caught' /ɔ/ do not rhyme. Similar word pairings are 'don' and 'dawn', 'stock' and 'stalk', 'tock' and 'talk'. The word 'on' rhymes with 'dawn', but not 'don'.
• As in most Mid-Atlantic cities, short-'a' is pronounced two different ways: for example, the word 'sad' /æ/ will not rhyme with the word 'mad' /eə/. Pronunciation is dependent upon a complex system of rules that differ from city to city. For more details on the Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore systems see: phonemic æ-tensing in the Mid-Atlantic region.
• epenthetic [ɹ]; notably, "wash" is pronounced as [wɑɹʃ], popularly written as "warsh."
• elision is common
• There is a consistent distinction between the pronunciation of "can" (to be able to) /kɛn/ and "can" (aluminum/tin) /ˈkæːn/.

Consonants

• [f] is often substituted for [θ]
• [ʒ] is often substituted for [z] and, sometimes, [s]
• As is common in many US dialects /t/ is frequently elided after /n/, thus hunter is pronounced [hʌnɚ] sometimes written pseudophonetically as hunner
• The [ɪŋ] (-ing) ending of participle forms is pronounced [iːn] as in "They're go-een to the store."
• [ə] is often eliminated entirely from a word; (e.g. Annapolis = Naplis, cigarette = cigrette, company = compny)
• Baltimore English tends to use a voiced "d" sound for words beginning with a [ð] sound. This is very characteristic of dialects in the Northeast. The popularly cited example of this is "dis, dem, and dose" in place of "this, them, and those".
• L vocalization is common. The sound /l/ is often replaced by the semivowel or glide /w/ and/or /o/ or /ʊ/. Pronunciation of words like "middle" and "college" become [mɪdo] and [kɑwɪdʒ] respectively. The word 'hulk' become the same as 'hawk' /hɔk/. L vocalization almost never occurs if the /l/ is at the beginning of the word.

Lexicon

The following is a list of words and phrases used in the Baltimore area that are used much less or differently in other American English dialects.

• pavement (sometimes pronounced "payment") – commonly substituted for "sidewalk".
• hon – a popular term of endearment.
• natty boh – local slang for the Baltimore brewed beer, National Bohemian.
• down the ocean – acceptable in place of "down to/on/at the ocean", whereas ocean most likely refers to Ocean City, Maryland. Frequently contracted to the pseudophonetic "downy-ocean".
• O's – refers to the MLB team the Baltimore Orioles

In popular culture

Films

The films of John Waters, many of which have been filmed in and around Baltimore, often attempt to portray this Baltimore accent, particularly the early films. For example, John Waters portrays a Baltimore accent in the commentary during his film Pink Flamingos. John Travolta's character in the 2007 version of John Waters' Hairspray spoke with a poor and exaggerated Baltimore accent. Likewise, several of the films of Barry Levinson are set in and around Baltimore during the 1940s-1960s, and employ the Baltimore accent. Actor Danny DeVito, though not a native of the area, speaks with an exaggerated Baltimore accent in Levinson's film Tin Men. Johnny Depp spoke with a Baltimore accent when portraying Willy Wonka.

Notable speakers

• Nancy Pelosi, Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives; grew up in Baltimore
• Barbara Mikulski
• Ben Cardin
• Mickey Cucchiella
• William Donald Schaefer, former Baltimore mayor, Governor of Maryland
• Daniel Stern
• Mel Kiper Jr.
• Ann Taylor (NPR newscaster)
• Robert M. Parker, Jr., U.S. wine critic
• Jay Landsman, Dennis Mello on The Wire.
• Tootsie Duvall, Marcia Donnelly on The Wire
• Greg Puciato, Singer of The Dillinger Escape Plan. The accent is noticeable in several songs from the band.
• Michael Phelps
• Several members of the Death Metal/Grindcore bands Dying Fetus and Misery Index have Baltimore accents.
• Mike Smith, former guitarist for Limp Bizkit.
• Brandon Novak
• Hilary Hahn

See also

• Culture of Baltimore
• North American English regional phonology#Northeastern dialects
• Regional vocabularies of American English

References

• "The Mid-Atlantic Dialects", Evolution Publishing

External links

• Baltimore Hon
• Baltimorese (with some audio)
• In March 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute feature on Bawlmerese, written and voiced by longtime VOA Special English announcer, photographer, voice-over artist, and Baltimore native Steve Ember. A transcript and MP3 of the program – intended for those want to learn American English – can be found at An Extended Lesson in Bawlmerese