Jump to content

Bern

Edit links
Coordinates: 46°56′53″N 7°26′51″E / 46.94806°N 7.44750°E / 46.94806; 7.44750
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bern, CH)
"Berne" redirects here. For other uses, see Bern (disambiguation) and Berne (disambiguation).

Bern
Municipality
Federal Palace of Switzerland
Zytglogge
University of Bern
Zentrum Paul Klee
Old City panorama
Aerial view of the Old City and the Aare
Flag of Bern
Flag
Coat of arms of Bern
Coat of arms
Location of Bern
Map
Bern is located in Switzerland
Bern
Bern
Bern is located in Canton of Bern
Bern
Bern
Coordinates: 46°56′53″N 7°26′51″E / 46.94806°N 7.44750°E / 46.94806; 7.44750
CountrySwitzerland
CantonBern
DistrictBern-Mittelland administrative district
Government
 • ExecutiveGemeinderat
with 5 members
 • MayorStadtpräsident (list)
Alec von Graffenried GFL
(as of January 2021)
 • ParliamentStadtrat
with 80 members
Area
[1]
 • Total
51.62 km2 (19.93 sq mi)
Elevation
(Bahnhofplatz)
540 m (1,770 ft)
Highest elevation
(Könizberg)
674 m (2,211 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Aare near to Eymatt)
481 m (1,578 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2018)[2]
 • Total
133,883
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,700/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
English: Bernese
German: Berner(in)
French: Bernois(e)
Italian: Bernese
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)
Postal code(s)
3000–3030
SFOS number0351
ISO 3166 codeCH-BE
LocalitiesAltenberg, Aaregg, Bümpliz, Bethlehem, Beundenfeld, Bottigen, Breitenrain, Breitfeld, Brunnadern, Dählhölzli, Engeried, Gäbelbach, Grosser Bremgartenwald, Gryphenhübeli, Felsenau, Holligen, Innere Stadt, Kirchenfeld, Könizbergwald, Länggasse, Lorraine, Muesmatt, Murifeld, Neufeld, Sandrain, Schosshalde, Spitalacker, Stöckacker, Tiefenau, Wankdorf, Weissenbühl, Weissenstein
Surrounded byBremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Köniz, Mühleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen
Websitewww.bern.ch
SFSO statistics

Bern (Swiss Standard German: [bɛrn] ⓘ), or Berne (French: [bɛʁn] ⓘ),[note 1] is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".[note 2][3] With a population of about 133,000 (as of 2022), Bern is the fifth-most populous city in Switzerland, behind Zürich, Geneva, Basel and Lausanne.[4] The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014.[5] The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000.[6]

Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern, the second-most populous of Switzerland's cantons. The official language is German,[note 3] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect, Bernese German. In 1983, the historic old town (in German: Altstadt) in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[7] It is notably surrounded by the Aare, a major river of the Swiss Plateau.

Although fortified settlements were established since antiquity, the medieval city proper was founded by the Zähringer ruling family, probably in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen. Bern was made a free imperial city in 1218 and, in 1353, it joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of its eight early cantons. Since then, Bern became a large city-state and a prominent actor of Swiss history by pursuing a policy of sovereign territorial expansion. Since the 15th century, the city was progressively rebuilt and acquired its current characteristics. Bern was made the Federal City in 1848. From about 5,000 inhabitants in the 15th century, the city passed the 100,000 mark in the 1920s.

Etymology

[edit]
See also Other names of Bern

The etymology of the name "Bern" is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. The city was sometimes referred to as Bern im Üechtland to distinguish it from Verona.[8] As a result of the finding of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft".[9] The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Bern
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bern.

Early history

[edit]
Construction of the Untertorbrücke (Lower Gate Bridge) in Bern, Tschachtlanchronik, late 15th century

No archaeological evidence that indicates a settlement on the site of today's city centre prior to the 12th century has been found so far. In antiquity, a Celtic oppidum stood on the Engehalbinsel (peninsula) north of Bern, fortified since the second century BC (late La Tène period), thought to be one of the 12 oppida of the Helvetii mentioned by Caesar. During the Roman era, a Gallo-Roman vicus was on the same site. The Bern zinc tablet has the name Brenodor ("dwelling of Breno"). In the Early Middle Ages, a settlement in Bümpliz, now a city district of Bern, was some 4 km (2 mi) from the medieval city.

The medieval city is a foundation of the Zähringer ruling family, which rose to power in Upper Burgundy in the 12th century. According to 14th-century historiography (Cronica de Berno, 1309), Bern was founded in 1191 by Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen.

In 1218, after Berthold died without an heir, Bern was made a free imperial city by the Goldene Handfeste of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.

Old Swiss Confederacy

[edit]

In 1353, Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming the eighth canton of the formative period of 1353 to 1481.

Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories, thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps. By the 18th century, it comprised most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.

Bern in 1638

The city grew out towards the west of the boundaries of the peninsula formed by the river Aare. The Zytglogge tower marked the western boundary of the city from 1191 until 1256, when the Käfigturm took over this role until 1345. It was succeeded by the Christoffelturm (formerly located closer to the site of the modern-day railway station) until 1622. During the Thirty Years' War, two new fortifications – the so-called big and small Schanze (entrenchments) – were built to protect the whole area of the peninsula.

After a major blaze in 1405, the city's original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses, and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town. Despite waves of pestilence that hit Europe in the 14th century, the city continued to grow, mainly due to immigration from the surrounding countryside.[10]

During the 18th century, the city of Bern was at one point the largest shareholder in the South Sea Company, a British joint-stock company which was involved in the Atlantic slave trade.[11] From 1689 to 3 March 1798 in the town was printed, in French, the biweekly newspaper Gazette de Berne, which reflected the opinions of Bern,[12] usually hostile to the politics of Pre-revolutionary France.[13]

Modern history

[edit]
Bern c. 1870.
Etching by Heinrich Müller

Bern was occupied by French troops in 1798 during the French Revolutionary Wars, when it was stripped of parts of its territories. It regained control of the Bernese Oberland in 1802, and following the Congress of Vienna of 1814, it newly acquired the Bernese Jura. At this time, it once again became the largest canton of the Confederacy as it stood during the Restoration and until the secession of the canton of Jura in 1979.

On 28 November 1848, a majority of the new Swiss Federal Assembly deputies chose Bern as the Federal City (seat of the government) of the newly created Swiss federal state, ahead of Zürich and Lucerne. Bern was chosen as not to concentrate all the power in the economic powerhouse of Zürich, while Catholic and conservative Lucerne had been part of the Sonderbund during the war a year before. In addition, Bern had a more central location and was supported by the French-speaking cantons due to proximity to them. However, the constitution doesn't define Bern as official capital of Switzerland, but as the seat of government.[14]

A number of congresses of the socialist First and Second Internationals were held in Bern, particularly during World War I when Switzerland was neutral; see Bern International.

The city's population rose from about 5,000 in the 15th century to about 12,000 by 1800 and to above 60,000 by 1900, passing the 100,000 mark during the 1920s. Population peaked during the 1960s at 165,000 and has since decreased slightly, to below 130,000 by 2000. As of September 2017, the resident population stood at 142,349, of which 100,000 were Swiss citizens and 42,349 (31%) resident foreigners. A further estimated 350,000 people live in the immediate urban agglomeration.[15]

Geography and climate

[edit]

Topography

[edit]
Aerial view of the Old City of Bern and the Aare
The Old City with the Minster and its platform above the lower Matte quarter and the Aare
The Aare flows in a wide loop around the Old City.
View of Bern from the ISS. The Old City is in the lower right-hand side.

Bern lies on the Swiss plateau in the canton of Bern, slightly west of the centre of Switzerland and 20 km (12 mi) north of the Bernese Alps. The countryside around Bern was formed by glaciers during the most recent ice age. The two mountains closest to Bern are Gurten with a height of 864 m (2,835 ft) and Bantiger with a height of 947 m (3,107 ft). The site of the old observatory in Bern is the point of origin of the CH1903 coordinate system at 46°57′08.66″N 7°26′22.50″E / 46.9524056°N 7.4395833°E / 46.9524056; 7.4395833.

The city was originally built on a hilly peninsula surrounded by the river Aare, but outgrew natural boundaries by the 19th century. A number of bridges have been built to allow the city to expand beyond the Aare.

Bern is built on very uneven ground. An elevation difference of up to 60 metres exists between the inner city districts on the Aare (Matte, Marzili) and the higher ones (Kirchenfeld, Länggasse).

Bern has an area, as of 2013, of 51.62 km2 (19.93 sq mi). Of this area, 9.42 km2 (3.64 sq mi) or 18.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.21 km2 (6.64 sq mi) or 33.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.76 km2 (9.17 sq mi) or 46.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.08 km2 (0.42 sq mi) or 2.1% is either rivers or lakes, and 0.14 km2 (0.054 sq mi) or 0.3% is unproductive land.[16]

Of the developed area of Bern, 3.1% consists of industrial buildings, 22.3% housing and other buildings, and 12.9% is devoted to transport infrastructure. Power and water infrastructure, as well as other special developed areas, made up 1.2% of the city, while another 6.5% consists of parks, green belts, and sports fields.

Of Bern's total land area, 32.8% is heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 13.3% is used for growing crops and 4.4% is designated to be used as pasture. Local rivers and streams provide all the water in the municipality.[16]

Further information: List of parks in Bern
Aerial view by Walter Mittelholzer (1919)

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen Climate Classification, Bern has an oceanic climate (Cfb)[17] closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfb).

The closest weather station near Bern is located in the municipality of Zollikofen, about 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of the city centre. The warmest month for Bern is July, with a daily mean temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), and a daily maximum temperature of 24.3 °C (75.7 °F).[17] The highest temperature recorded at Bern / Zollikofen is 37.0 °C (98.6 °F),[18] recorded in August 2003. On average, a temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) or above is recorded 40.7 days per year, and 6 days per year with a temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) or above at Zollikofen,[17] and the warmest day reaches an average of 32.1 °C (89.8 °F).[19]

There are 103.7 days of air frost, and 22.3 ice days per year at Bern (Zollikofen) for the period of 1981–2010, as well as 14.1 days of snowfall, 36.7 days of snow cover per year and the average amount of snow measured per year is 52.6 centimetres (20.7 in).[17] On average, January is the coldest month, with a daily mean temperature of −0.4 °C (31.3 °F), and a daily minimum temperature of −3.6 °C (25.5 °F).[17] The lowest temperature ever recorded at Bern (Zollikofen) was −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F),[20] recorded in February 1929, and typically the coldest temperature of the year reaches an average of −12.8 °C (9.0 °F)[21] for the period of 1981–2010.

Climate data for Bern (Zollikofen), elevation: 553 m (1,814 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.7
(92.7) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		31.6
(88.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		20.8
(69.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		37.0
(98.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		7.7
(45.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		14.0
(57.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		0.9
(33.6) 		9.3
(48.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		0.3
(32.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		4.7
(40.5)
Record low °C (°F) −21.8
(−7.2) 		−23.0
(−9.4) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.6
(38.5) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−20.5
(−4.9) 		−23.0
(−9.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 60
(2.4) 		56
(2.2) 		65
(2.6) 		78
(3.1) 		112
(4.4) 		102
(4.0) 		108
(4.3) 		112
(4.4) 		87
(3.4) 		86
(3.4) 		77
(3.0) 		78
(3.1) 		1,022
(40.2)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 11
(4.3) 		11
(4.3) 		5
(2.0) 		1
(0.4) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		5
(2.0) 		14
(5.5) 		47
(19)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 12.1 11.4 10.8 11.0 8.6 10.4 10.1 10.6 122.3
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 3.6 3.2 1.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 3.2 13.2
Average relative humidity (%) 84 79 73 70 72 72 71 73 79 84 86 86 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 66 94 151 179 197 223 245 228 175 119 66 53 1,797
Percent possible sunshine 26 35 44 47 45 50 55 56 50 38 26 22 43
Source 1: MeteoSwiss[22]
Source 2: KNMI[23]

Politics

[edit]

Subdivisions

[edit]

The municipality is administratively subdivided into six districts (Stadtteile), each of which consists of several quarters (Quartiere).

Government

[edit]
Erlacherhof
Rathaus
See also: List of mayors of Bern
See also: Gemeinderat (Bern)

The Municipal Council (de: Gemeinderat, fr: conseil municipal) constitutes the executive government of the City of Bern and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councillors (German: Gemeinderat/-rätin, French: conseiller/conseillère municipal(e)), each presiding over a directorate (de: Direktion, fr: direction) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (de: Stadtpräsident, fr: Le Maire). In the mandate period 2021–2024 (Legislatur) the Municipal Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Alec von Graffenried. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the City Council are carried by the Municipal Council. The regular election of the Municipal Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipal Council. Contrary to most other municipalities, the executive government in Bern is selected by means of a system of Proporz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Erlacherhof, built by architect Albrecht Stürler after 1747.

As of 2021, Bern's Municipal Council is made up of two representatives of the SP (Social Democratic Party), and one each of CVP (Christian Democratic Party), GFL (Grüne Freie Liste a.k.a. Green Free List, who is the newly elected mayor since 2017), and GB (Green Alliance of Bern), giving the left parties a very strong majority of four out of five seats. The last regular election was held on 29 November 2020.[24] [25]

The Municipal Council (Gemeinderat) of Bern for the mandate period 2021-2024[25]
Municipal Councillor
(Gemeinderat/-rätin)		 Party Head of Directorate (Direktion, since) of elected since
Alec von Graffenried[GR 1]   GFL Mayor's Office (Präsidialdirektion (PRD), 2017) 2017
Reto Nause[GR 2]   CVP Security, the Environment and Energy (Direktion für Sicherheit, Umwelt und Energie (SUE), 2009) 2009
Franziska Teuscher   GB Education, Social Welfare and Sport (Direktion für Bildung, Soziales und Sport (BSS), 2013) 2013
Marieke Kruit   SP Civil Engineering, Transport and Green Spaces (Direktion für Tiefbau, Verkehr und Stadtgrün (TVS), 2021) 2020
Michael Aebersold   SP Finances, Personnel and IT (Direktion für Finanzen, Personal und Informatik (FPI), 2017) 2016
  1. ^ Mayor (Stadtpräsident)
  2. ^ Vice-Mayor (Vizepräsident)

Dr. Jürg Wichtermann is State Chronicler (Staatsschreiber) since 2008. He has been elected by the collegiate.

Parliament

[edit]

The Stadtrat of Bern for the mandate period of 2021–2024:[26]

  PdA (1.25%)
  AL (3.75%)
  GaP (1.25%)
  JUSO (2.5%)
  SP/PS (26.25%)
  JA! (3.75%)
  GB (12.5%)
  GFL (8.75%)
  jglp (2.5%)
  glp/pvl (11.25%)
  EVP/PEV (2.5%)
  CVP/PDC (2.5%)
  BDP/PBD (2.5%)
  FDP/PLR (8.75%)
  JF / DL (1.25%)
  SVP/UDC (8.75%)

The City Council (de: Stadtrat, fr: Conseil de ville) holds legislative power. It is made up of 80 members, with elections held every four years. The City Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipal Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.

The sessions of the City Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipal Council, members of the City Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Bern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Stadthaus (Town Hall).

The last regular election of the City Council was held on 29 November 2020 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur, French: la législature) from 2021 to 2024. The City Council consist of 23 (-1) members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS) including two seats by the junior party JUSO, 11 (+3) Green Liberal Party (glp/pvl) including two member of its junior party jglp, 10 (+1) Green Alliance of Bern (GB), 8 (-1) The Liberals (FDP/PLR) including one seat by its junior partner JF / DL, 7 (-2) Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 7 (-1) Grüne Freie Liste (GFL) (Green Free List), 3 (+1) Junge Alternative (JA!) (or Young Alternatives), 3 (+1) Alternative Linke Bern (AL), 2 (-1) Conservative Democratic Party (BDP/PBD), 2 (-) Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 2 (-) Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PEV), 1 (-) Swiss Party of Labour (PdA), and 1 Grüne alternative Partei (GaP) (or Green alternative Party).[24][26]

National elections

[edit]

National Council

[edit]

In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 28.7% (-5.6) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the Green Party (25.2%, +7.9), the pvl (13.5%, +4.1), the UDC (9.5%, -2.9), PLR (4.2%, -2.8), and the BDP/PBD (7.0%).[27] In the federal election a total of 49,030 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56%.[28]

In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 34.3% of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the Green Party (17.4%), the UDC (12.4%), and the FDP/PLR (9.9%), glp/pvl (9.4%), and the BDP/PBD (7.0%). In the federal election, a total of 48,556 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.0%.[29]

International relations

[edit]

Twin and sister cities

[edit]

The Municipal Council of the city of Bern decided against having twinned cities except for a temporary (during the UEFA Euro 2008) cooperation with the Austrian city Salzburg.[30][31]

Demographics

[edit]
Bern population pyramid in 2021

Population

[edit]
Largest groups of foreign residents 2012
Nationality Number % total
(foreigners)
 Germany 5,957 4.7 (20.0)
 Italy 4,113 3.2 (13.5)
 Spain 1,977 1.6 (6.5)
 Portugal 1,433 1.1 (4.7)
 Turkey 1,161 0.9 (3.8)
 North Macedonia 1,120 0.9 (3.7)
 Kosovo 1,085 0.9 (3.6)
 Sri Lanka 898 0.7 (3.0)
 Serbia 898 0.7 (3.0)
 France 668 0.5 (2.2)
 Austria 629 0.5 (2.1)

Bern has a population (as of December 2020) of 134,794.[32] About 34% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the 10 years between 2000 and 2010, the population changed at a rate of 0.6%. Migration accounted for 1.3%, while births and deaths accounted for −2.1%.[33]

Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (104,465 or 81.2%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (5,062 or 3.9%) and French is the third (4,671 or 3.6%). There are 171 people who speak Romansh.[34]

As of 2008, the population was 47.5% male and 52.5% female. The population was made up of 44,032 Swiss men (35.4% of the population) and 15,092 (12.1%) non-Swiss men. There were 51,531 Swiss women (41.4%) and 13,726 (11.0%) non-Swiss women.[35] Of the population in the municipality, 39,008 or about 30.3% were born in Bern and lived there in 2000. There were 27,573 or 21.4% who were born in the same canton, while 25,818 or 20.1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 27,812 or 21.6% were born outside of Switzerland.[34]

Apartment blocks at Bern-Bethlehem

As of 2000, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.1% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19.9%.[33]

As of 2000, there were 59,948 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 49,873 married individuals, 9,345 widows or widowers and 9,468 individuals who are divorced.[34]

Houses in the Old City of Bern

As of 2000, there were 67,115 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.8 persons per household.[33] There were 34,981 households that consist of only one person and 1,592 households with five or more people. In 2000, a total of 65,538 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 5,352 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 1,444 apartments (2.0%) were empty.[36] As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 1.2 new units per 1000 residents.[33]

As of 2003 the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern was 1108.92 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$890, £500, €710 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 619.82 CHF (US$500, £280, €400), a two-room apartment was about 879.36 CHF (US$700, £400, €560), a three-room apartment was about 1040.54 CHF (US$830, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2094.80 CHF (US$1680, £940, €1340). The average apartment price in Bern was 99.4% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[37] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.45%.[33]

Historic population

[edit]

The historical population is given in the following chart:[38]

Religion

[edit]
Church of the Holy Spirit in Bern

From the 2000 census, 60,455 or 47.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 31,510 or 24.5% were members of the Catholic Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 1,874 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.46% of the population), there were 229 persons (or about 0.18% of the population) who belonged to the Christ Catholic Church, and there were 5,531 persons (or about 4.30% of the population) who belonged to another Christian religion. There were 324 persons (or about 0.25% of the population) who were Jewish, and 4,907 (or about 3.81% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 629 persons who were Buddhist, 1,430 persons who were Hindu and 177 persons who belonged to another religion. 16,363 (or about 12.72% of the population) belonged to no religion, are agnostic or atheist, and 7,855 persons (or about 6.11% of the population) did not answer the question.[34] On 14 December 2014 the Haus der Religionen was inaugurated.

Main sights

[edit]
The central building of the Federal Palace of Switzerland
The Ogre of the Kindlifresserbrunnen has a sack of children waiting to be devoured.

The structure of Bern's city centre is largely medieval and has been recognised by UNESCO as a Cultural World Heritage Site. Perhaps its most famous sight is the Zytglogge (Bernese German for "Time Bell"), an elaborate medieval clock tower with moving puppets. It also has an impressive 15th century Gothic cathedral, the Münster, and a 15th-century town hall. Thanks to 6 kilometres (4 miles) of arcades, the old town boasts one of the longest covered shopping promenades in Europe.

Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the Bärengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals. The four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in Dählhölzli zoo.[39]

The Federal Palace (Bundeshaus), built from 1857 to 1902, which houses the national parliament, government and part of the federal administration, can also be visited.

Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis papers were published.

The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913.

There are eleven Renaissance allegorical statues on public fountains in the Old Town. Nearly all the 16th-century fountains, except the Zähringer fountain, which was created by Hans Hiltbrand, are the work of the Fribourg master Hans Gieng. One of the more interesting fountains is the Kindlifresserbrunnen (Bernese German: Child Eater Fountain), which is claimed to represent a Jew,[40] the Greek god Chronos, or a Fastnacht figure meant to frighten disobedient children.[41]

Bern's most recent sight is the set of fountains in front of the Federal Palace. It was inaugurated on 1 August 2004.

The Universal Postal Union is situated in Bern.

The Zytglogge clock tower and the city's medieval covered shopping promenades (Lauben)

Heritage sites of national significance

[edit]

Bern is home to 114 Swiss heritage sites of national significance.[42]

It includes the entire Old Town, which is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and many sites within and around it. Some of the most notable in the Old Town include the Cathedral which was started in 1421 and is the tallest cathedral in Switzerland, the Zytglogge and Käfigturm towers, which mark two successive expansions of the Old Town, and the Holy Ghost Church, which is one of the largest Swiss Reformed churches in Switzerland. Within the Old Town, there are eleven 16th-century fountains, most attributed to Hans Gieng, that are on the list.

Outside the Old Town the heritage sites include the Bärengraben, the Gewerbeschule Bern (1937), the Eidgenössisches Archiv für Denkmalpflege, the Kirchenfeld mansion district [de] (after 1881), the Thunplatzbrunnen, the Federal Mint building, the Federal Archives, the Swiss National Library, the Historical Museum (1894), Alpine Museum, Museum of Communication and Natural History Museum.

Culture

[edit]
Zentrum Paul Klee
Stadttheater
Gurtenfestival, 2023
See also: List of museums in Bern

Theatres

[edit]

Cinemas

[edit]

Bern has several dozen cinemas. As is customary in German Switzerland, films are generally in German. Some films in select cinemas are shown in their original language with German and French subtitles.

Film festivals

[edit]

Festivals

[edit]

Music events

[edit]

The Musikpreis des Kantons Bern is an annual musical event where "Outstanding musicians which styles shape the Bern music scene" are honored.[48][49]

Fairs

[edit]

Sports

[edit]
Stade de Suisse Wankdorf

Bern was the site of the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final, in which West Germany upset the Hungarian Golden Team 3–2. The football team BSC Young Boys is based in Bern at the Stade de Suisse Wankdorf, which also was one of the venues for the 2008 UEFA European Championship, in which it hosted three matches.

FC Breitenrain Bern, founded in 1994, also play in Bern.[50]

SC Bern is the major ice hockey team of Bern which plays in the PostFinance Arena. They compete in the National League (NL), the highest league in Switzerland. The team has ranked highest in attendance for a European hockey team for more than a decade.[51] PostFinance Arena was the main host of the 2009 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, including the opening game and the final of the tournament.

PostFinance Arena was also the host of the 2011 European Figure Skate Championships.

Bern Cardinals is the baseball and softball team of Bern, which plays at the Allmend.

Bern Grizzlies is the American football club in Bern (since 1985) and plays in the top level Nationalliga A (American football) at Athletics Arena Wankdorf. The Grizzlies have been Swiss Bowl champion six times.

Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, British Columbia.

RC Bern is the local rugby club (since 1972) and plays at the Allmend. The ladies team was founded in 1995.

The locality of Bremgartenwald was home to the Bremgarten Circuit, the Grand Prix motor racing course that at one time hosted the Swiss Grand Prix.

Bern Bears is an NGO Basketball Club since 2010 in city of Bern.[52]

The Swiss Grand Prix was held on the Circuit Bremgarten street track from 1950 to 1954, with MotoGP also running their Swiss motorcycle Grand Prix from 1949 to 1954. The circuit eventually fell into disrepair after Switzerland banned motorsports after the 1955 Le Mans Disaster, but they made an amendment in 2015 to host electric racing, which is how the Swiss ePrix happened in 2019.

Economy

[edit]

As of  2010, Bern had an unemployment rate of 3.3%. As of 2008, there were 259 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 59 businesses involved in this sector. 16,413 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 950 businesses in this sector. 135,973 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7,654 businesses in this sector.[33]

In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 125,037. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 203, of which 184 were in agriculture and 19 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 15,476 of which 7,650 or (49.4%) were in manufacturing, 51 or (0.3%) were in mining and 6,389 (41.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 109,358. In the tertiary sector; 11,396 or 10.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 10,293 or 9.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5,090 or 4.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 7,302 or 6.7% were in the information industry, 8,437 or 7.7% were the insurance or financial industry, 10,660 or 9.7% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,338 or 4.9% were in education and 17,903 or 16.4% were in health care.[53]

In 2000, there were 94,367 workers who commuted into the municipality and 16,424 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 5.7 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving.[54] Of the working population, 50.6% used public transport to get to work, and 20.6% used a private car.[33]

Education

[edit]
Main building of the University of Bern

The University of Bern, whose buildings are mainly located in the Länggasse quarter, is located in Bern, as well as the University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) and several vocations schools.

In Bern, about 50,418 or (39.2%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 24,311 or (18.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 24,311 who completed tertiary schooling, 51.6% were Swiss men, 33.0% were Swiss women, 8.9% were non-Swiss men and 6.5% were non-Swiss women.[34]

The canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory kindergarten, followed by six years of primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower secondary school where the pupils are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower secondary pupils may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.[55]

During the 2009–10 school year, there were a total of 10,979 pupils attending classes in Bern. There were 89 kindergarten classes with a total of 1,641 pupils in the municipality. Of the kindergarten pupils, 32.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 40.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 266 primary classes and 5,040 pupils. Of the primary pupils, 30.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 35.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 151 lower secondary classes with a total of 2,581 pupils. There were 28.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 32.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language.[56]

Notable schools in Bern include Gymnasium Neufeld.

Bern is home to 8 libraries. These libraries include; the Schweiz. Nationalbibliothek/ Bibliothèque nationale suisse, the Universitätsbibliothek Bern, the Kornhausbibliotheken Bern, the BFH Wirtschaft und Verwaltung Bern, the BFH Gesundheit, the BFH Soziale Arbeit, the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Gestaltung und Kunst and the Hochschule der Künste Bern, Musikbibliothek. There was a combined total (as of 2008) of 10,308,336 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 2,627,973 items were loaned out.[57]

As of 2000, there were 9,045 pupils in Bern who came from another municipality, while 1,185 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[54]

Transport

[edit]
Tram on the Kirchenfeldbrücke, with the Bern Minster and Casino Bern in the background
Main articles: BERNMOBIL, Trams in Bern, Trolleybuses in Bern, and Bern S-Bahn

Public transport

[edit]

Bern is served by a dense network of trains, trams, trolleybuses, and conventional motorbuses. The Bern S-Bahn is Switzerland's second busiest.

Bern is the centre of the Libero tariff network, which covers the cantons of Bern and Solothurn and includes the towns of Biel/Bienne, Solothurn, and Thun. The network allows easy and coordinated travel on all modes of public transport, such as trains, PostAuto buses, trams, buses (trolleybuses and motorbuses) and others, regardless of transport operator. Fares are based on the number of zones in a journey. The central part of Bern, (excluding Bümpliz, Betlehem, Bottigen, Brünnen, and Riedbach in the west of the municipality), is part of the fare zone 100.

Bern railway station

The city is well served by railways, with the extensive S-Bahn network and many regional and international connections. Bern's central railway station (Bahnhof Bern) is Switzerland's second busiest station (164,800 passengers per weekday in 2022), and is the main transport hub in the region.[58]

A funicular railway called the Marzilibahn leads from the Marzili district to the Federal Palace. With a length of 106 m (348 ft), it is the second shortest public railway in Europe after the Zagreb funicular.

Road traffic

[edit]

Several Aare bridges connect the old parts of the city with the newer districts outside of the peninsula.

Bern is well connected to other cities by several motorways (A1, A12, A6).

Airport

[edit]

Bern Airport (colloquially called Bern-Belp or Belpmoos) located outside the city near the town of Belp, as of March 2021 mostly serves general aviation and charter flights. Zurich Airport, Geneva Airport and EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg serve as gateways for air traffic, all reachable in less than two hours by train or car from Bern.

Bicycle transport

[edit]

The city has made efforts to make Bern the "bicycle capital" of Switzerland through the creation of better infrastructure, such as dedicated cycle paths.[59] PubliBike [de] operates a bike-sharing system.

Notable people

[edit]
J J Grynaeus
Statue of Adrian von Bubenberg
Anna Feodorovna, early 1800s
Albrecht von Haller, 1736
Albert Einstein, 1921
Johann Rudolf Wyss
Daniel Albert Wyttenbach
Lukas Hartmann, 1985
Niklaus Manuel, 1530
Mani Matter, 1970
Patricia Kopatchinskaja, 2012

Public servants, the military and the church

[edit]

Politicians and the landed gentry

[edit]

Science and academia

[edit]

Writing and acting

[edit]

Artists, painters and musicians

[edit]

Business

[edit]

Sport

[edit]
Otto Hess, c. 1906
Jenni Oehrli, 2013

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Alemannic German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]; Arpitan: Bèrna [ˈbɛʁna] ⓘ; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnɐ] ⓘ.
  2. ^ German: Bundesstadt; French: ville fédérale; Italian: città federale; Romansh: citad federala. According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has governmental institutions such as the Federal Assembly and Federal Council. However, the Federal Supreme Court is in Lausanne, the Federal Criminal Court is in Bellinzona and the Federal Administrative Court and the Federal Patent Court are in St. Gallen, exemplifying the federal nature of the Confederation.
  3. ^ The official language in any municipality in German-speaking Switzerland is always German. In this context, the term 'German' is used as an umbrella term for any variety of German. So, according to law, people are allowed to communicate with the authorities by using any kind of German, in written or oral form. However, the authorities will always use Swiss Standard German (aka the Swiss variety of Standard German) in documents, or any written form. And orally, it is either Hochdeutsch (i.e., Swiss Standard German or what the particular speaker considers as High German), or then it depends on the speaker's origin, which dialectal variant they are using.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ . Federal Statistical Office https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/. Retrieved 15 June 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ Holenstein, André (2012), Die Hauptstadt existiert nicht [The capital does not exist], UniPress (in German), Bern: University of Bern, pp. 16–19, doi:10.7892/boris.41280, S2CID 178237847, Als 1848 ein politisch-administratives Zentrum für den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war, verzichteten die Verfassungsväter darauf, eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108: «Alles, was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehörden bezieht, ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung.» Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehörden.
  4. ^ "Bern in Zahlen: Aktuelles" (official site) (in German and French). Bern, Switzerland: City of Bern. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Population size and population composition – Data, indicators – Agglomerations: Permanent resident population in urban and rural areas" (Statistics). Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, Swiss Federal Administration. 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  6. ^ "Office fédéral du développement territorial ARE – B3: Les aires métropolitaines" (in French, German, and Italian). Federal Office for Spatial Development ARE. 7 June 2006. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  7. ^ "Old City of Berne". UNESCO World Heritage List. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  8. ^ Müller, Wulf; Tremp, Ernst (13 November 2013). "Üchtland". Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  9. ^ Andres Kristol (ed.): Lexikon der schweizerischen Gemeindenamen. Huber, Frauenfeld 2005, ISBN 3-7193-1308-5, p. 143.
  10. ^ Bern: Development of the settlement and the population in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  11. ^ Illien, Noele (19 November 2020). "Banking and slavery: Switzerland examines its colonial conscience". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  12. ^ Bertholet, Auguste; Kapossy, Béla (2023). La Physiocratie et la Suisse (in French). Geneva: Slatkine. ISBN 9782051029391.
  13. ^ Ernst Bollinger: Gazette de Bern in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  14. ^ Stephens), (Translated from French by Thomas (28 November 2018). "Why is Bern the capital of Switzerland?". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  15. ^ municipal statistics,[1] Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine includes 6,816 weekend commuters not included in the federal statistics of 123,466."Statistik Schweiz - Aktuellste Daten". Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  16. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics Archived 16 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine 2018 data (in German) accessed 26 July 2020
  17. ^ a b c d e "Bern 1981–2010 Averages" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  18. ^ "August 2003". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  19. ^ "Annual Average Maximum". Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  20. ^ "February 1929". Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  21. ^ "Annual Average Minimum". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  22. ^ "Climate Normals Bern / Zollikofen (Reference period 1991−2020)" (PDF). Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 13 January 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  23. ^ "Bern extreme values". KNMI. Retrieved 30 August 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ a b "Gemeindewahlen 2020" (official site) (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Stadtkanzlei, Stabsstelle des Gemeinderats, Stadt Bern. 29 November 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Gemeinderat" (official site) (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Stadtkanzlei, Stabsstelle des Gemeinderats, Stadt Bern. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Stadtrat; Mitglieder" (official site) (in German). Bern, Switzerland: Ratssekretariat des Stadtrats, Stadt Bern. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  27. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019). "NR - Ergebnisse Parteien (Gemeinden) (INT1)" (CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
  28. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019). "NR - Wahlbeteiligung (Gemeinden) (INT1)" (CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
  29. ^ "Nationalratswahlen 2015: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung nach Gemeinden" (official statistics) (in German and French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  30. ^ "EURO 2008 – Partnerschaft von Stadt und Kanton Bern sowie mit Stadt und Land Salzburg". bern.ch (in German). Abteilung Kommunikation und Amt für Information, City of Bern. 30 May 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014. …in einer gemeinsamen Erklärung die Absicht bekundet, mittels einer zeitlich befristeten Partnerschaft zwischen den Städten und Ländern…
  31. ^ "Interpellation Fraktion SP/JUSO Andreas Flückiger/Markus Lüthi, SP): Das orange Wunder von Bern: Diese Freundschaft muss gepflegt werden! Was können wir tun?". bern.ch (in German). Der Gemeinderat (Municipal Council). 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2014. Bisher hat die Stadt Bern bewusst auf eine Städtepartnerschaft verzichtet
  32. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 23-January-2012
  34. ^ a b c d e STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 2 February 2011
  35. ^ Statistical office of the canton of Bern Archived 15 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 4 January 2012
  36. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB – Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 – Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 7 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011
  37. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices Archived 23 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine 2003 data (in German) accessed 26 May 2010
  38. ^ a b Bern in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
  39. ^ "City of bears receives Russian bruins". swissinfo.ch. 16 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  40. ^ City Council of Bern minutes of the 14 May 1998 5:00PM session Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine accessed 23 November 2008 (in German)
  41. ^ "Hofer, 281". Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  42. ^ "Kantonsliste A-Objekte". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  43. ^ "Stadttheater Bern". Archived from the original on 1 February 2003. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  44. ^ "Narrenpack Theatre Bern". Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  45. ^ "Schlachthaus Theatre Bern". Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  46. ^ "Das Theatre an der Effingerstrasse". Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  47. ^ "Theater am Käfigturm". Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  48. ^ "Musikpreise 2019 des Kantons Bern" (in German). musikzeitung.ch. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  49. ^ "Musikalische Auszeichnungen" (in German). www.erz.be.ch/er. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. Der Kanton Bern verleiht jedes Jahr Musikpreise als Zeichen der Wertschätzung und Anerkennung für das Wirken herausragender Musikschaffender. Ausgezeichnet werden professionelle Musikerinnen und Musiker aus allen künstlerischen und organisatorischen Bereichen des Musiklebens sowie allen musikalischen Stilrichtungen, die die Berner Musikszene entscheidend mitprägen.
  50. ^ "FC Breitenrain's official website". Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  51. ^ Merk, Martin (12 March 2015). "Swiss stay top: SC Bern number one in European attendance ranking".
  52. ^ http://www.basketballbern.ch Archived 28 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine Bern Bears
  53. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 28 January 2011
  54. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Statweb (in German) accessed 24 June 2010
  55. ^ EDK/CDIP/IDES (2010). Kantonale Schulstrukturen in der Schweiz und im Fürstentum Liechtenstein / Structures Scolaires Cantonales en Suisse et Dans la Principauté du Liechtenstein (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  56. ^ Schuljahr 2009/10 pdf document Archived 2 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine(in German) accessed 4 January 2012
  57. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, list of libraries Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 14 May 2010
  58. ^ "Ein- und Aussteigende an Bahnhöfen". data.sbb.ch. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  59. ^ "Velohauptrouten". Stadt Bern (in German). Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  60. ^ "Grynaeus, Johann Jakob" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 642.
  61. ^ "Bakunin, Mikhail" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 231.
  62. ^ Noëmi Landolt (10 November 2011). "Die pragmatische Brückenbauerin" (in German). WOZ Die Wochenzeitung 45/2011. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  63. ^ "Haller, Albrecht von" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 855–856.
  64. ^ "Bandelier, Adolph Francis Alphonse" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 311.
  65. ^ "Kocher, Emil Theodor" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  66. ^ "Boner, Ulrich" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 203.
  67. ^ Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Bonstetten, Charles Victor de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). p. 214.
  68. ^ Reid, James Smith (1911). "Wyttenbach, Daniel Albert" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 879–880.
  69. ^ "Wyss, Johann Rudolf" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
  70. ^ Vincent O. Carter entry in the literapedia bern
  71. ^ IMDb Database Archived 19 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018
  72. ^ IMDb Database Archived 26 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018
  73. ^ IMDb Database Archived 27 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018
  74. ^ IMDb Database Archived 25 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018
  75. ^ IMDb Database Archived 28 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018
  76. ^ IMDb Database Archived 14 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018
  77. ^ IMDb Database Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018
  78. ^ IMDb Database Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 3 December 2018
  79. ^ IMDb Database Archived 15 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018
  80. ^ IMDb Database Archived 12 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 6 December 2018
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bern.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bern.
Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Bern.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bern&oldid=1257127685"