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{{Politics of the People's Republic of China}}
[[File:2theregime.jpg]]
The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) in a [[United Front (PRC)|United Front]] similar to the [[popular fronts]] of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the [[National Front (East Germany)|National Front of Democratic Germany]].

Under the [[one country, two systems]] scheme, the [[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|Special Administrative Regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], which were previously colonies of [[Europe]]an powers, operate under a different political system to the rest of the PRC. Currently, both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems.<ref name="Buckley">Buckley, Roger. (1997) ''Hong Kong: The Road to 1997''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-46979-1</ref>

==Relationships with the Communist Party==

The dominance over the political system is such that China is effectively a [[single-party state]]. This means that only one political party, the CPC, holds effective power at the national level. Eight minor parties also participate in the political system under the leadership of the major party. The PRC political system allows for the participation of some non-party members and minor parties in the [[National People's Congress]] (NPC), but they are vetted by the CPC.

Although opposition parties are not formally banned in mainland China (the PRC), the CPC maintains control over the political system in several ways.

Firstly, the PRC political system is composed of a series of indirect elections in which one people's congress appoints the members of the next higher congress, and in which only the lowest people's congresses are subject to direct popular vote. This means that although independent members can theoretically, and occasionally in practice, get elected to the lowest level of congress, it is impossible for them to organize to the point where they can elect members to the next higher people's congress without the approval of the CPC or to exercise oversight over executive positions at the lowest level in the hierarchy. This lack of effective power also discourages outsiders from contesting the people's congress elections even at the lowest level.

Second, although PRC law has no formal provision for banning a non-religious organization, it also has no provision which would give non-CPC political parties any corporate status. This means that a hypothetical opposition party would have no legal means to collect funds or own property in the name of the party. More importantly, PRC law also has a wide range of offenses which can and have been used against the leaders of efforts to form an opposition party such as the [[China Democracy Party]] and against members of organizations that the CPC sees as threatening its power.<ref name="Gittings">Gittings, John. ''The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market''. (2005). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280612-2</ref><ref name="Goldsmith">Goldsmith, Jack L. Wu, Tim. 2006). ''Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of Borderless World''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 01895152662</ref> These include the crimes of [[Subversion (politics)|subversion]], [[sedition]], and releasing [[state secret]]s. Moreover, the control that the Party has over the legislative and judicial processes means that the Party can author legislation that targets a particular group.

==The parties==
* [[Communist Party of China]] (中国共产党) More than 70 million members,

* '''The eight registered minor parties under CPC direction:'''
**[[Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang]] (中国国民党革命委员会 or 民革). Formed by leftist members of the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) who did not escape to Taiwan. 82,000 members. It is considered "second" in status to the Communist Party of China. Thus it has 30% of the seats in the People's Political Consultative Conference. [[Chinese nationalism]] [[Three Principles of the People]]
**[[China Democratic League]] (中国民主同盟 or 民盟). Originally a league of pro-democracy parties. Formed by 144,000 members, mainly middle-level and senior intellectuals. [[Patriotism]] [[Socialism]]
**[[China Democratic National Construction Association]] (中国民主建国会 or 民建). Entrepreneurs from the manufacturing, financial or commercial industries, in both private and state sectors. [[Market socialism]]
**[[China Association for Promoting Democracy]] (中国民主促进会 or 民进). Intellectuals, mostly in the education, technology and publishing sectors. Some 117,500 members. [[Social democracy]]
**[[Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party]] (中国农工民主党 or 农工党). Most of its 65,000 members work in the fields of public health, culture and education, science and technology. [[Socialism]]
**[[China Zhi Gong Party|Zhigongdang of China]] aka [[China Party for Public Interest]] (中国致公党). Returned overseas Chinese, relatives of overseas Chinese, and noted figures and scholars who have overseas ties. [[Chinese federalism]] [[Reunification of China]]
**[[Jiusan Society]] aka [[September 3 Society]] (九三学社). Most of its 68,000 members are high- and medium level intellectuals in the fields of science, technology, education, culture and medicine. [[Socialism]]
**[[Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League]] (台湾民主自治同盟 or 台盟). 1,600 people, most of whom are prominent people that are from Taiwan or are of Taiwanese heritage, but now reside on the Mainland. [[Taiwanization]] [[One country, two systems]]

===Actively suppressed political parties===
The following parties are ones which have been and are currently still being actively suppressed in the People's Republic of China. Due to the censorship and suppression, they most likely have their headquarters outside of the Chinese mainland:
*The [[Democracy Party of China|China Democracy Party]] (中国民主党) was founded by participants of the 1978 [[Democracy Wall|Chinese Democracy Wall Movement]] and the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|1989 Democracy Movement]]. It was made illegal in 1998 by the CCP on mainland soil.<ref name="Gittings" /><ref name="Goldsmith" /> [[Democracy]] [[Liberalism]] [[Anti-communism]]
*The [[New Democracy Party of China|China New Democracy Party]] (中国新民党) was founded by [[Guo Quan]] in Nanjing at the end of 2007.<ref name="Gittings" /><ref name="Goldsmith" />
*[[Union of Chinese Nationalists]] (中国泛蓝联盟) aspires to the ideals of the [[Pan-Blue coalition]] on [[Republic of China|Taiwan]]. As such, its values include establishing a [[liberal democracy]] in accordance with the [[Three Principles of the People]]. The group originated from an internet forum discussion in August 2004 and was declared to be an illegal organization in September 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance Members Arrested|publisher=Epoch Times|date=2008-02-18|url=http://en.epochtimes.com/news/8-2-18/66195.html}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chinese political parties]]
* [[List of political parties]]
*[[List of political parties in the Republic of China]] before and after 1949
*[[List of political parties in Hong Kong]]
*[[List of political parties in Macau]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://english.people.com.cn/data/China_in_brief/Political_Parties/Democratic%20Parties.html List of Democratic Parties] - People's Daily
* [http://www.china.org.cn/english/archiveen/27750.htm Profile of Democratic Parties] - Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

{{PRC political parties}}
{{Asia topic|List of political parties in}}
[[Category:Lists of political parties|China, People's Republic of]]
[[Category:Political parties in the People's Republic of China| ]]
[[Category:China-related lists|Political parties]]

[[ko:중화인민공화국의 정당]]
[[ja:中華人民共和国の政党一覧]]
[[pl:Chińskie partie demokratyczne]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de partidos políticos da República Popular da China]]
[[ru:Список политических партий КНР]]
[[vi:Danh sách chính đảng tại Cộng hòa Nhân dân Trung Hoa]]
[[zh:中華人民共和國政黨]]

Revision as of 07:51, 25 February 2012

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The People's Republic of China (PRC) is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in a United Front similar to the popular fronts of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the National Front of Democratic Germany.

Under the one country, two systems scheme, the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, which were previously colonies of European powers, operate under a different political system to the rest of the PRC. Currently, both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems.[1]

Relationships with the Communist Party

The dominance over the political system is such that China is effectively a single-party state. This means that only one political party, the CPC, holds effective power at the national level. Eight minor parties also participate in the political system under the leadership of the major party. The PRC political system allows for the participation of some non-party members and minor parties in the National People's Congress (NPC), but they are vetted by the CPC.

Although opposition parties are not formally banned in mainland China (the PRC), the CPC maintains control over the political system in several ways.

Firstly, the PRC political system is composed of a series of indirect elections in which one people's congress appoints the members of the next higher congress, and in which only the lowest people's congresses are subject to direct popular vote. This means that although independent members can theoretically, and occasionally in practice, get elected to the lowest level of congress, it is impossible for them to organize to the point where they can elect members to the next higher people's congress without the approval of the CPC or to exercise oversight over executive positions at the lowest level in the hierarchy. This lack of effective power also discourages outsiders from contesting the people's congress elections even at the lowest level.

Second, although PRC law has no formal provision for banning a non-religious organization, it also has no provision which would give non-CPC political parties any corporate status. This means that a hypothetical opposition party would have no legal means to collect funds or own property in the name of the party. More importantly, PRC law also has a wide range of offenses which can and have been used against the leaders of efforts to form an opposition party such as the China Democracy Party and against members of organizations that the CPC sees as threatening its power.[2][3] These include the crimes of subversion, sedition, and releasing state secrets. Moreover, the control that the Party has over the legislative and judicial processes means that the Party can author legislation that targets a particular group.

The parties

Actively suppressed political parties

The following parties are ones which have been and are currently still being actively suppressed in the People's Republic of China. Due to the censorship and suppression, they most likely have their headquarters outside of the Chinese mainland:

See also

References

  1. ^ Buckley, Roger. (1997) Hong Kong: The Road to 1997. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-46979-1
  2. ^ a b c Gittings, John. The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market. (2005). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280612-2
  3. ^ a b c Goldsmith, Jack L. Wu, Tim. 2006). Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of Borderless World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 01895152662
  4. ^ "Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance Members Arrested". Epoch Times. 2008-02-18.
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