Turkish dialects: Difference between revisions
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Turkish is a southern [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] dialect of the [[Turkic languages]], is natively spoken by the Turkish people in [[Turkey]], [[Bulgaria]], the island of [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]] (primarily in [[Western Thrace]]), [[Kosovo]], the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Meskhetia]], [[Romania]], and other areas of traditional settlement which were formerly, in whole or part, belonged to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Turkish is the [[official language]] of Turkey and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. It also has official (but not primary) status in the [[Prizren District]] of [[Kosovo]] and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia, depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population. Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of [[Istanbul]].<ref name="Campbell 2008 loc=547">{{Harvnb|Campbell|2008|loc=547}}.</ref> Nonetheless, dialectal variation persists, in spite of the [[Dialect levelling|levelling]] influence of the standard used in mass media and the [[Education in Turkey|Turkish education system]] since the 1930s.<ref name="Johanson 2001 loc=16">{{Harvnb|Johanson|2001|loc=16}}.</ref> The terms ''ağız'' or ''şive'' are often used to refer to the different types of Turkish dialects (such as [[Cypriot Turkish]]). |
Turkish is a southern [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] dialect of the [[Turkic languages]], is natively spoken by the Turkish people in [[Turkey]], [[Bulgaria]], the island of [[Cyprus]], [[Greece]] (primarily in [[Western Thrace]]), [[Kosovo]], the [[Republic of Macedonia]], [[Meskhetia]], [[Romania]], and other areas of traditional settlement which were formerly, in whole or part, belonged to the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Turkish is the [[official language]] of Turkey and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. It also has official (but not primary) status in the [[Prizren District]] of [[Kosovo]] and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia, depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population. Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of [[Istanbul]].<ref name="Campbell 2008 loc=547">{{Harvnb|Campbell|2008|loc=547}}.</ref> Nonetheless, dialectal variation persists, in spite of the [[Dialect levelling|levelling]] influence of the standard used in mass media and the [[Education in Turkey|Turkish education system]] since the 1930s.<ref name="Johanson 2001 loc=16">{{Harvnb|Johanson|2001|loc=16}}.</ref> The terms ''ağız'' or ''şive'' are often used to refer to the different types of Turkish dialects (such as [[Cypriot Turkish]]). |
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===Turkish within the diaspora=== |
===Turkish within the diaspora=== |
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Due to a large [[Turkish diaspora]], significant Turkish-speaking communities also reside in countries such as [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[El Salvador]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Russia]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ukraine]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="Ethnologue Turkish">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tur|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)|accessdate=2011-09-04|year=2005}}</ref> However, because of [[cultural assimilation]] of Turkish immigrants and their descendants in host countries, not all ethnic Turks speak the Turkish language with native fluency.<ref name="Johanson 2011 loc=734">{{Harvnb|Johanson|2011|loc=734}}.</ref> |
Due to a large [[Turkish diaspora]], significant Turkish-speaking communities also reside in countries such as [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[El Salvador]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Russia]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ukraine]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="Ethnologue Turkish">{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)|authorlink=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tur|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)|accessdate=2011-09-04|year=2005}}</ref> However, because of [[cultural assimilation]] of Turkish immigrants and their descendants in host countries, not all ethnic Turks speak the Turkish language with native fluency.<ref name="Johanson 2011 loc=734">{{Harvnb|Johanson|2011|loc=734}}.</ref> |
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==== Anatolian dialects ==== |
==== Anatolian dialects ==== |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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*{{citation |last1=Aydıngün|first1=Ayşegül|last2=Harding|first2=Çiğdem Balım|last3=Hoover|first3=Matthew|last4=Kuznetsov|first4=Igor|last5=Swerdlow|first5=Steve|year=2006|title=Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences|url=http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf|place=|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|isbn=}} |
* {{citation |last1=Aydıngün|first1=Ayşegül|last2=Harding|first2=Çiğdem Balım|last3=Hoover|first3=Matthew|last4=Kuznetsov|first4=Igor|last5=Swerdlow|first5=Steve|year=2006|title=Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences|url=http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf|place=|publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics|isbn=}} |
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*{{citation |last=Brendemoen|first=Bernt|year=2002|title=The Turkish Dialects of Trabzon: Analysis|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447045701}}. |
* {{citation |last=Brendemoen|first=Bernt|year=2002|title=The Turkish Dialects of Trabzon: Analysis|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447045701}}. |
||
*{{citation |last=Brendemoen|first=Bernt|year=2006|chapter=Ottoman or Iranian? An example of Turkic-Iranian language contact in East Anatolian dialects|title=Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects|editor1-last=Johanson|editor1-first=Lars|editor2-last=Bulut|editor2-first=Christiane|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447052767}}. |
* {{citation |last=Brendemoen|first=Bernt|year=2006|chapter=Ottoman or Iranian? An example of Turkic-Iranian language contact in East Anatolian dialects|title=Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects|editor1-last=Johanson|editor1-first=Lars|editor2-last=Bulut|editor2-first=Christiane|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447052767}}. |
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*{{citation |last=Campbell|first=George L.|year=1998|title=Concise Compendium of the World's Languages|place=|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0415160499}}. |
* {{citation |last=Campbell|first=George L.|year=1998|title=Concise Compendium of the World's Languages|place=|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0415160499}}. |
||
*{{citation |last=Friedman|first=Victor A.|year=2003|title=Turkish in Macedonia and Beyond: Studies in Contact, Typology and other Phenomena in the Balkans and the Caucasus|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447046406}}. |
* {{citation |last=Friedman|first=Victor A.|year=2003|title=Turkish in Macedonia and Beyond: Studies in Contact, Typology and other Phenomena in the Balkans and the Caucasus|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447046406}}. |
||
*{{citation |last=Friedman|first=Victor A.|year=2006|chapter=Western Rumelian Turkish in Macedonia and adjacent areas|title=Turkic Languages in Contact|editor1-last=Boeschoten|editor1-first=Hendrik|editor2-last=Johanson|editor2-first=Lars|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447052120}}. |
* {{citation |last=Friedman|first=Victor A.|year=2006|chapter=Western Rumelian Turkish in Macedonia and adjacent areas|title=Turkic Languages in Contact|editor1-last=Boeschoten|editor1-first=Hendrik|editor2-last=Johanson|editor2-first=Lars|place=|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=3447052120}}. |
||
*{{citation |last=Johanson|first=Lars|year=2001|url=http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf|title=Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map|journal=|place=Stockholm|publisher=Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul}} |
* {{citation |last=Johanson|first=Lars|year=2001|url=http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DILBILIM/johanson_01.pdf|title=Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map|journal=|place=Stockholm|publisher=Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul}} |
||
*{{citation |last=Johanson|first=Lars|year=2011|chapter=Multilingual states and empires in the history of Europe: the Ottoman Empire|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide, Volume 2|editor1-last=Kortmann|editor1-first=Bernd|editor2-last=Van Der Auwera|editor2-first=Johan (eds)|place=|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110220253}} |
* {{citation |last=Johanson|first=Lars|year=2011|chapter=Multilingual states and empires in the history of Europe: the Ottoman Empire|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide, Volume 2|editor1-last=Kortmann|editor1-first=Bernd|editor2-last=Van Der Auwera|editor2-first=Johan (eds)|place=|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3110220253}} |
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Revision as of 18:22, 4 February 2013
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There is considerable dialectal variation in Turkish.
Turkish is a southern Oghuz dialect of the Turkic languages, is natively spoken by the Turkish people in Turkey, Bulgaria, the island of Cyprus, Greece (primarily in Western Thrace), Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Meskhetia, Romania, and other areas of traditional settlement which were formerly, in whole or part, belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Turkish is the official language of Turkey and is one of the official languages of Cyprus. It also has official (but not primary) status in the Prizren District of Kosovo and several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia, depending on the concentration of Turkish-speaking local population. Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of Istanbul.[1] Nonetheless, dialectal variation persists, in spite of the levelling influence of the standard used in mass media and the Turkish education system since the 1930s.[2] The terms ağız or şive are often used to refer to the different types of Turkish dialects (such as Cypriot Turkish).
Balkan Turkish dialects
The Turkish language was introduced to the Balkans by the Ottoman Turks during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.[3] Today, Turkish is still spoken by the Turkish minorities who are still living in the region, especially in Bulgaria, Greece (mainly in Western Thrace), Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, and Romania.[4] Despite some contact phenomena, especially in the lexicon, the Balkan Turkish dialects are considerably closer to standard Turkish and do not differ significantly from it.[5]
Cypriot Turkish dialect
The Turkish language was introduced to Cyprus with the Ottoman conquest in 1571 and became the politically dominant, prestigious language, of the administration.[6] In the post-Ottoman period, Cypriot Turkish was relatively isolated from standard Turkish and had strong influences by the Cypriot Greek dialect. The condition of coexistence with the Greek Cypriots led to a certain bilingualism whereby Turkish Cypriots knowledge of Greek was important in areas where the two communities lived and worked together.[7] The linguistic situation changed radically in 1974, when the island was divided into a Greek south and a Turkish north (Northern Cyprus). Today, the Cypriot Turkish dialect is being exposed to increasing standard Turkish through immigration from Turkey, new mass media, and new educational institutions.[6]
Meskhetian Turkish dialect
The Meskhetian Turks speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, which hails from the regions of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin.[8] The Meskhetian Turkish dialect has also borrowed from other languages (including Azerbaijani, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Russian, and Uzbek) which the Meskhetian Turks have been in contact with during the Russian and Soviet rule.[8]
Turkish within the diaspora
Due to a large Turkish diaspora, significant Turkish-speaking communities also reside in countries such as Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[9] However, because of cultural assimilation of Turkish immigrants and their descendants in host countries, not all ethnic Turks speak the Turkish language with native fluency.[10]
Anatolian dialects
There are three major Anatolian Turkish dialect groups spoken in Turkey: the West Anatolian dialect (roughly to the west of the Euphrates), the East Anatolian dialect (to the east of the Euphrates), and the North East Anatolian group, which comprises the dialects of the Eastern Black Sea coast, such as Trabzon, Rize, and the littoral districts of Artvin.[11][12]
The classification of the Anatolian dialects of Turkish language:[13]
1. Eastern Anatolian Dialects
1.1.1. Ağrı, Malazgirt
1.1.2. Muş, Bitlis
1.1.3. Ahlat, Adilcevaz, Bulanık, Van
1.1.4. Diyarbakır
1.1.5. Palu, Karakoçan, Bingöl, Karlıova, Siirt
1.2.1. Kars (Yerli)
1.2.2. Erzurum, Aşkale, Ovacık, Narman
1.2.3. Pasinler, Horasan, Hınıs, Tekman, Karayazı, Tercan (partim)
1.2.4. Bayburt, İspir (excl. northern), Erzincan, Çayırlı, Tercan (partim)
1.2.5. Gümüşhane
1.2.6. Refahiye, Kemah
1.2.7. Kars (Azeri and Terekeme)
1.3.1. Posof, Artvin, Şavşat, Ardanuç, Yusufeli
1.3.2.1. Ardahan, Olur, Oltu, Şenkaya; Ahıska Turks (Georgia)
1.3.2.2. Tortum
1.3.2.3. İspir (northern)
1.4.1. Kemaliye, İliç, Ağın
1.4.2. Tunceli, Hozat, Mazgirt, Pertek
1.4.3. Harput
1.4.4. Elazığ, Keban, Baskil
2. Northeastern Anatolian Dialects
2.1.1. Vakfıkebir, Akçaabat, Tonya, Maçka, Of, Çaykara
2.1.2. Trabzon, Yomra, Sürmene, Araklı, Rize, Kalkandere, İkizdere
2.2.1. Çayeli
2.2.2. Çamlıhemşin, Pazar, Hemşin, Ardeşen, Fındıklı
2.3.1. Arhavi, Hopa (included Kemalpaşa belde)
2.3.2. Hopa (a little part)
2.3.3. Borçka, Muratlı, Camili, Meydancık, Ortaköy (Berta) bucak of Artvin (merkez)
3. Western Anatolian Dialects
3.1.1. Afyonkarahisar, Eskişehir, Uşak, Nallıhan
3.1.2. Çanakkale, Balıkesir, Bursa, Bilecik
3.1.3. Aydın, Burdur, Denizli, Isparta, İzmir, Kütahya, Manisa, Muğla
3.1.4. Antalya
3.3.1. Zonguldak, Devrek, Ereğli
3.3.2. Bartın, Çaycuma, Amasra
3.3.3. Bolu, Ovacık, Eskipazar, Karabük, Safranbolu, Ulus, Eflani, Kurucaşile
3.3.4. Kastamonu
3.4.1. Göynük, Mudurnu, Kıbrıscık, Seben
3.4.2. Kızılcahamam, Beypazarı, Çamlıdere, Güdül, Ayaş
3.4.3. Çankırı, İskilip, Kargı, Bayat, Osmancık, Tosya, Boyabat
3.5.1. Sinop, Alaçam
3.5.2. Samsun, Kavak, Çarşamba, Terme
3.5.3. Ordu, Giresun, Şalpazarı
3.6.1. Ladik, Havza, Amasya, Tokat, Erbaa, Niksar, Turhal, Reşadiye, Almus
3.6.2. Zile, Artova, Sivas, Yıldızeli, Hafik, Zara, Mesudiye
3.6.3. Şebinkarahisar, Alucra, Suşehri
3.6.4. Kangal, Divriği, Gürün, Malatya, Hekimhan, Arapkir
3.7.1. Akçadağ, Darende, Doğanşehir
3.7.2. Afşin, Elbistan, Göksun, Andırın, Adana, Hatay, Tarsus, Ereğli
3.7.3. Kahramanmaraş, Gaziantep
3.7.4. Adıyaman, Halfeti, Birecik, Kilis
3.8. Ankara, Haymana, Balâ, Şereflikoçhisar, Çubuk, Kırıkkale, Keskin, Kalecik, Kızılırmak, Çorum, Yozgat, Kırşehir, Nevşehir, Niğde, Kayseri, Şarkışla, Gemerek
References
- ^ Campbell 2008, 547.
- ^ Johanson 2001, 16.
- ^ Johanson 2011, 732.
- ^ Johanson 2011, 734-738.
- ^ Friedman 2003, 51.
- ^ a b Johanson 2011, 738.
- ^ Johanson 2011, 739.
- ^ a b Aydıngün et al. 2006, 23.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Report for language code:tur (Turkish)". Retrieved 2011-09-04.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Johanson 2011, 734.
- ^ Brendemoen 2002, 27.
- ^ Brendemoen 2006, 227.
- ^ Karahan, Leylâ (1996). Anadolu Ağızlarının Sınıflandırılması. Türk Dil Kurumu.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)
Bibliography
- Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım; Hoover, Matthew; Kuznetsov, Igor; Swerdlow, Steve (2006), Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences (PDF), Center for Applied Linguistics
- Brendemoen, Bernt (2002), The Turkish Dialects of Trabzon: Analysis, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3447045701.
- Brendemoen, Bernt (2006), "Ottoman or Iranian? An example of Turkic-Iranian language contact in East Anatolian dialects", in Johanson, Lars; Bulut, Christiane (eds.), Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3447052767.
- Campbell, George L. (1998), Concise Compendium of the World's Languages, Psychology Press, ISBN 0415160499.
- Friedman, Victor A. (2003), Turkish in Macedonia and Beyond: Studies in Contact, Typology and other Phenomena in the Balkans and the Caucasus, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3447046406.
- Friedman, Victor A. (2006), "Western Rumelian Turkish in Macedonia and adjacent areas", in Boeschoten, Hendrik; Johanson, Lars (eds.), Turkic Languages in Contact, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 3447052120.
- Johanson, Lars (2001), Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map (PDF), Stockholm: Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul
- Johanson, Lars (2011), "Multilingual states and empires in the history of Europe: the Ottoman Empire", in Kortmann, Bernd; Van Der Auwera, Johan (eds) (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide, Volume 2, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3110220253
{{citation}}:|editor2-first=has generic name (help)