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→‎Key: keeping in line w Sanskrit article. Anything we have here should reflect at least one sourced system there. /ai, au/ per our Vedic article, which states they had these values in Classical times. Similarly syllabic r, l..
Line 67: Line 67:
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf
| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɭ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|}} || l|| style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
Line 92: Line 89:
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''ot
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''ot
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | Rolled r
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | North American la'''dd'''er
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
Line 99: Line 96:
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | North American wo'''rsh'''ip
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | Somewhat like North American wo'''rsh'''ip
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|t}}</big>
Line 128: Line 125:
! [[Sanskrit_grammar#Phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation
! [[Sanskrit_grammar#Phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPAlink|ɔː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''ll
| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | comm'''a'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
|-
|-
Line 140: Line 137:
| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t
| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''k
|-
|-
Line 146: Line 143:
| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t
| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | l'''oo'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r|r̩}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽi}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | ''Retroflex [[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]]'' {{angbr|r}}: bett'''er''' (American English)
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''ri''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r|r̩ː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || ṝ || style="text-align: left;" | ''Long retroflex [[syllabic consonant|syllabic]]'' {{angbr|r}}: roughly like b'''ir'''d (American English)
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l̩}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ|ɽiː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | '' Dental [[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]]'' {{angbr|l}}: bott'''le'''
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || ṝ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''rī''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|l̩ː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|l|li}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ॡ}}, {{lang|sa|पॣ}} || ḹ || style="text-align: left;" | ''Long dental [[Syllabic consonant|syllabic]]'' {{angbr|l}}
| {{lang|sa|ऌ}}, {{lang|sa|पॢ}} || ḷ || style="text-align: left;" | as ''li''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | w'''ai'''t
| {{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}} || e || style="text-align: left;" | w'''ai'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|ei}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|ai}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai/ei || style="text-align: left;" | s'''ay'''
| {{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}} || ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | '''o'''ld
| {{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}} || o || style="text-align: left;" | '''o'''ld
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|ou}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|au}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au/ou || style="text-align: left;" |like g'''o'''(American English)
| {{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}} || au || style="text-align: left;" | h'''ow''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ँ}} || ◌̃/m̐ || style="text-align: left;" | [[nasal vowel]] {{IPA|[ɔ̃ː]}}, {{IPA|[ãː]}}, {{IPA|[õː]}}, etc.)<ref name="nasal"/> Diacritic sound generally used for the nasalisation of vowels but considered as a consonant.
| {{lang|sa|ँ}} || ◌̃/m̐ || style="text-align: left;" | [[nasal vowel]] {{IPA|[ə̃]}}, {{IPA|[ãː]}}, {{IPA|[õː]}}, etc.)<ref name="nasal"/> Diacritic sound generally used for the nasalisation of vowels but considered as a consonant.
|}
|}
<br>
<br>

Revision as of 01:27, 9 March 2019

Template:Contains Indic text

This page contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-sa}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Key

Consonants
IPA[1] Nagari[1] IAST[1] [2] English approximation
b ब b about
bʱ भ bh abhor
ɕ श ś sheep, Ghanian ship
d द d do
dʱ ध dh roughly like old house
ɖ ड ḍ roughly like North American bord
ɖʱ ढ ḍh roughly like North American birdhouse
ɡ ग g again
ɡʱ घ gh doghouse
h ः [3] ḥ head
ɦ ह h ahead
j य y yak
dʒ ज j roughly like juice
dʒʱ झ jh roughly like hedgehog
k क k scan
kʰ ख kh can
l ल l leaf
m म m much
n न n tenth
ɳ ण ṇ roughly like burnt[4]
ɲ ञ ñ roughly like canyon[4]
ŋ ङ ṅ bank[4]
p प p span
pʰ फ ph pot
ɽ र r North American ladder
s स s soup
ʂ ष ṣ Somewhat like North American worship
t त t stable
tʰ थ th table
ʈ ट ṭ Somewhat like stable
ʈʰ ठ ṭh Somewhat like table
tʃ च c roughly like chew
tʃʰ छ ch chew
ʋ व v between wine and vine
Vowels[4][5]
IPA Nagari IAST[2] English approximation
ə अ, प a comma
aː आ, पा ā bra
ɪ इ, पि i sit
iː ई, पी ī feet
ʊ उ, पु u look
uː ऊ, पू ū loot
ɽi ऋ, पृ ṛ as ri
ɽiː ॠ, पॄ ṝ as rī
li ऌ, पॢ ḷ as li
eː ए, पे e wait
ai ऐ, पै ai hi
oː ओ, पो o old
au औ, पौ au h'ow
◌̃ ँ ◌̃/m̐ nasal vowel [ə̃], [ãː], [õː], etc.)[4] Diacritic sound generally used for the nasalisation of vowels but considered as a consonant.


Suprasegmentals
IPA Nagari IAST[2] English equivalent
ˈ◌ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
  3. ^ visarga - a diacritic attached to vowels but realized as a consonant
  4. ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
  5. ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.

References

  • Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
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