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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Maltese on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Maltese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Shortcut

H:IPA-MT

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Maltese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Maltese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Maltese.

Consonants
IPA	Example	English approximation
b	ballun	boy
d	dar	duck
d͡z	gazzetta	pads
d͡ʒ	ġelat	jail
ʒ	televixin	French jeu
f	fwieħa	four
ɡ	gallettina	game
ħ	ħadem	hat or Arabic ḥarām حَرَامْ^[1]
j	jum	yes
k	kelb	scar
l	libsa	look
m	mara	mole
n	nadif	no
p	paġna	spat
r	re	real or American atom^[2]
s	saqaf	sow
ʃ	xadina	shell
t	tieqa	stake
t͡s	zokk	sits
t͡ʃ	ċavetta	chew
v	vazun	vet
w	warda	wall
z	żaqq	zoo
ʔ	Luqa	Cockney button

Vowels
IPA	Example	English approximation
ɐ	fatt	RP cat
ɐː	rani	somewhat likeRP father
ɛ	belt	met
ɛː	dehra	hey
iː	id	beet
ɪ	wisa'	bit
ɪː	wied	bit but longer
ɔː	sod	Scottish no
ɔ	moħħ	Scottish no but shorter
uː	mur	pool
ʊ	kuntratt	look
Diphthongs
ɐɪ̯	għid
ɐːɪ̯	għajn
ɛɪ̯	bejn
ɐʊ̯	għawm
ɐːʊ̯	Għawdex
ɛʊ̯	jew
ɔʊ̯	għum
ɔɪ̯	supereroj

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Explanation
◌ˤ	pharyngealised vowel
◌ː	long vowel or geminate consonant
.	syllable break
ˈ	stress

Notes

^ Varies between [ħ~χ~h] depending on the speaker.
^ The realization of the phoneme /r/ varies; some speakers pronounce it as an approximant [ɻ] virtually identical to that used for real in the western United States, while others pronounce it as a tap [ɾ], similar to the pronunciation of ⟨t⟩ and ⟨d⟩ between vowels in American and Australian English. When geminated, it may be pronounced as a lengthened approximant [ɻː], a tap [ɾ], or a trill [r].

References

Hume, Elizabeth (1996). "Coronal consonant, front vowel parallels in Maltese". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 14 (1): 163–203.

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''d'''ar}} || '''d'''uck
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big> || {{lang|mt|ga'''zz'''etta}} || pa'''ds'''
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|d͡z}}</big> || {{lang|mt|ga'''zz'''etta}} || pa'''ds'''
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ġ'''elat}} || '''j'''ail
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ġ'''elat}} || '''j'''ail
+|-
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|televi'''x'''in}} || French '''j'''eu
 |-
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|f}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''f'''wieħa}} || '''f'''our
@@ Line 22: / Line 24: @@
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''g'''allettina}} || '''g'''ame
 |-
-|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|h}}</big> || align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ħ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ħ'''adem}} || '''h'''at ''or [[Arabic language|Arabic]]'' '''ḥ'''arām حَرَامْ
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ħ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ħ'''adem}} || '''h'''at ''or [[Arabic language|Arabic]]'' '''ḥ'''arām حَرَامْ<ref>Varies between {{IPA|[ħ~χ~h]}} depending on the speaker.</ref>
 |-
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''j'''um}} || '''y'''es
@@ Line 28: / Line 30: @@
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''k'''elb}} || s'''c'''ar
 |-
-|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big> || align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɫ|}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''l'''ibsa}} || '''l'''ook
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''l'''ibsa}} || '''l'''ook
 |-
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''m'''ara}} || '''m'''ole
@@ Line 36: / Line 38: @@
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''p'''aġna}} || s'''p'''at
 |-
-|align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɹ}}</big> || align="center"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''r'''e}} || '''r'''eal ''or [[American English|American]]'' a'''t'''om<ref>The realization of the phoneme {{IPA|/r/}} varies; some speakers pronounce it as an approximant {{IPAblink|ɻ}} virtually identical to that used for '''r'''eal in the western United States, while others pronounce it as a tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, similar to the pronunciation of {{angbr|t}} and {{angbr|d}} between vowels in American and [[Australian English]]. When geminated, it may be pronounced as a lengthened approximant {{IPA|[ɻː]}}, a tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, or a trill {{IPAblink|r}}.</ref>
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|r}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''r'''e}} || '''r'''eal ''or [[American English|American]]'' a'''t'''om<ref>The realization of the phoneme {{IPA|/r/}} varies; some speakers pronounce it as an approximant {{IPAblink|ɻ}} virtually identical to that used for '''r'''eal in the western United States, while others pronounce it as a tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, similar to the pronunciation of {{angbr|t}} and {{angbr|d}} between vowels in American and [[Australian English]]. When geminated, it may be pronounced as a lengthened approximant {{IPA|[ɻː]}}, a tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, or a trill {{IPAblink|r}}.</ref>
 |-
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''s'''aqaf}} || '''s'''ow
@@ Line 44: / Line 46: @@
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|t}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''t'''ieqa}} || s'''t'''ake
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''z'''okk}} || si'''ts'''
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|t͡s}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''z'''okk}} || si'''ts'''
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ċ'''avetta}} || '''ch'''ew
+|align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ċ'''avetta}} || '''ch'''ew
 |-
 |align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPAlink|v}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''v'''azun}} || '''v'''et
@@ Line 61: / Line 63: @@
 ! colspan="3"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Example !! English approximation
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|a}}</big> || {{lang|mt|f'''a'''tt}} || ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' c'''a'''t
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|f'''a'''tt}} || ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' c'''a'''t
 |-
-| align="center" |<big>{{IPA|ɐː}}</big>
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɐː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|r'''a'''ni}} || somewhat like''RP''  f'''a'''ther ''
-| align="center" colspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|æː}}</big>
-| {{lang|mt|r'''a'''ni}} || somewhat like''RP''  f'''a'''ther ''or somewhat like'' Australian ''r'''a'''te''
-|-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|eː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|d'''eh'''ra}} ||  h'''e'''y
 |-
 |align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|b'''e'''lt}} || m'''e'''t
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɝ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|m'''er'''ħba}}<ref>Speakers that realise {{angbr|r}} as {{IPAblink|ɹ}} realise short {{angbr|er}} as {{IPAblink|ɝ}} or {{IPAblink|ə˞}}.</ref> || ''American'' n'''ur'''se
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɛː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|d'''eh'''ra}} ||  h'''e'''y
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big> || {{lang|mt|int'''o'''m}}, {{lang|mt|Mdina}} (in between ''m'' and ''d'')<ref>Any unstressed vowel for some speakers or occasional filler vowel in between orthographical cluster consonants.</ref> || minim'''u'''m
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|iː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''i'''d}} || b'''ee'''t
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|iː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''għi'''d}} less focused a sound than in the word ''dik'' || b'''ee'''t
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|w'''i'''sa'}} || b'''i'''t
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|w'''i'''sa}} || b'''i'''t
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|w'''ie'''d}} || b'''i'''t but longer
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɛː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|w'''ie'''d}}, || m'''e'''t but longer
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|s'''o'''d}} || ''Scottish'' n'''o'''
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|oː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|s'''o'''d}}, {{lang|mt|'''għu'''m}} || ''Scottish'' n'''o'''
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|m'''o'''ħħ}} || ''Scottish'' n'''o''' but shorter
 |-
-| align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAplink|øː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ew'''wel}} (may be realised as a Diphthong) || ''RP'' c'''o'''de ''or [[French language|French]]'' c'''eu'''x
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|uː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|m'''u'''r}} || p'''oo'''l
 |-
-| align="center" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɔ}}</big>
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|k'''u'''ntratt}} || l'''oo'''k
-| align="center" colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɒ}}</big>|| {{lang|mt|m'''o'''ħħ}} || '''awe'''  or '''o'''ff
 |-
+!colspan="5"| [[Diphthong]]s
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|uː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|m'''u'''r}} || p'''oo'''l
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big> || {{lang|mt|k'''u'''ntratt}} || l'''oo'''k
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɐɪ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''għi'''d}} ||
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPAplink|yː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''iw'''aħħax}} || somewhat like ''RP'' ac'''u'''te or [[French language|French]] t'''u'''
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɐːɪ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''għaj'''n}} ||
 |-
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɛɪ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''bej'''n}} ||
-!colspan="5"| [[Diphthong]]s
+|-
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɐʊ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''għaw'''m}} ||
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|æː(ɪ̯)}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''għaj'''n }} || ''[[Australian English|Australian]]'' l'''a'''te
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɐːʊ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''Għaw'''dex}} ||
 |-
-|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|eʊ̯}}</big> || align="center"|<big>{{IPA|øʊ̯}}</big> || align="center"|<big>{{IPAplink|øː}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''ew'''wel}} || ''RP'' c'''o'''de ''or [[French language|French]]'' c'''eu'''x
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɛʊ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|j'''ew'''}} ||
 |-
-|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|aʊ̯}}</big> ||align="center" colspan="2"|<big>{{IPA|ɑʊ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''għaw'''n}} || h'''ow'''
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɔʊ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|'''għu'''m}} ||
 |-
-|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|oɪ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|b'''oj'''od}} || b'''oy'''
+|align="center" colspan="3"|<big>{{IPA|ɔɪ̯}}</big> || {{lang|mt|superer'''oj'''}} ||
 |}
 |}
@@ Line 112: / Line 111: @@
 |align="center"|<big>{{IPA|◌ˤ}}</big> || [[pharyngealization|pharyngealised vowel]]
 |-
-|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|◌ː}}</big> || [[vowel length|long vowel]] or [[gemination|geminate consonant]]<ref>Consonants occur both long and short word-medially and word-finally.</ref>
+|align="center"|<big>{{IPA|◌ː}}</big> || [[vowel length|long vowel]] or [[gemination|geminate consonant]]
 |-
 |align="center"|<big>{{IPA|.}}</big> || [[syllable]] break

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Revision as of 10:29, 22 October 2023

Notes

References

See also