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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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This page contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

Key

Consonants
IPA	Examples				English approximation
IPA	Hindi	Devangari representation	Urdu	ISO 15919	English approximation
b	बीस	ब्	بیس	bīs	cabbie
bʱ	भालू	भ्	بھالو	bhālū	clubhouse
d^[1]	दाल	द्	دال	dāl	width, Spanish andar
dʱ^[1]	धूप	ध्	دھوپ	dhūp	adhere (but dental)
dʒ	जान	ज्	جان	jān	budging
dʒʱ	झड़ना	झ्	جھڑنا	jhaṛnā	hedgehog
ɖ^[1]	डालना	ड्	ڈالنا	ḍālnā	American bird
ɖʱ^[1]	ढक्कन	ढ्	ڈھکّن	ḍhakkan	American birdhouse
f	ख़िलाफ़	ख़्	خلاف	k͟hilāf	fuss
ɡ	गोल	ग्	گول	gol	ago
ɡʱ	घर	घ्	گھر	ghar	loghouse
ʔ^[2]	एतबार		اعتبار	iʻtibār^[a]	The pause in "uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop)
ɣ^[4]	बाग़	ग़्	باغ	bāġ	Similar to the French R
ɦ	हम	ह्	ہم	ham	ahead
ɦ	हुक्म	ह्	حکم	h̤ukm	ahead
j	याद	य्	یاد	yād	yuck
k	कमज़ोर	क्	کمزور	kamzor	scab
kʰ	खाल	ख्	کھال	khāl	cab
l	लब	ल्	لب	lab	leaf
m	मगर	म्	مگر	magar	much
n	नहीं	न्	نہیں	nahī̃	panther
ɳ^[5]	किरण	ण्	کرن	kiraṇ	American burn
ŋ	रंग	ङ्	رن٘گ	raṅg	bang
p	पल	प्	پل	pal	spot
pʰ	फल	फ्	پھل	phal	pot
q^[4]	क़रीब	‌‌‌क़्	قریب	qarīb	somewhat like caught
r^[6]	रस	र्	رس	ras	Trilled ring
r^[6]	ज़र्रा	र्	ذرّہ	zarra	Trilled ring
ɾ^[6]	ज़रा	ज़्	ذرا	zarā	American atom
ɽ	लड़ना		لڑنا	laṛnā	American garter
ɽʱ	पढ़ाई		پڑھائی	paṛhāī	no English equivalent
s	सब	स्	سب	sab	sun
	साफ़		صاف	s̤āf
	साबित		ثابت	s̱ābit
ʂ^[5]	नष्ट	ष्	نشٹ	naṣṭ	shrew
ʃ	काश	श्	کاش	kāś	shoe
t^[1]	तालाब	त्	تالاب	tālāb	similar to outthink, Spanish tomar
t^[1]	लतीफ़ा	त्	لطیفہ	lat̤īfa	similar to outthink, Spanish tomar
tʰ^[1]	थैला	थ्	تھیلا	thailā	tub (but dental)
tʃ	चोर	च्	چور	cor	catch
tʃʰ	छोड़ना	छ्	چھوڑنا	choṛnā	achoo
ʈ^[1]	टमाटर	‌‌‌ट्	ٹماٹر	ṭamāṭar	stub (but retroflex)
ʈʰ^[1]	ठंड	ठ्	ٹھنڈ	ṭhanḍ	tub (but retroflex)
ʋ^[7]	वर्ज़िश	व्	ورزش	varziś	vat
w^[7]	पकवान	व्	پكوان	pakvān	well
x^[4]	ख़राब	ख़्	خراب	k͟harāb	Scottish loch
z^[4]	काग़ज़	ज़्	کاغذ	kāġaz	zoo
ʒ^[4]	अझ़दहा	झ़्	اژدہا	aždahā	pleasure

Vowels
IPA	Examples				English approximation
IPA	Hindi	Devanagari representation	Urdu	ISO 15919	English approximation
aː	काम	आ or ा	کام	kām	father
eː	जेब	ए or े	جیب	jeb	Scottish say
ɛ^[8]	रहना	ऐ or ै	رہنا	rêhnā	pen
ɛː	कैसा	एऽ or ेऽ	کیسا	kaisā	fairy
ə	कल	अ	کَل	kal	about
ɪ	जितना	इ or ि	جِتنا	jitnā	sit
iː	जीतना	ई or ी	جیتنا	jītnā	seat
oː	बोलो	ओ or ो	بولو	bolo	Scottish so
ɔː	कौन	औ or ौ	کَون	kaun	American saw
ʊ	उन	उ or ु	اُن	un	book
uː	ऊन	ऊ or ू	اُون	ūn	moon
◌̃	हँस	ँ	ہن٘س	ham̐s	nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)
◌̃	मैं	ं	مَیں	maiṁ	nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Example	Notes
ˈ◌	[ˈbaːɦər]	stress (placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː	[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]	doubled consonant (placed after doubled consonant)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
^ In a number of words, the ع and/or ء is sometimes pronounced as ʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
^ "Meaning of etibar in English". Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.
^ ^a ^b Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
^ ^a ^b /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
^ ^a ^b [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
^ [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.

^ Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार (etbār). Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (e'tibār) in Devanagari/Hindi.^[3]

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Revision as of 02:50, 5 February 2024

Key

Notes

See also