Jump to content

Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 13: Line 13:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="4" | Examples
! colspan="3" | Examples
! rowspan="2" | Devangari representation
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
|-
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
!Devangari representation
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
Line 23: Line 23:
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|बीस}}
| {{lang|hi|बीस}}
|ब्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بیس}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بیس}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''b'''īs}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''b'''īs}}
|ब्
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''bb'''ie
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''bb'''ie
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|भालू}}
| {{lang|hi|भालू}}
|भ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بھالو}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بھالو}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''bh'''ālū}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''bh'''ālū}}
|भ्
| style="text-align:left;" | clu'''bh'''ouse
| style="text-align:left;" | clu'''bh'''ouse
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big><ref name=coronal>Hindi and Urdu contrast dental {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} and {{IPAblink|d̪|d}} with apical postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAblink|ɖ}} (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like {{IPAc-en|t}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} for some speakers with [[th-stopping]].</ref>
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big><ref name=coronal>Hindi and Urdu contrast dental {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} and {{IPAblink|d̪|d}} with apical postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAblink|ɖ}} (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like {{IPAc-en|t}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} for some speakers with [[th-stopping]].</ref>
| {{lang|hi|दाल}}
| {{lang|hi|दाल}}
|द्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دال}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''d'''āl}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''d'''āl}}
|द्
| style="text-align:left;" | wi'''d'''th, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] an'''d'''ar
| style="text-align:left;" | wi'''d'''th, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] an'''d'''ar
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|धूप}}
| {{lang|hi|धूप}}
|ध्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دھوپ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|دھوپ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''dh'''ūp}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''dh'''ūp}}
|ध्
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''dh'''ere (but dental)
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''dh'''ere (but dental)
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जान}}
| {{lang|hi|जान}}
|ज्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جان}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جان}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''j'''ān}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''j'''ān}}
|ज्
| style="text-align:left;" | bu'''dg'''ing
| style="text-align:left;" | bu'''dg'''ing
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|झड़ना}}
| {{lang|hi|झड़ना}}
|झ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جھڑنا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جھڑنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''jh'''aṛnā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''jh'''aṛnā}}
|झ्
| style="text-align:left;" | he'''dgeh'''og
| style="text-align:left;" | he'''dgeh'''og
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|डालना}}
| {{lang|hi|डालना}}
|ड्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈالنا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈالنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ḍ'''ālnā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ḍ'''ālnā}}
|ड्
| style="text-align:left;" | [[American English|American]] bir'''d'''
| style="text-align:left;" | [[American English|American]] bir'''d'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|ढक्कन}}
| {{lang|hi|ढक्कन}}
|ढ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈھکّن}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ڈھکّن}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ḍh'''akkan}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ḍh'''akkan}}
|ढ्
| style="text-align:left;" | American bir'''dh'''ouse
| style="text-align:left;" | American bir'''dh'''ouse
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|ख़िलाफ़}}
| {{lang|hi|ख़िलाफ़}}
|ख़्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خلاف}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خلاف}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k͟hilā'''f'''}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k͟hilā'''f'''}}
|ख़्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''f'''uss
| style="text-align:left;" | '''f'''uss
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|गोल}}
| {{lang|hi|गोल}}
|ग्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گول}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گول}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''g'''ol}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''g'''ol}}
|ग्
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''g'''o
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''g'''o
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|घर}}
| {{lang|hi|घर}}
|घ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گھر}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|گھر}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''gh'''ar}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''gh'''ar}}
|घ्
| style="text-align:left;" | lo'''gh'''ouse
| style="text-align:left;" | lo'''gh'''ouse
|-
|-
|{{Big|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}}}<ref>In a number of words, the {{Nq|[[ع]]}} and/or {{Big|{{nq|[[ء]]}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPAlink|ʔ}} in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.</ref>
|{{Big|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}}}<ref>In a number of words, the {{Nq|[[ع]]}} and/or {{Big|{{nq|[[ء]]}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPAlink|ʔ}} in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.</ref>
|{{Lang|hi|एतबार}}
|{{Lang|hi|एतबार}}
|
|{{Lang|ur|{{nq|اعتبار}}}}
|{{Lang|ur|{{nq|اعتبار}}}}
|{{transl|inc|ISO|i'''ʻ'''tibār}}{{Efn|Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार ({{transl|inc|ISO|etbār}}). [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta Dictionary]] transliterates this term as ए'तिबार ({{transl|inc|ISO|e'tibār}}) in Devanagari/Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of etibar in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-etibaar |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Rekhta Dictionary |language=en}}</ref>}}
|{{transl|inc|ISO|i'''ʻ'''tibār}}{{Efn|Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार ({{transl|inc|ISO|etbār}}). [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta Dictionary]] transliterates this term as ए'तिबार ({{transl|inc|ISO|e'tibār}}) in Devanagari/Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meaning of etibar in English |url=https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-etibaar |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Rekhta Dictionary |language=en}}</ref>}}
|
|style="text-align:left;" |The pause in ''"uh-oh!"'', bu'''tt'''er ([[glottal stop]])
|style="text-align:left;" |The pause in ''"uh-oh!"'', bu'''tt'''er ([[glottal stop]])
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big><ref name="Urdu">Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.</ref>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɣ}}</big><ref name="Urdu">Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|बाग़}}
| {{lang|hi|बाग़}}
|ग़्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|باغ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|باغ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|bā'''ġ'''}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|bā'''ġ'''}}
|ग़्
| style="text-align:left;" |Similar to the French R
| style="text-align:left;" |Similar to the French R
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|हम}}
| {{lang|hi|हम}}
|ह्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہم}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''h'''am}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''h'''am}}
|ह्
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | a'''h'''ead
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | a'''h'''ead
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|हुक्म}}
| {{lang|hi|हुक्म}}
|ह्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|حکم}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|حکم}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''h̤'''ukm}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''h̤'''ukm}}
|ह्
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|याद}}
| {{lang|hi|याद}}
|य्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|یاد}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|یاد}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''y'''ād}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''y'''ād}}
|य्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''uck
| style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''uck
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कमज़ोर}}
| {{lang|hi|कमज़ोर}}
|क्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کمزور}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کمزور}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''k'''amzor}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''k'''amzor}}
|क्
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''c'''ab
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''c'''ab
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|खाल}}
| {{lang|hi|खाल}}
|ख्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھال}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھال}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''kh'''āl}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''kh'''āl}}
|ख्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''ab
| style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''ab
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|लब}}
| {{lang|hi|लब}}
|ल्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لب}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''l'''ab}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''l'''ab}}
|ल्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''eaf
| style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|मगर}}
| {{lang|hi|मगर}}
|म्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|مگر}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|مگر}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''m'''agar}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''m'''agar}}
|म्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''uch
| style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''uch
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|नहीं}}
| {{lang|hi|नहीं}}
|न्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نہیں}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نہیں}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''n'''ahī̃}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''n'''ahī̃}}
|न्
| style="text-align:left;" | pa'''n'''ther
| style="text-align:left;" | pa'''n'''ther
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big><ref name="Hindi">Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.</ref>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big><ref name="Hindi">Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|किरण}}
| {{lang|hi|किरण}}
|ण्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کرن}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کرن}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kira'''ṇ'''}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kira'''ṇ'''}}
|ण्
| style="text-align:left;" | American bur'''n'''
| style="text-align:left;" | American bur'''n'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|रंग}} or {{lang|hi|रङ्ग}}
| {{lang|hi|रंग}} or {{lang|hi|रङ्ग}}
|ङ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رن٘گ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رن٘گ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|ra'''ṅ'''g}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|ra'''ṅ'''g}}
|ङ्
| style="text-align:left;" | ba'''ng'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ba'''ng'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|पल}}
| {{lang|hi|पल}}
|प्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پل}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پل}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''p'''al}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''p'''al}}
|प्
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''p'''ot
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''p'''ot
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|फल}}
| {{lang|hi|फल}}
|फ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پھل}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پھل}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ph'''al}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ph'''al}}
|फ्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''ot
| style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''ot
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|q}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| <big>{{IPA link|q}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| {{lang|hi|क़रीब}}
| {{lang|hi|क़रीब}}
|‌‌‌क़्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|قریب}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|قریب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''q'''arīb}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''q'''arīb}}
|‌‌‌क़्
| style="text-align:left;" | somewhat like '''c'''aught
| style="text-align:left;" | somewhat like '''c'''aught
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref name=rhotic>{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill.</ref>
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref name=rhotic>{{IPA|/ɾ/}} can surface as a trill {{IPA|[r]}} in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate {{IPA|/ɾː/}} is always a trill.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|रस}}
| {{lang|hi|रस}}
|र्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رس}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رس}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''r'''as}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''r'''as}}
|र्
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Trilled '''r'''ing
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Trilled '''r'''ing
|-
|-
| {{lang|hi|ज़र्रा}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़र्रा}}
|र्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرّہ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرّہ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|za'''rr'''a}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|za'''rr'''a}}
|र्
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big><ref name=rhotic/>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big><ref name=rhotic/>
| {{lang|hi|ज़रा}}
| {{lang|hi|ज़रा}}
|ज़्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ذرا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|za'''r'''ā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|za'''r'''ā}}
|ज़्
| style="text-align:left;" | American a'''t'''om
| style="text-align:left;" | American a'''t'''om
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|लड़ना}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़ना}}
|
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لڑنا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لڑنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|la'''ṛ'''nā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|la'''ṛ'''nā}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | American ga'''rt'''er
| style="text-align:left;" | American ga'''rt'''er
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|पढ़ाई}}
| {{lang|hi|पढ़ाई}}
|
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پڑھائی}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پڑھائی}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|pa'''ṛh'''āī}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|pa'''ṛh'''āī}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | no English equivalent
| style="text-align:left;" | no English equivalent
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| rowspan="3" | <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|सब}}
| {{lang|hi|सब}}
| rowspan="3" |स्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|سب}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|سب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''s'''ab}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''s'''ab}}
| rowspan="3" |स्
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''un
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''un
|-
|-
Line 251: Line 251:
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big><ref name="Hindi" />
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big><ref name="Hindi" />
| {{lang|hi|नष्ट}}
| {{lang|hi|नष्ट}}
|ष्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نشٹ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|نشٹ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|na'''ṣ'''ṭ}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|na'''ṣ'''ṭ}}
|ष्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''shr'''ew
| style="text-align:left;" | '''shr'''ew
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|काश}}
| {{lang|hi|काश}}
|श्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاش}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاش}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kā'''ś'''}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kā'''ś'''}}
|श्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''oe
| style="text-align:left;" | '''sh'''oe
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|तालाब}}
| {{lang|hi|तालाब}}
| rowspan="2" |त्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تالاب}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تالاب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''t'''ālāb}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''t'''ālāb}}
| rowspan="2" |त्
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | similar to ou'''t'''think, Spanish '''t'''omar
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | similar to ou'''t'''think, Spanish '''t'''omar
|-
|-
Line 276: Line 276:
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|थैला}}
| {{lang|hi|थैला}}
|थ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تھیلا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تھیلا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''th'''ailā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''th'''ailā}}
|थ्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ub (but dental)
| style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ub (but dental)
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|चोर}}
| {{lang|hi|चोर}}
|च्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چور}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چور}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''c'''or}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''c'''or}}
|च्
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|छोड़ना}}
| {{lang|hi|छोड़ना}}
|छ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چھوڑنا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|چھوڑنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ch'''oṛnā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ch'''oṛnā}}
|छ्
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''ch'''oo
| style="text-align:left;" | a'''ch'''oo
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|टमाटर}}
| {{lang|hi|टमाटर}}
|‌‌‌ट्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹماٹر}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹماٹر}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ṭ'''amā'''ṭ'''ar}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ṭ'''amā'''ṭ'''ar}}
|‌‌‌ट्
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''t'''ub (but retroflex)
| style="text-align:left;" | s'''t'''ub (but retroflex)
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big><ref name=coronal/>
| {{lang|hi|ठंड}}
| {{lang|hi|ठंड}}
|ठ्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹھنڈ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ٹھنڈ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ṭh'''anḍ}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ṭh'''anḍ}}
|ठ्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ub (but retroflex)
| style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''ub (but retroflex)
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big><ref name="V"/>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big><ref name="V"/>
| {{lang|hi|वर्ज़िश}}
| {{lang|hi|वर्ज़िश}}
|व्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ورزش}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ورزش}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''v'''arziś}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''v'''arziś}}
|व्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''v'''at
| style="text-align:left;" | '''v'''at
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|w}}</big><ref name="V">{{IPA|[w]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, which may phonetically be {{IPAblink|v}}, occurs otherwise.</ref>
| <big>{{IPA link|w}}</big><ref name="V">{{IPA|[w]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|[ʋ]}} when /{{lang|hi|व}} {{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|و}}}}/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while {{IPA|[ʋ]}}, which may phonetically be {{IPAblink|v}}, occurs otherwise.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|पकवान}}
| {{lang|hi|पकवान}}
|व्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پكوان}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|پكوان}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|pak'''v'''ān}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|pak'''v'''ān}}
|व्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''w'''ell
| style="text-align:left;" | '''w'''ell
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| <big>{{IPA link|x}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| {{lang|hi|ख़राब}}
| {{lang|hi|ख़राब}}
|ख़्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خراب}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|خراب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''k͟h'''arāb}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''k͟h'''arāb}}
|ख़्
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] lo'''ch'''
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] lo'''ch'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|z}}<ref name="Urdu" /></big>
| <big>{{IPA link|z}}<ref name="Urdu" /></big>
| {{lang|hi|काग़ज़}}
| {{lang|hi|काग़ज़}}
|ज़्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاغذ}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کاغذ}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kāġa'''z'''}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|kāġa'''z'''}}
|ज़्
| style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''oo
| style="text-align:left;" | '''z'''oo
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| <big>{{IPA link|ʒ}}</big><ref name="Urdu" />
| {{lang|hi|अझ़दहा}}
| {{lang|hi|अझ़दहा}}
|झ़्
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اژدہا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اژدہا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|a'''ž'''dahā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|a'''ž'''dahā}}
|झ़्
| style="text-align:left;" | plea'''s'''ure
| style="text-align:left;" | plea'''s'''ure
|}
|}
Line 350: Line 350:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! rowspan="2"| [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="4" | Examples
! colspan="3" | Examples
! rowspan="2"| English approximation
! rowspan="2" | Devanagari representation
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
|-
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
! [[Devanagari|Hindi]]
!Devanagari representation
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
! [[ISO 15919]]
Line 360: Line 360:
| <big>{{IPA link|äː|aː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|äː|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|काम}}
| {{lang|hi|काम}}
|आ or ा
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کام}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کام}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''ā'''m}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''ā'''m}}
|आ or ा
| style="text-align: left;" | f'''a'''ther
| style="text-align: left;" | f'''a'''ther
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जेब}}
| {{lang|hi|जेब}}
|ए or े
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیب}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیب}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''e'''b}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''e'''b}}
|ए or े
| style="text-align: left;" | Scottish s'''ay'''
| style="text-align: left;" | Scottish s'''ay'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big><ref>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/ɦ/}} that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an {{IPA|[ɛ]}} preceding an {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.</ref>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛ}}</big><ref>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} near an {{IPA|/ɦ/}} that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an {{IPA|[ɛ]}} preceding an {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.</ref>
| {{lang|hi|रहना}}
| {{lang|hi|रहना}}
|ऐ or ै
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رہنا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|رہنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|r'''ê'''hnā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|r'''ê'''hnā}}
|ऐ or ै
| style="text-align: left;" | p'''e'''n
| style="text-align: left;" | p'''e'''n
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɛː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कैसा}}
| {{lang|hi|कैसा}}
|एऽ or ेऽ
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کیسا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کیسا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''ai'''sā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''ai'''sā}}
|एऽ or ेऽ
| style="text-align: left;"| f'''ai'''ry
| style="text-align: left;"| f'''ai'''ry
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ə}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कल}}
| {{lang|hi|कल}}
|अ
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَل}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَل}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''a'''l}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''a'''l}}
|अ
| style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''bout
| style="text-align: left;" | '''a'''bout
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɪ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जितना}}
| {{lang|hi|जितना}}
|इ or ि
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جِتنا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جِتنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''i'''tnā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''i'''tnā}}
|इ or ि
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|जीतना}}
| {{lang|hi|जीतना}}
|ई or ी
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیتنا}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|جیتنا}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''ī'''tnā}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|j'''ī'''tnā}}
|ई or ी
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''ea'''t
| style="text-align: left;" | s'''ea'''t
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|बोलो}}
| {{lang|hi|बोलो}}
|ओ or ो
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بولو}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|بولو}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|b'''o'''l'''o'''}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|b'''o'''l'''o'''}}
|ओ or ो
| style="text-align: left;" | Scottish s'''o'''
| style="text-align: left;" | Scottish s'''o'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ɔː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|कौन}}
| {{lang|hi|कौन}}
|औ or ौ
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَون}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کَون}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''au'''n}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|k'''au'''n}}
|औ or ौ
| style="text-align: left;" | American s'''aw'''
| style="text-align: left;" | American s'''aw'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|ʊ}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|उन}}
| {{lang|hi|उन}}
|उ or ु
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُن}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُن}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''u'''n}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''u'''n}}
|उ or ु
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''oo'''k
| style="text-align: left;" | b'''oo'''k
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|ऊन}}
| {{lang|hi|ऊन}}
|ऊ or ू
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُون}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|اُون}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ū'''n}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|'''ū'''n}}
|ऊ or ू
| style="text-align: left;" | m'''oo'''n
| style="text-align: left;" | m'''oo'''n
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|◌̃}}</big>
| {{lang|hi|हँस}}
| {{lang|hi|हँस}}
| rowspan="2" |ँ
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہن٘س}}}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہن٘س}}}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|ha'''m̐'''s}}
| {{transl|inc|ISO|ha'''m̐'''s}}
| rowspan="2" |ँ
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | nasal vowel fa'''un'''<br>({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;" | nasal vowel fa'''un'''<br>({{IPA|[ãː, õː]}}, etc.)
|-
|-

Revision as of 03:00, 5 February 2024

This page contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

Key

Consonants
IPA Examples Devangari representation English approximation
Hindi Urdu ISO 15919
b बीस بیس bīs ब् cabbie
bʱ भालू بھالو bhālū भ् clubhouse
d[1] दाल دال dāl द् width, Spanish andar
dʱ[1] धूप دھوپ dhūp ध् adhere (but dental)
dʒ जान جان jān ज् budging
dʒʱ झड़ना جھڑنا jhaṛnā झ् hedgehog
ɖ[1] डालना ڈالنا ḍālnā ड् American bird
ɖʱ[1] ढक्कन ڈھکّن ḍhakkan ढ् American birdhouse
f ख़िलाफ़ خلاف k͟hilāf ख़् fuss
ɡ गोल گول gol ग् ago
ɡʱ घर گھر ghar घ् loghouse
ʔ[2] एतबार اعتبار iʻtibār[a] The pause in "uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop)
ɣ[4] बाग़ باغ bāġ ग़् Similar to the French R
ɦ हम ہم ham ह् ahead
हुक्म حکم h̤ukm ह्
j याद یاد yād य् yuck
k कमज़ोर کمزور kamzor क् scab
kʰ खाल کھال khāl ख् cab
l लब لب lab ल् leaf
m मगर مگر magar म् much
n नहीं نہیں nahī̃ न् panther
ɳ[5] किरण کرن kiraṇ ण् American burn
ŋ रंग or रङ्ग رن٘گ raṅg ङ् bang
p पल پل pal प् spot
pʰ फल پھل phal फ् pot
q[4] क़रीब قریب qarīb ‌‌‌क़् somewhat like caught
r[6] रस رس ras र् Trilled ring
ज़र्रा ذرّہ zarra र्
ɾ[6] ज़रा ذرا zarā ज़् American atom
ɽ लड़ना لڑنا laṛnā American garter
ɽʱ पढ़ाई پڑھائی paṛhāī no English equivalent
s सब سب sab स् sun
साफ़ صاف s̤āf
साबित ثابت s̱ābit
ʂ[5] नष्ट نشٹ naṣṭ ष् shrew
ʃ काश کاش kāś श् shoe
t[1] तालाब تالاب tālāb त् similar to outthink, Spanish tomar
लतीफ़ा لطیفہ lat̤īfa
tʰ[1] थैला تھیلا thailā थ् tub (but dental)
tʃ चोर چور cor च् catch
tʃʰ छोड़ना چھوڑنا choṛnā छ् achoo
ʈ[1] टमाटर ٹماٹر ṭamāṭar ‌‌‌ट् stub (but retroflex)
ʈʰ[1] ठंड ٹھنڈ ṭhanḍ ठ् tub (but retroflex)
ʋ[7] वर्ज़िश ورزش varziś व् vat
w[7] पकवान پكوان pakvān व् well
x[4] ख़राब خراب k͟harāb ख़् Scottish loch
z[4] काग़ज़ کاغذ kāġaz ज़् zoo
ʒ[4] अझ़दहा اژدہا aždahā झ़् pleasure
Vowels
IPA Examples Devanagari representation English approximation
Hindi Urdu ISO 15919
aː काम کام kām आ or ा father
eː जेब جیب jeb ए or े Scottish say
ɛ[8] रहना رہنا rêhnā ऐ or ै pen
ɛː कैसा کیسا kaisā एऽ or ेऽ fairy
ə कल کَل kal अ about
ɪ जितना جِتنا jitnā इ or ि sit
iː जीतना جیتنا jītnā ई or ी seat
oː बोलो بولو bolo ओ or ो Scottish so
ɔː कौन کَون kaun औ or ौ American saw
ʊ उन اُن un उ or ु book
uː ऊन اُون ūn ऊ or ू moon
◌̃ हँस ہن٘س ham̐s ँ nasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
मैं مَیں maiṁ
Suprasegmentals
IPA Example Notes
ˈ◌ [ˈbaːɦər] stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː [ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ] doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
  2. ^ In a number of words, the ع and/or ء is sometimes pronounced as ʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
  3. ^ "Meaning of etibar in English". Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.
  5. ^ a b Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
  6. ^ a b /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
  7. ^ a b [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
  8. ^ [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.
  1. ^ Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार (etbār). Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (e'tibār) in Devanagari/Hindi.[3]

See also

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu&oldid=1203540043"