United Progressive Alliance: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Gandhisonia05052007.jpg|thumb|UPA chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]].]] |
[[Image:Gandhisonia05052007.jpg|thumb|UPA chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]].]] |
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The '''United |
The '''United Progressive Alliance''' ('''UPA''') is a [[Coalition government|coalition]] of left political parties in India formed after the [[Indian general election, 2004|2004 general election]].<ref>[http://electionaffairs.com/parties/UPA.html United Progressive Alliance, UPA, UPA Perfromance General Election 2009, UPA Tally, UPA in Lok Sabha Elections 2009, India Elections 2009, General Elections, Election Manifest...<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In the UPA is [[Indian National Congress]], whose president [[Sonia Gandhi]] is also the chairperson of the UPA. Subsequently the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]], and the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]] are drawn from members of the UPA. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 20:11, 1 February 2014
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2013) |
United Progressive Alliance | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 2004 |
| Political position | Centre-left |
| Seats in the Lok Sabha | 226 / 545
|
| Seats in the Rajya Sabha | 86 / 245
|
The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) is a coalition of left political parties in India formed after the 2004 general election.[1] In the UPA is Indian National Congress, whose president Sonia Gandhi is also the chairperson of the UPA. Subsequently the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, and the Council of Ministers are drawn from members of the UPA.
History
The UPA soon after the 2004 general elections when it had become clear that no party had won an absolute majority. The hitherto ruling Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) had won 169 seats[2] in the 543-member 14th Lok Sabha, as opposed the UPA's tally of 222 seats.
The Left Front with 59 MPs (excluding the speaker of the Lok Sabha), the Samajwadi Party with 39 MPs and the Bahujan Samaj Party with 19 MPs were other significant blocks that opted to support UPA at various phases of its rule.[3][4] The UPA did not enjoy a simple majority on its own in the parliament, rather it has relied on the external support to ensure that it enjoys the confidence of the Indian parliament similar to the formula adopted by the previous minority governments of the United Front, the NDA, the Congress government of P. V. Narasimha Rao, and earlier governments of V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar.
An informal alliance had existed prior to the elections as several of the current constituent parties had developed seat-sharing agreements in many states. However, it was only after the election that the results of negotiations between parties were announced. The UPA government's policies were initially guided by a common minimum programme that the alliance hammered out with fruitful consultations with Jyoti Basu and Harkishan Singh Surjeet of the 59-member Left Front.[5] Hence, government policies were generally perceived as centre-left, reflecting the centrist policies of the INC. The congress party is today more closely aligned with the neoliberalism, strongly advocates social democracy and social liberalism.[citation needed]
During the tenure of Jharkhand Chief Minister Madhu Koda, the constituents of the UPA were, by mutual consent, supporting his government.[6]
UPA survived a vote of confidence in the parliament on 22 July 2008 after left parties withdrew their support. Support from the Samajwadi Party was significant in this.[citation needed] In the Indian General Election in 2009, the UPA won 262 seats, of which the INC accounted for 206. Inclusive and populist policies along with a younger leadership has been credited for this.[7]
Past and present members of UPA
Current members
- Indian National Congress (206 MPs)
- Nationalist Congress Party (9 MPs)
- Rashtriya Lok Dal[8][9][10] (5 MPs)
- Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (3 MPs)
- Indian Union Muslim League (3 MPs)
- Kerala Congress (Mani) (1 MP)
- Sikkim Democratic Front (1 MP)
- All India United Democratic Front (1 MP)
Outside support is provided by:
- Samajwadi Party: (22 MPs)
- Bahujan Samaj Party: (21 MPs)
- Rashtriya Janata Dal: (4 MPs)
The total is 276 MPs which is above the requisite 275 MPs to stay in power.[11]
Former members
- Telangana Rashtra Samithi
- Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Withdrew support on 19 March 2013)
- Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (joined the Third Front)
- Pattali Makkal Katchi (joined the Third Front)
- People's Democratic Party
- Samajwadi Party[12] (joined Fourth Front)
- Rashtriya Janata Dal[12] (joined the Fourth Front)
- Lok Janshakti Party[12] (joined the Fourth Front)
- Republican Party of India (Athvale) (joined the NDA)
- Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (joined NDA and again moved to Congress.)
- All India Trinamool Congress
- Jharkhand Vikas Morcha
- All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
FDF
- Indian National Congress - 206 Seats
- Nationalist Congress Party - 9 Seats
- Rashtriya Lok Dal - 5 Seats[10]
- Jammu & Kashmir National Conference - 3 Seats
- Indian Union Muslim League - 2 Seats
- Kerala Congress (Mani) - 1 Seat
Supporting parties for Lok-Sabha 2009
- Samajwadi Party - 22 Seat
- Bahujan Samaj Party - 21 Seats
- Rashtriya Janata Dal - 2 Seats
- Janata Dal (Secular) - 3 Seats
- Nagaland People's Front - 1 Seats
- Bodoland People's Front - 1 Seats
- Swabhimani Paksha - 1 Seats
- Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi - 1 Seats
- All India United Democratic Front - 1 Seats
- Sikkim Democratic Front - 1 Seats
Initial support
Initially, UPA was given external support from the Left Front which totalled 59 MPs. Similar external support was also promised by several smaller parties that were not a member of any coalition, including the Samajwadi Party with 39 MPs, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party with 4 MPs, the Janata Dal (Secular) with 3 MPs, and Bahujan Samaj Party with 19 MPs, who promised to support the government if it faced a vote of confidence. Nevertheless, these parties were not a part of the government. The UPA thus had at least 335 MPs out of 543 supporting it at the time of its formation.
The Left parties, despite ideological differences with the Congress, supported the UPA to ensure a secular government.[15]
Outside support is currently being offered by the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Party (9 MPs), the Bharatiya Navshakti Party (1 MP), the National Conference (2 MPs)[16] and by the National Loktantrik Party (1 MP). In addition, rebel MPs from Biju Janata Dal, the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Janata Dal (United), and the independent MPs take the tally of UPA supporting MPs to 275.[17]
Withdrawals
Telangana Rashtra Sam
The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) was the first party to quit the alliance, first when its ministers quit the Andhra Pradesh government, and finally when an official withdrawal was done at the national level by its president K. Chandrashekar Rao, who resigned his Lok Sabha seat.[18]
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), began its drift when it tied up with the UPA's rival All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) during the Tamil Nadu elections, and on 16 March 2007 officially withdrew support from the government.[19]
Bahujan Samaj Party
On 21 June 2008, the Bahujan Samaj Party, or the BSP, with 18 seats, announced withdrawal of its support after the Congress starting opposing the UP government where the BSP was the ruling party. Their leader Mayawati said that she wouldn't enter an electoral alliance with either the Congress or the BJP. She also accused both parties of misusing the Central Bureau of Investigation or the CBI and attempting to implicate her in the Taj Corridor Case. She also accused Congress of making false promises to help the people of Bundelkhand and Poorvanchal regions as they were suffering from drought.[20]
Left Front
On 8 July 2008, Prakash Karat, the general secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI (M)), announced that the Left Front would be withdrawing support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the Indo-U.S. nuclear deal, a Section 123 Agreement with the United States.[21] ASFSAFAFSAF
People's Democratic Party
On 4 January 2009, Mehbooba Mufti, president of the People's Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections.[22]
Pattali Makkal Katchi
On 26 March 2009,PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly.
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and declared that his party would now go after the state government for its "communal" and "anti-people" policies. Addressing a news conference, Owaisi said his party was compelled to take the decision due to "the communal behaviour of Kiran Kumar Reddy's government in Andhra Pradesh". Giving a detailed account of communal riots in the state and Hyderabad since 2010, he alleged that the Congress government not only turned a blind eye to MIM's demands to withdraw cases against innocent Muslims and take action against the guilty but pandered to the Sangh Parivar. The MIM's decision came after the government allegedly allowed construction of a canopy over a temple abutting the historic Charminar in alleged violation of court orders to maintain status quo. Owaisi criticised the chief minister for ignoring the high court order to maintain status quo.[23][24]
Trinamool Congress
On 18 September 2012, TMC Chief, Mamata Banerjee, announced her decision to withdraw support to the UPA after the TMC's demands of rollback of reforms including FDI in retail, increase in the price of diesel and limiting the number of subsidised cooking gas cylinders for households, were not met.[25][26]
Jharkhand Vikas Morcha
On 1 October 2012 the Jharkhand Vikas Morcha, led by Babulal Marandi, withdrew the support of its two MPs to the UPA government. The JVM was part of the UPA. Though this did not impact the stability of the government, the JVM's withdrawal of support came two weeks after a major UPA ally, the Trinamool Congress, pulled out of the alliance.
The reason for JVM's withdrawal was the same as the Trinamool's; against the decision to implement 51% FDI in Retail Businesses and the Hike in Diesel Prices.[citation needed]
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
On 17 October 2012 14 DMK MPs, including central ministers T.R. Baalu and A. Raja were forced to hand in their post-dated resignation letters to the head of the party, due to Spectrum corruption Scandal. The party leader M. K. Karunanithi's daughter Kanimozhi executed the 2G scandal with then Information Technology minister Andimuthu Raja and caused billions of rupees of loss to Government of India. During the investigation, they found a huge sum of money has been exchanged to DMK party leader Karunanithi's wives' TV channel. The UPA alliance, particularly Congress, has lost its confidence among the people of India due to several corruption charges.[citation needed]
The DMK pulled out of the UPA government on 19 March 2013 over the issue of a draft resolution at the United Nations Human Rights Council of the alleged human rights' violations of Sri Lankan Tamils.[27]
Past general election alliances of Congress (before 2004)
Controversies
During the discussion for the vote of confidence,[which?][when?] BJP MPs produced cash in the parliament, as viewed on Lok Sabha TV, alleging a bribe by the Samajwadi Party to vote for the government. The BJP claimed to have documentary evidence in a "cash for vote" scam and submitted a report before the parliamentary committee probing the matter.[citation needed] The BJP also wrote a 17-page letter to the Parliamentary committee headed by Congress member V Kishore Chandradeo in this regard. Arun Jaitley said Samajwadi MP Reoti Raman Singh had offered his party's MPs the cash on the night of 21 July.[citation needed] He also alleged that SP leader Amar Singh was behind the entire episode. Jaitley said: "The investigating agencies did not do their job. So we inquired into the matter and gathered documentary evidence in the case." He alleged the 'cash for vote' scam reflected the subversion of the Indian Parliament, as well as a section of the media.[28]
The winter session of parliament in October 2008 came under intense criticism from the Left parties and the BJP to demand a full fledged winter session instead of what was seen as the UPA to having "scuttled the voice of Parliament" by bringing down the sittings to a record low of 30 days in the year. The tensions between the UPA and the opposition parties became evident at an all-party meeting convened by Lok Sabha speaker Somnath Chatterjee when the leader of opposition, LK Advani questioned the status, timing and schedule of the current session of parliament.[29]
Karunanidhi had said he felt "let down" by the "lukewarm" response of the Centre and had demanded amendments in the resolution on Sri Lanka.
One of the amendments was to "declare that genocide and war crimes had been committed and inflicted on the Eelam Tamils by the Sri Lankan Army and the administrators".
The second one was "establishment of a credible and independent international commission of investigation in a time-bound manner into the allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity, violations of international human rights law, violations of international humanitarian law and crime of genocide against the Tamils". Karunanidhi said Parliament should adopt the resolution incorporating these two amendments.[27]
The UPA has also been criticised for its alleged involvement in a number of scams such as the Commonwealth Games Scam of 2010, the 2G scam, and the Coalgate scam.
See also
References
- ^ United Progressive Alliance, UPA, UPA Perfromance General Election 2009, UPA Tally, UPA in Lok Sabha Elections 2009, India Elections 2009, General Elections, Election Manifest...
- ^ Small parties, independents in great demand.
- ^ Originally the SP had 39 MPs[dead link]. 6 MPs defied party whip and have been expelled from the party.
- ^ Lok Sabha members[dead link]
- ^ "Congress pins hopes on Jyoti Basu". The Times of India.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ Madhu Koda to be next Jharkhand CM. Retrieved on 26 March 2007.
- ^ "Zakaria: Elections could mark India's debut as great power". CNN. 16 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ Ajit Singh joins UPA; to be new Civil Aviation Minister - Oneindia News
- ^ Ajit Singh`s RLD joins UPA
- ^ a b "Ajit Singh's RLD joins UPA". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 12 December 2011.
- ^ How numbers stack up for UPA with and without Mamata Banerjee. Retrieved on 18 September 2012.
- ^ a b c SP, RJD and LJP form a seat-sharing agreement, but vow to continue supporting the UPA"Lalu, Mulayam, Paswan sign deal, ask Cong not to worry". CNN-IBN. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ^ "Manmohan gets presidential invite to form govt". NDTV. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Secular govt a priority: Basu." Rediff Election Bureau 13 May 2004.
- ^ Inching closer to vote, govt safe@272 NDTV
- ^ Abstentions and cross-voting...[dead link]. Retrieved on 25 July 2008.
- ^ TRS withdraws support to the UPA. Retrieved on 26 March 2007.
- ^ Vaiko withdraws support. Retrieved on 26 March 2007.
- ^ Mayawati withdraws support to UPA government. Retrieved on 21 June 2008.
- ^ Left pulls out, will meet President Patil on Wednesday
- ^ PDP withdraws from UPA, The Indian Express. 5 January 2009
- ^ Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen withdraws support to Andhra Pradesh government and UPA - Economic Times
- ^ MIM withdraws support to UPA, Congress in Andhra Pradesh - India - DNA
- ^ "Rupee falls after TMC pulls out from government". Monetcontrol.com. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ "Mamata's party ready to meet President tomorrow to officially quit UPA". NDTV. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ a b DMK pulls out of UPA govt over Sri Lanka Tamils issue - Times Of India
- ^ We have documentary proof of 'cash for vote' scam: BJP - Express India
- ^ Left joins BJP to sing chorus against UPA
External links
- Common Minimum Programme of the UPA.
- Arora, Balveer and Tawa Lama Rewal, Stéphanie. "Introduction: Contextualizing and Interpreting the 15th Lok Sabha Elections". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 3, 2009