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{{About|the virus|the disease|2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease|the outbreak|2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak}}
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{{short description|Species of virus causing the 2019–20 Wuhan outbreak}}
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Revision as of 17:59, 11 February 2020

This article is about the virus. For the disease, see COVID-19. For the outbreak, see 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak.

2019-nCoV
Illustration of a 2019-nCoV virion
Illustration of a 2019-nCoV virion
Cross-sectional illustration of 2019-nCoV virions showing internal components
Cross-sectional illustration of 2019-nCoV virions showing internal components
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Nidovirales
Family: Coronaviridae
Genus: Betacoronavirus
Subgenus: Sarbecovirus
Virus:
2019-nCoV
SARS-CoV-2 is located in China
SARS-CoV-2
Wuhan, China, the epicenter of the only recorded outbreak

The 2019 novel coronavirus (provisionally named 2019-nCoV),[1][2] informally known as the Wuhan coronavirus,[3][4] is a contagious virus that causes 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease (COVID-19), a respiratory infection. It is the cause of the ongoing 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak,[5] a global health emergency. Genomic sequencing has shown that it is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA coronavirus.[6][7][8]

Many early cases were linked to a large seafood and animal market in the Chinese city of Wuhan, and the virus is thought to have a zoonotic origin.[9][10] Comparisons of the genetic sequences of this virus and other virus samples have shown similarities to SARS-CoV (79.5%) and bat coronaviruses (96%).[11] This makes an ultimate origin in bats likely,[12][13] although an intermediate host, such as a pangolin,[14] cannot be ruled out.[15]

Virology

Infection

Human-to-human transmission of the virus has been confirmed.[16] Coronaviruses are primarily spread through close contact, in particular through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes within a range of about 6 feet (1.8 m).[17][18] Viral RNA has also been found in stool samples from infected patients.[19] It is possible that the virus can be infectious even during the incubation period, but this has not been proven,[20] and the World Health Organization (WHO) states that "transmission from asymptomatic cases is likely not a major driver of transmission" at this time.[21]

Reservoir

Animals sold for food were originally suspected to be the reservoir or intermediary hosts of 2019-nCoV because many of the first individuals found to be infected by the virus were workers at the Huanan Seafood Market.[22] A market selling live animals for food was also blamed in the SARS outbreak in 2003; such markets are considered to be incubators for novel pathogens.[23] The outbreak has prompted a temporary ban on the trade and consumption of wild animals in China.[24] However, some researchers have suggested that the Huanan Seafood Market may not be the original source of viral transmission to humans.[25][26]

With a sufficient number of sequenced genomes, it is possible to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree of the mutation history of a family of viruses. Research into the origin of the 2003 SARS outbreak has resulted in the discovery of many SARS-like bat coronaviruses, most originating in the Rhinolophus genus of horseshoe bats. 2019-nCoV falls into this category of SARS-related coronaviruses. Two genome sequences from Rhinolophus sinicus published in 2015 and 2017 show a resemblance of 80% to 2019-nCoV.[27][12] A third virus genome from Rhinolophus affinis, "RaTG13" collected in Yunnan province, has a 96% resemblance to 2019-nCoV.[11][28] For comparison, this amount of variation among viruses is similar to the amount of mutation observed over ten years in the H3N2 human influenza virus strain.[29]

Phylogenetics and taxonomy

Genomic information
Genomic organisation of 2019-nCoV
NCBI genome IDMN908947
Genome size29,903 bases
Year of completion2020

2019-nCoV belongs to the broad family of viruses known as coronaviruses; "nCoV" is the standard term used to refer to novel coronaviruses until the choice of a more specific designation. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus. Other coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). It is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV.[30]

Like SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is a member of the subgenus Sarbecovirus (Beta-CoV lineage B).[31][22][32] Its RNA sequence is approximately 30,000 bases in length.[8]

By 12 January, five genomes of 2019-nCoV had been isolated from Wuhan and reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) and other institutions;[8][33][34] the number of genomes increased to 81 by 11 February.[35] A phylogenic analysis of the samples shows they are "highly related with at most seven mutations relative to a common ancestor", implying that the first human infection occurred in November or December 2019.[35]

Structural biology

Ribbon diagram of M(pro) protease], a prospective target for antiviral drugs against 2019-nCoV
Ribbon diagram of M(pro) protease, a prospective target for antiviral drugs against 2019-nCoV

Publication of the 2019-nCoV genome led to several protein modeling experiments on the receptor binding protein (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of the virus. Results suggest that the S protein retains sufficient affinity to the Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to use it as a mechanism of cell entry.[36] On 22 January, a group in China working with the full virus and a group in the U.S. working with reverse genetics independently and experimentally demonstrated ACE2 as the receptor for 2019-nCoV.[37][38][39]

To look for potential protease inhibitors, the viral 3C-like protease M(pro) from the ORF1a polyprotein has also been modeled for drug docking experiments. Innophore has produced two computational models based on SARS protease,[40] and the Chinese Academy of Sciences has produced an unpublished experimental structure of a recombinant 2019-nCoV protease.[41] In addition, researchers at the University of Michigan have modeled the structures of all mature peptides in the 2019-nCov genome using I-TASSER.[42]

Epidemiology

Main article: 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak

The first known human infection occurred in early December 2019.[43][25] An outbreak of 2019-nCoV was first detected in Wuhan, China, in mid-December 2019, likely originating from a single infected animal.[25] The virus subsequently spread to all provinces of China and to more than two dozen other countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania.[44] Human-to-human spread of the virus has been confirmed in all of these regions.[16][45][46][47] On 30 January 2020, 2019-nCoV was designated a global health emergency by the WHO.[48][49][50]

As of 11 February 2020 (04:00 UTC), there were 43,108 confirmed cases of infection, of which 42,644 were within mainland China.[44] One mathematical model estimated the number of people infected in Wuhan alone at 75,815 as of 25 January 2020.[51] Nearly all cases outside China have occurred in people who either traveled from Wuhan, or were in direct contact with someone who traveled from the area.[52][53] While the proportion of infections that result in confirmed infection or progress to diagnosable 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease remains unclear,[54][55] the total number of deaths attributed to the virus was 1,018 as of 11 February 2020 (04:00 UTC); over 95% of all deaths have occurred in Hubei province,[44] where Wuhan is located.

The basic reproduction number (, pronounced R-nought or R-zero)[56] of the virus has been estimated to be between 1.4 and 3.9.[57][58][59][60][61] This means that, when unchecked, the virus typically results in 1.4 to 3.9 new cases per established infection. It has been established that the virus is able to transmit along a chain of at least four people.[62]

Vaccine research

In January 2020, multiple organizations and institutions began work on creating vaccines for 2019-nCoV based on the published genome.[63]

In China, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention is developing a vaccine against the novel coronavirus.[64][65] The University of Hong Kong has also announced that a vaccine is under development there but has yet to proceed to animal testing.[66] Shanghai East Hospital is also developing a vaccine in partnership with the biotechnology company Stemirna Therapeutics.[66]

Elsewhere, three vaccine projects are being supported by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), including projects by the biotechnology companies Moderna and Inovio Pharmaceuticals and another by the University of Queensland.[67] The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) is cooperating with Moderna to create an RNA vaccine matching a spike of the coronavirus surface, and intends to start human trials by May 2020.[63] Inovio Pharmaceuticals is developing a DNA-based vaccination and collaborating with a Chinese firm in order to speed its acceptance by regulatory authorities in China, hoping to perform human trials of the vaccine in the summer of 2020.[68] In Australia, the University of Queensland is investigating the potential of a molecular clamp vaccine that would genetically modify viral proteins to make them mimic the coronavirus and stimulate an immune reaction.[67]

In an independent project, the Public Health Agency of Canada has granted permission to the International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac) at the University of Saskatchewan to begin work on a vaccine.[69] VIDO-InterVac aims to start production and animal testing in March 2020, and human testing in 2021.[69]

The Imperial College Faculty of Medicine in London is now at the stage of testing a vaccine on animals.[70]

Name

During the ongoing outbreak, the virus has often been referred to in common parlance as "the coronavirus", "the new coronavirus" and "the Wuhan coronavirus",[71][72] while the WHO recommends the temporary designation "2019-nCoV". Amid concerns that the absence of an official name may lead to the use of prejudicial informal names, per 2015 WHO guidelines,[72][73] the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has announced that it will introduce a suitable official name for the virus in the second week of February 2020.[71]

On 11 February 2020, the WHO named the disease caused by the virus COVID-19, short for "coronavirus disease 2019", stating "We now have a name for the 2019-nCoV disease: COVID-19."[74][75]

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Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to SARS-CoV-2.
Wikispecies has information related to SARS-CoV-2.
Wikiquote has quotations related to 2019-nCoV.
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