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Bratislava
Bratislava Old Town at night from Petržalka
Bratislava Old Town at night from Petržalka
Flag of Bratislava
Flag
Coat of arms of Bratislava
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Beauty on the Danube
Location of Bratislava within Slovakia
Location of Bratislava within Slovakia
CountrySlovakia
RegionBratislava Region
DistrictsBratislava I-V
City parts17 city boroughs
Cadastral areas20 cadastral areas
First mentioned907[1]
Government
 • TypeCity Council
 • Mayor (Primátor)Andrej Ďurkovský[2]
Elevation
−100.6 m (413.4 - 1,686.3 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2005[3])
 • City425,459
 • Urban
500,000
 • Metro
600,000
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
8XX XX
Area code2
Car platesBA, BL
Telephone prefix+421-2
WebsiteCity of Bratislava

Bratislava (IPA: [ˈbratjɪslava]) is the capital of Slovakia and, with a population of some 450,000, the country's largest city; the population of the entire metropolitan area is around 600,000.[3][4] Bratislava is located in the south west of Slovakia, lies on both banks of the Danube, and it is the only national capital in the world that borders two countries[5] - Austria and Hungary.

Bratislava is the political, cultural and economic centre of Slovakia. It is the seat of the Slovak presidency, the parliament and government, as well as home to several universities, museums, theatres, galleries and other important economic, cultural and educational institutions.[6] Many of Slovakia's large businesses and financial institutions are headquartered in Bratislava.

The city's history has been strongly influenced by various peoples, including Slovaks, Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Austrians and Jews.[7] The city was a key economic and administrative centre of the Habsburg (Austrian) monarchy. Bratislava was home to the Slovak national movement in the 19th century and many other Slovak historical figures, including Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.

Names

On March 27, 1919, Bratislava was adopted as the city's official name. The origin of this name is not clear. A variant of this name was reconstructed by Pavel Jozef Šafárik[8] from old names in the 1830s based on the name of the Bohemian ruler Bretislav I. The name Braslava or Preslava was also found on an old coin minted by Stephen I (Štefan I.) in 1038. The name was used for the first time by members of the Slovak movement in the 1840s.

Names prominent in the city's history include the German Pressburg (first appeared in the 15th century), the Latin Posonium (first appeared in the 13th and 14th century), the Slovak Prešporok, the Hungarian Pozsony (19th century) and the Greek Istropolis (1465). A more detailed list can be found in the History of Bratislava article.

History

Main article: History of Bratislava

Early history

Even though Bratislava is one of the youngest capital cities in Europe (since 1993), the territory has a rich history connected to many tribes and nations. The first known permanent settlement began with the Linear Pottery Culture 5000 BC in the Neolithic era. About 200 BC, the Celtic Boii tribe founded the first important settlement, a fortified town called an oppidum. The Celts also established a mint, which produced silver coins known as biatecs.[9] The area fell under Roman influence from the 1st century AD until the 4th century AD and formed a part of the Limes Romanus, a border defence system. The Romans introduced wine growing and began a tradition of winemaking, which survives to the present.[10] After the Roman military abandoned the borders at the end of the 4th century, various tribes (e.g. Heruli and Goths) settled there temporarily in the 5th century.

Middle ages

Bratislava (Pressburg) in the 17th century

The Slavic people arrived between the 5th and 6th century during the Migration Period (Migration of Nations). As a response to onslaughts by Avars, the local Slavic tribes rebelled and established Samo's Empire (623-658), the first known Slavic political entity.[11] In the 9th century, the castles in the Bratislava and Devín areas were important centres for the Principality of Nitra and later Great Moravia. The first written reference to Bratislava (as Brezalauspurc) dates to 907.[12]

Around 1000, the territory of Bratislava was annexed into the Kingdom of Hungary and became a key economic and administrative centre at the kingdom's frontier.[13] This also destined the city to be a site of frequent attacks and battles. Today's Bratislava was granted its first known town privileges in 1291 by Andrew III (Ondrej III.).[12] The name Pressburg first appeared in the 15th century. In 1405, Pressburg was declared a free royal town by King Sigismund of Luxemburg, who also entitled the town to use its own coat of arms in 1436.[12]

After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, where forces of the Kingdom of Hungary were defeated by forces of the Ottoman Empire, the Turks besieged Pressburg and damaged it, but failed to conquer the city. Therefore, in 1536, Pressburg became the new capital of Hungary, which became part of the Habsburg (Austrian) monarchy, marking the beginning of a new era. Pressburg became a coronation town and seat of kings, archbishops (1543), the nobility and all major organizations and offices. Between 1536 and 1830, 11 kings and queens were crowned at St. Martin's Cathedral.[14]

Eighteenth and nineteenth century

In the 18th century, during the reign of Maria Theresa of Austria, Pressburg flourished and became the largest and most important town in the territory of present day Slovakia and Hungary. The population tripled; many new mansions, palaces, monasteries, and streets were built, and Pressburg was the centre of social and cultural life. However, in 1783, under the reign of Joseph II, the crown jewels were taken to Vienna and many central offices moved to Buda, with a large segment of the nobility following along.[15] The Treaty of Pressburg was signed in 1805. The Devín Castle was brought to ruin by Napoleon's troops in 1809 and the Bratislava Castle was destroyed by fire in 1811.

Also in 1783, the first newspaper in Slovak, Presspurske Nowiny (Pressburg Newspaper), and the first Slovak novel were published.[16] Pressburg became the centre of the Slovak national movement. Anton Bernolák, codifier of the first Slovak language standard, was a student at the General Seminary in Pressburg. The Czech-Slovak Society (Spoločnosť česko-slovenská) was founded in 1829 at the Evangelic Lutheran Lyceum. Ľudovít Štúr, one of the lyceum's students, and his companions decided to codify the present-day Slovak language standard in Pressburg on February 2, 1843.[17] Slovenskje národňje novini (Slovak National Newspaper) was published between 1845 and 1848. As a reaction to the 1848 Revolution, Ferdinand V signed the so-called March laws, which included the abolition of serfdom.[18]

Economy and industry grew rapidly in the 19th century. The first (horse) railway in the territory of present day Slovakia and Hungary, from Pressburg to Svätý Jur, was built in 1840.[19] A new line to Vienna using steam locomotives was opened in 1848.[20] Many new factories (e.g. Stollwerck, Apollo (today's Slovnaft), Siemens-Schuckert, and Matador), financial (first bank in Slovakia in 1842) and other institutions were founded. The infrastructure was improved: electricity distribution, the sewer system, the water supply network, and other public services were established. The first permanent bridge over the Danube, Starý most (Old Bridge), was built in 1891.

Twentieth century

After World War I and the formation of Czechoslovakia on October 28, 1918, Pressburg was incorporated into the new nation despite its representatives' reluctance. Therefore, the Czechoslovak Legions arrived on January 1, 1919, and the city was annexed to Czechoslovakia. On March 27, 1919, the name Bratislava was officially adopted for the first time.[21] On March 14, 1939, Bratislava became the capital city of the first Slovak Republic. It became the seat of the president, the parliament and the government. However, the boroughs of Petržalka and Devín were annexed by Nazi Germany. At the end of WWII, many citizens fled Bratislava to participate in the Slovak National Uprising. Bratislava was occupied by German troops, bombarded by the Allies and eventually liberated by the Soviet Red Army on April 4, 1945.[22] Subsequently, many citizens of German and Hungarian origin were moved from Bratislava. After the Communist Party seized power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of the Eastern Bloc. During the communist repression of the 1950s, hundreds of citizens were expelled from the city.[23] The population rose significantly as new areas were annexed by the city, and large residential areas consisting of high-rise prefabricated panel buildings, such as Petržalka, were built. The following boroughs were (re)attached to Bratislava during the 20th century: Karlova Ves in 1944; Rača, Vajnory, Dúbravka, Lamač, Devín, and Petržalka in 1946; Čunovo, Jarovce, Rusovce, Devínska Nová Ves, Podunajské Biskupice, Vrakuňa, and Záhorská Bystrica in 1972. Bratislava had 284,000 inhabitants in 1970 and the population rose to about 444,000 in 1990.[24] In 1993, Bratislava was declared the capital city of the newly formed Slovak Republic following the Velvet Divorce.[25]

Notable events held in Bratislava

Geography

Bratislava's highest point, Devínska Kobyla, as seen from Devín

Bratislava is situated in south-western Slovakia. Its location at the borders of Austria and Hungary makes it the only national capital in the world that borders two countries. It is only an hour's drive from the border with the Czech Republic and only 62 km (38.5 mi) from the Austrian capital Vienna.

The city has a total area of 367.58 km² (141.9 mi²), making it the second largest city in Slovakia by area (after the township of Vysoké Tatry). Bratislava straddles both banks of the Danube River, which crosses the city from the west to the south-east. The Middle Danube basin begins at Devín Gate in western Bratislava. Other rivers nearby are the Morava River, which forms the north-western border of the city and flows into the Danube at Devín, the Little Danube, and the Vydrica, which flows into the Danube at the borough of Karlova Ves. Some parts of Bratislava, particularly Devín and Devínska Nová Ves, are vulnerable to floods.[29] New flood protection is being built on both banks.[30]

The Carpathian mountain range begins in city territory with the Little Carpathians (Malé Karpaty). The city's lowest point is at the Danube's surface, at 126 m (413.4 ft) above mean sea level, and the highest point is Devínska Kobyla at 514 m (1686.3 ft). The average altitude is 140 m (459.3 ft).[31]

The nearest towns and villages are: to the north Stupava, Marianka, Borinka and Svätý Jur; to the east Ivanka pri Dunaji and Most pri Bratislave; to the south-east Rovinka, Hamuliakovo, Dunajská Lužná and Šamorín; to the south Rajka (HU); and to the west Kittsee (AT), Hainburg an der Donau (AT) and Marchegg (AT).

Panorama of the Old Town (left) and Petržalka (right) from Bratislava Castle

Climate

Bratislava lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is often windy with a marked variation between hot summers and cold, humid winters. Recently, the transitions from winter to summer and summer to winter have been rapid, with short autumn and spring periods. Snow occurs less frequently now than previously.[32]

Climate data for Bratislava
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: Weatherbase[33]
  • Annual sunshine hours: 1976.4 (5.4 hours/day)
  • Average annual temperature: 10°C (50°F)

Demographics

According to the 2001 census, the city had 428,672 inhabitants (the estimate for 2005 is 425,459).[3] The average population density was 1,157 inhabitants/km². The most populous district is Bratislava V, with 121,259 inhabitants, followed by Bratislava II with 108,139, Bratislava IV with 93,058, Bratislava III with 61,418 and Bratislava I with 44,798.

The largest ethnic groups are Slovaks, with 391,761 inhabitants (91.4%), followed by Hungarians with 16,451 (3.8%) and Czechs with 7,972 (1.9%). Among other ethnic groups represented are 1,200 Germans (0.28%), 635 Moravians, 461 Ruthenes, 452 Ukrainians, 514 Croats, 417 Roma, and 339 Poles.

The average age in the city was 38.7 years, distributed as follows: 51,783 inhabitants of pre-productive age (0-14; 12.1%), 281,403 of productive age (15-59; 65.6%) and 92,273 inhabitants of post-productive age (55+ for females, 60+ for males; 21.5%) (2005 estimate).[1]

The religious make-up was as follows: Roman Catholics 243,048 (56.7%), Atheists 125,729 (29.3%), Augsburg Confessional Lutherans 24,810 (6%), Greek Catholics 3,163 (0.7%), Reformed Christians 1,918, Eastern Orthodox 1,616, Jehovah's Witnesses 1,827, Methodist Protestants 737, Jews 700, and Baptists 613.

Government

Primate's Palace, the seat of the city government.
Main building of the National Council of the Slovak Republic, to the left of Bratislava Castle

Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak parliament, presidency, ministries, the supreme court (Slovak: Najvyšší súd), and the central bank. It is the seat of the Bratislava Region and, since 2002, also of the Bratislava Autonomous Region. In addition, many foreign embassies and consulates are located in the city.

The current local government (Mestská samospráva)[34] structure has been in place since 1990. It is led by a mayor (Primátor);[35] a city board (Mestská rada);[36] a city council (Mestské zastupiteľstvo);[37] a city commission (Komisie mestského zastupiteľstva);[38] and a city magistrate's office (Magistrát).[39]

The mayor, based at the Primate's Palace, is the city's top executive officer, and is elected to a four-year term of office.

The city council is the city's legislative body, responsible for issues such as budget, local ordinances, city planning, road maintenance, education, culture, etc.[40] The Council usually convenes once per month, and consists of 80 members elected to four-year terms at the same time as the mayor. Many of the council's executive functions are carried out by the city commission, at the council's direction.[38]

The city board is a 28-member body comprised of the primátor (Bratislava's mayor), his deputies, the borough mayors and others. The board is an executive and supervisory arm of the city council, and also serves in an advisory role to the mayor.[36]

For self-governance purposes, the city is divided into 17 boroughs, each of which has its own mayor (starosta) and council. The number of councillors in each depends on the size and population of the borough.[41]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bratislava
High-rise buildings at Nivy, one of the main business districts of Bratislava.

The Bratislava Region is the wealthiest and economically most prosperous region in Slovakia despite being the smallest by area and having the second smallest population of the eight Slovak regions. It accounts for about 26% of Slovak GDP.[42] The GDP per capita (PPP), valued at €27,802 (2004), is 129.3% of the EU average, and is the second highest level (after Prague) of all regions in the new EU member states.[43] The unemployment rate is 2.13%.[44] Many governmental institutions and private companies have their headquarters in Bratislava. More than 75% of Bratislava's population works in the service sector, mainly composed of trade, banking, IT, telecommunication industry, tourism and others.[45] The Bratislava Stock Exchange (BSSE), the organiser of the public securities market, was founded on March 15, 1991.[46]

Automaker Volkswagen established itself in Bratislava in 1991 and has expanded since.[47] Currently, its production focuses on sport utility vehicles, which represent 68% of all production. The VW Touareg is finished and the Porsche Cayenne and Audi Q7 are partially built there.[48][49][50]

In recent years, service and high-tech oriented businesses are prospering in Bratislava. Many global companies, including IBM, Dell, Lenovo, AT&T, SAP, and Accenture, have built outsourcing and service centres here or plan to in the near future.[51][52]

Other large companies and employers headquartered in Bratislava include Slovak Telekom, Orange Slovensko, Slovenská sporiteľňa, Tatra banka, Doprastav, Hewlett-Packard Slovakia, Slovnaft, Henkel Slovensko, Slovenský plynárenský priemysel (literally: Slovak Gas Industry), Kraft Foods Slovakia, Whirlpool Slovakia, Železnice Slovenskej republiky (literally: Railroads of the Slovak Republic), and Tesco Stores Slovak Republic.

The city has a balanced budget of almost six billion Slovak korunas (€ 182 million) as of 2007.[53] One fifth of that is used for investment. Bratislava holds shares in 17 companies directly, for example in the public transport company (Dopravný podnik Bratislava), the waste collection and disposal company, the water utility and others.[54] The city also manages municipal organisations such as the City Police (Mestská polícia), Bratislava City Museum, ZOO Bratislava, etc.[55]

Culture and entertainment

The old building of the Slovak National Theatre.

Theatres

Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak National Theatre, which is housed in two buildings. The first is a Neo-Renaissance theatre building situated in the Old Town at the end of Hviezdoslav Square. The new building, opened to the public on April 14, 2007 after 21 years of construction, is on Pribina Street on the riverfront.[56]

Smaller theatres include: Bratislava Puppet Theatre, Astorka Korzo '90 theatre, Aréna theatre, L+S Studio, Radošinské naivné divadlo and others.

Museums and galleries

Main article: Museums and galleries of Bratislava
Rococo-style "House of the Good Shepherd", built from 1760 to 1765, home to the Museum of Clocks

The Slovak National Museum (Slovenské národné múzeum), founded in 1961, has its headquarters in Bratislava on Vajanského nábrežie (a riverfront street in the Old Town), along with the Natural History Museum, which is one of its subdivisions. The SNM is the highest[57] institution focusing on scientific research and cultural education in the field of museological activity in Slovakia. The SNM manages 16 specialized museums both in and outside Bratislava. [57]

The Bratislava City Museum (Múzeum mesta Bratislavy) established in 1868 is the oldest museum in continuous operation in Slovakia.[58] The museum's primary goal is to chronicle Bratislava's history in various forms from the earliest periods using historical and archaeological collections.[59] The museum offers permanent displays in nine specialized museums. The Museum of the City History situated in the Old Town Hall documents Bratislava's history from the mediaeval period to the 20th century. The Museum of Arms located on Michael's (Michalská) Street at Michael's Gate focuses on Bratislava's history and developments in firearms, gunsmithing, metalworking, and town fortifications. The Museum of Clocks, situated in the "House of the Good Shepherd", exhibits antique clocks from the end of 17th to the end of the 19th century, mainly from Bratislava's clockmakers. Other displays include the Devín Castle.

The Slovak National Gallery (abbr. SNG), founded in 1948, is the most extensive network of galleries in Slovakia. Two displays in Bratislava are situated adjacent one to another at Esterházy Palace (Esterházyho palác) and the Water Barracks (Vodné kasárne), both located on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town.[60] The Bratislava City Gallery, founded in 1961, is the second largest Slovak gallery of its kind. The gallery offers permanent displays at Pálffy Palace (Pálffyho palác) and Mirbach Palace (Mirbachov palác), located in the Old Town.[61] Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is situated at the Čunovo waterworks (part of Gabčíkovo Waterworks). It opened on September 9, 2000.

Music

Music in Bratislava flourished in the 18th century and was closely linked to the Viennese musical life. Mozart visited the town at the age of six. Among other notable composers who visited the town included Joseph Haydn, Franz Liszt, and Beethoven, who played his Missa Solemnis for the first time in Bratislava.[62] Bratislava is home to the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra and also hosts several annual festivals, such as the Bratislava Music Festival and Bratislava Jazz Days.[63]

Slovak Radio headquarters

Media

Bratislava, as the national capital, is home to national as well as many local media outlets. Notable TV stations based in the city include Slovak Television (Slovenská televízia), Markíza, JOJ and TA3. Slovak Radio (Slovenský rozhlas) has its seat in the centre near the National Bank of Slovakia in a building shaped like an inverted pyramid. National newspapers based in Bratislava include SME, Pravda, Nový čas, Hospodárske noviny and the English-language Slovak Spectator. Two news agencies are headquartered here: News Agency of the Slovak Republic (abbreviation: TASR) and SITA Slovak News Agency.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Bratislava

Various sports and sports teams have a long tradition in Bratislava, with many teams and individuals competing in Slovak and international leagues and competitions. Many significant sporting events, such as World and European Championships, have been held in Bratislava. The 2011 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships will be held in Bratislava and Košice. A new arena is planned to host this event.[64]

Tehelné pole stadium in Bratislava

Football is currently represented by three clubs playing the top Slovak football league, the Corgoň Liga. ŠK Slovan Bratislava, founded in 1919, has its home ground at the Tehelné pole (Brickfield) stadium. ŠK Slovan is the most successful football club in Slovak history, being the only club from former Czechoslovakia to win the European football competition, the Cup Winners' Cup in 1969.[65][66] FK Inter Bratislava, founded in 1945, have their home ground at Štadión Pasienky (Pasienky Stadium). FC Artmedia Bratislava is the oldest of Bratislava's football clubs, founded in 1898. It has its home field at Štadión Petržalka in Petržalka.

Bratislava is home to three winter sports arenas: Ondrej Nepela Winter Sports Stadium, V. Dzurilla Winter Sports Stadium and Dúbravka Winter Sports Stadium. The HC Slovan Bratislava ice hockey team represents Bratislava in Slovakia's top ice hockey league, the Slovak Extraliga. Samsung Arena, a part of Ondrej Nepela Winter Sports Stadium, is home to HC Slovan.

The National Tennis Centre, which includes Sibamac Arena, hosts various cultural, sporting and social events. Several Davis Cup matches have been played there, including the 2005 Davis Cup final.

Bratislava is represented in the top Slovak leagues in women's and men's basketball, women's handball and volleyball, and men's water polo.

The Čunovo Water Sports Centre is a whitewater slalom and rafting area. The Centre hosts several international and national canoe and kayak competitions annually. The Devín - Bratislava National run is the oldest athletic event in Slovakia.[67] The Bratislava City Marathon has been held annually since 2006. A race track is located in Petržalka, where horse racing and dog racing events and dog shows are held regularly.

Main sights

City

The Old Town Hall viewed from the Main Square.
Slavín memorial.

Bratislava's Town Hall is a complex of buildings erected in the 14th-15th century and it now hosts Bratislava City Museum. Michael's Gate is the only gate that has been preserved of the medieval fortifications and ranks among the oldest town buildings. The narrowest house in Central Europe is located close by. The building of the University Library (erected in 1756) was used by the Diet (parliament) of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1802 to 1848. Many important laws of the Hungarian Reform Era (such as abolition of serfdom or foundation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) were enacted there.

The historic centre is characterized by many baroque palaces. The Grassalkovich Palace, built around 1760, is now the residence of the Slovak president, and the Slovak government now has its seat in the former Archiepiscopal palace. In 1805, Emperors Napoleon and Francis II signed the fourth Peace of Pressburg in the Primate's Palace. Even some of smaller houses are historically interesting. For example, composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel was born in an 18th century house in Bratislava's Old town.

Much of the city's public life in the past occurred in Bratislava's churches. The Gothic St. Martin's Cathedral was built in the 13th-16th centuries and it served as the coronation church of the Kingdom of Hungary between 1563 and 1830. The Franciscan church, dated to the 13th century, has been a place of knighting ceremonies. The Church of St. Elisabeth, better known as the Blue Church, is built entirely in the Art Nouveau style.

A curiosity is the underground (formerly on the ground level) restored portion of the Jewish cemetery where Rabbi Moses Sofer is buried, located at the base of the castle hill near the entrance to a tram tunnel on the Danube side.

The only military cemetery in Bratislava is Slavín, unveiled in 1960, in honour of Soviet Army soldiers who fell when liberating Bratislava from German troops. It also offers an excellent view of the city and the Little Carpathians. [68]

Other buildings from the 20th century include, for instance, Nový Most Bratislava, a bridge across the Danube featuring a UFO-like tower restaurant. The headquarters of Slovak Radio (Slovenský rozhlas) has the shape of an inverted pyramid. Kamzík TV Tower is a uniquely-designed TV tower with an observation deck and rotating restaurant.

Bratislava Castle

Bratislava Castle
Main article: Bratislava Castle

One of the most prominent of the city's buildings is Bratislava Castle, situated on a plateau 82 m above the Danube. Habitation on the castle hill site existed since the transition period between Stone and Bronze Ages.[69] It has been the acropolis of a Celtic town, part of the Roman Limes Romanus, a huge Slavic fortified settlement, and a political, military and religious centre for Great Moravia. A stone castle was built only in the 10th century, when the area was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. It was converted into a Gothic anti-Hussite fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg in 1430, became a Renaissance castle in 1562, and in 1649 a baroque reconstruction took place. Under Queen Maria Theresa, the castle was turned into a prestigious royal seat. In 1811, the castle was inadvertently destroyed and lay in ruins until the 1950s, when it was reconstructed mostly in its former Theresan style.

Devín Castle

Main article: Devín Castle

Another castle is Devín Castle (now in ruins) in Bratislava - Devín. It is situated on the top of a high rock at the point where the Morava river, which forms the borders between Austria and Slovakia, enters the Danube. It is one of the most important Slovak archaeological sites and a museum dedicated to history of the castle is situated on the castle's premises. Devín Castle was – thanks to its strategic location – a very important frontier castle of Great Moravia and the early Hungarian state. It was destroyed by Napoleon's troops in 1809 and is an important symbol of Slovak and Slavic history.

Rusovce

Rusovce mansion, built in 1813 and turned into an English neo-Gothic style mansion in the late 19th century, is situated in the borough of Rusovce. The borough is also known for the ruins of the Roman military camp Gerulata, part of Limes Romanus, a border defence system. Gerulata was built and used between 1st and 4th century AD.

Parks and lakes

Sad Janka Kráľa in Petržalka, the oldest public park in Europe.

Thanks to its location on the foothills of the Little Carpathians and riparian vegetation on floodplains, Bratislava has forests close to the city centre. Total space of public green per inhabitant in Bratislava is 110 square meters, i.e. 46.8 km² for the whole city.[70] The largest city park is Horský park (literally Mountain(ous) Park) situated in the Old Town. Bratislavský lesný park (Bratislava Forest Park) is located in the Little Carpathians and includes many localities popular among visitors, such as Železná studienka and Koliba. The Forest Park covers an area of 27.3 km² (10.54 mi²), of which 96% is covered with forests. The Forest Park contains original flora and fauna, for example, European badgers, red foxes and mouflons.

Kuchajda lake with the Little Carpathians in the background.

On the right bank of the Danube in the Petržalka city part is Sad Janka Kráľa, the first public park in Europe, founded in 1774-76.[71] A new city park is planned for Petržalka between the Malý Draždiak and Veľký Draždiak lakes.[72]

Bratislava's zoological park is located in Mlynská dolina, close to the headquarters of the Slovak Television. The zoo founded in 1960 currently houses 152 species of animals, including a rare white lion.

The city has a number of natural and man-made lakes, most of which are also used for recreation. Examples include Štrkovec lake and Kuchajda in Ružinov, the Vajnory lakes and Zlaté Piesky in the north-east, and Rusovce lake, which is popular with nudists.[73]

Tourism

Tourist train Prešporáčik in the Old Town

In 2006, Bratislava had 71 accommodation facitilies, of which 43 were hotels, with a total capacity of 9,648 beds. It was visited by 636,298 visitors, of which 419,782 were foreigners. Visitors made a total 1,338,497 overnight stays.[74]

Among other factors, the growth of low-cost airline flights to Bratislava, led by SkyEurope, has led to the locally visible and controversial phenomenon of Bratislava stag parties, primarily from the UK. While a boon to the city's tourist industry, cultural differences and incidents of vandalism have led to concern on the part of local officials.[75]

City tourism may have also received a boost lately due to the release of the horror film Hostel,[75] which is partly set in Bratislava, despite criticism of the film in Slovakia.[76]

Education and science

Comenius University.

The first university in Bratislava and also in the territory of present-day Slovakia was the Universitas Istropolitana, founded in 1465 by king Mathias Corvinus. It was closed in 1490 after the death of its founder.[77]

Bratislava is the seat of the largest university (Comenius University), the largest technical university (Slovak University of Technology), and the oldest art schools (Academy of Performing Arts and Academy of Fine Arts and Design) in Slovakia. Other institutions of tertiary education are the University of Economics and Bratislava Technical College. In total, about 56,000 university students study in Bratislava.[74]

The Slovak Academy of Sciences is also based in Bratislava. However, the city is one of few European capitals which have neither an observatory nor a planetarium. The nearest observatory is in Modra (30 km away from Bratislava), and the nearest planetarium in Hlohovec (70 km away). CEPIT, the Central European Park For Innovative Technologies, is slated for development in Vajnory. This science and technology park will combine public and private research and educational institutions.[78] Construction is expected to begin in 2007.[79]

Transportation

Its geographical position in Central Europe has long made Bratislava a natural crossroads for international trade traffic.[80][81]

Road transportation

Motorway D1 in Bratislava-Petržalka.

The city is a large international motorway junction: The D1 motorway connects Bratislava to Trnava, Nitra, Trenčín, Žilina and beyond, while the D2 motorway connects it to Prague, Brno and Budapest in the north-south direction. The D4 motorway (an outer bypass) is mostly at the planning stage.

The A6 motorway to Vienna is currently under construction and will be opened at the end of 2007.[82]

Currently, five bridges stand over the Danube (ordered by the flow of the river): Lafranconi Bridge, Nový Most, Starý most, Most Apollo and Prístavný most.

Rail transportation

The main railway station lies at the edge of Old Town, with lines connecting it to Košice via northern Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and southern Slovakia. Another notable railway station is the Petržalka railway station, connecting Bratislava with Austria. There are also many suburban stations, for example in Rača, Lamač, Čunovo and elsewhere.

Air transportation

Bratislava Airport from the air

Bratislava's M. R. Štefánik Airport, named after General Milan Rastislav Štefánik and also called Bratislava Airport (Letisko Bratislava), is the main international airport in Slovakia. It is located 9 km (5.59 mi) north-east of the city centre. It serves civil and governmental, scheduled and unscheduled domestic and international flights. The current runways support the landing of all common types of aircraft currently used. The airport has enjoyed rapidly growing passenger traffic in recent years; it served 283,714 passengers in 2000, 1,326,493 in 2005 and 1,937,642 in 2006.[83]

River transportation

The Port of Bratislava is one of the two international river ports in Slovakia. The port connects Bratislava to international boat traffic, especially the interconnection from the North Sea to the Black Sea via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. Additionally, tourist lines operate from Bratislava's passenger port, including routes to Devín, Vienna and elsewhere.

Public transportation

Duobus (trolleybus combined with bus)

Public transportation in Bratislava is managed by Dopravný podnik Bratislava, a city-owned company. The transport system is known as Mestská hromadná doprava (MHD, Municipal Mass Transit). The history of public transportation in Bratislava began in 1895, with the opening of the first tram route.[84]

The system uses three main types of vehicles. Buses cover almost the entire city and go to the most remote boroughs and areas, with 60 daily routes, 18 night routes and other routes on certain occasions as of April 2007.[85] Trams cover 13 heavily-used commuter routes, except for Petržalka.[85] Trolleybuses serve as a complementary means of transport, with 13 routes. [85] An additional service, Bratislava Integrated Transport (Bratislavská integrovaná doprava), links train and bus routes in the city with points beyond.

Transport junctions include Trnavské mýto, Račianske mýto, Patrónka, the main rail station, and others.

Territorial division

Bratislava districts.

Bratislava is divided into:

5 districts (national administrative divisions):

  • Bratislava I: Covers the city centre
  • Bratislava II: Covers the south-eastern and eastern parts
  • Bratislava III: Covers the north-eastern parts
  • Bratislava IV: Covers the western, north-western and northern parts
  • Bratislava V: Covers the southern parts, including Petržalka, the most densely populated residential area in Central Europe[86]

17 city boroughs (for the purpose of municipal administrative division and of serving as entities to which the town delegates its powers and functions imposed by law on communities)

20 cadastral areas in the land registry, coinciding with the "city parts" (boroughs), except:

  • Nové Mesto is further divided into Nové Mesto and Vinohrady .
  • Ružinov is divided into Ružinov, Nivy and Trnávka.
Administrative and Territorial Division of Bratislava
Districts "City Parts" (Boroughs) Quarters or Localities
Bratislava I Staré Mesto
Bratislava II Ružinov Nivy, Pošeň, Prievoz, Ostredky, Trávniky, Štrkovec, Vlčie hrdlo, Trnávka
Vrakuňa Dolné hony
Podunajské Biskupice Dolné hony, Ketelec, Lieskovec, Medzi jarkami
Bratislava III Nové Mesto Ahoj, Jurajov dvor, Koliba, Kramáre, Mierová kolónia, Pasienky/Kuchajda, Vinohrady
Rača Krasňany, Rača, Východné
Vajnory
Bratislava IV Karlova Ves Dlhé diely, Kútiky, Mlynská dolina, Rovnice
Dúbravka Podvornice, Záluhy, Krčace
Lamač Podháj, Rázsochy
Devín
Devínska Nová Ves Devínske Jazero, Kostolné, Paulinské, Podhorské, Stred, Vápenka
Záhorská Bystrica
Bratislava V Petržalka Dvory, Háje, Janíkov dvor, Lúky, Ovsište, Kopčany, Zrkadlový háj, Kapitulský dvor, Starý háj
Jarovce
Rusovce
Čunovo

Twin towns

Bratislava is twinned with:

Images

References

Citations

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  4. ^ "Population and Housing Census 2001 - Permanently resident population by nationality and by regions and districts". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2001. Retrieved April 25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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  47. ^ "VW Bratislava expands production". Jeffrey Jones, The Slovak Spectator. August 27, 1997. Retrieved April 25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ "A brief journey through a long history: 2000-2003". Volkswagen. 2007. Retrieved April 25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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  60. ^ "Slovak National Gallery (SNG) Bratislava". muzeum.sk. no date. Retrieved May 17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
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  75. ^ a b Zuzana Habšudová (29 May 2006). "Bratislava wearies of stag tourism". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved April 28, 2007. We hope the number of British tourists visiting Slovakia will continue to increase, but we want it to be responsible tourism.
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  84. ^ "DPB a. s. - Z histórie (History)" (in Slovak). Retrieved 17 May. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Text "Dopravný podnik Bratislava" ignored (help); Text "publisher" ignored (help)
  85. ^ a b c "DPB a.s - trasy liniek (routes)" (in Slovak). Dopravný podnik Bratislava. Retrieved 17 May. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  86. ^ "PRESS INFORMATION, City of Bratislava at MIPIM 2007" (PDF). City of Bratislava. 3 January 2007. pp. page 8. Retrieved 2007-04-29. Petržalka City will definitely change the face of the largest and most densely populated housing estate in Central Europe: the network of grey prefabricated buildings will be transformed into a fully-fledged town with a self-contained multi-purpose centre. {{cite web}}: |pages= has extra text (help)

General references

  • Archív hlavného mesta SSR Bratislavy (1979). Ján Mojžiš (ed.). Dejiny Bratislavy (in Slovak) (2nd Edition ed.). Bratislava: Obzor, n. p. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  • Kováč, Dušan; et al. (1998). Kronika Slovenska 1 (Chronicle of Slovakia 1). Chronicle of Slovakia (in Slovak) (1st ed. ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: FortunaPrint. ISBN 80-71531-74-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  • Lacika, Ján (2000). Bratislava. Visiting Slovakia (1st ed. ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: DAJAMA. ISBN 80-88975-16-6. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); External link in |publisher= (help)
  • Špiesz, Anton (2001). Bratislava v stredoveku (Bratislava in the Middle Ages) (in Slovak) (1st ed. ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Perfekt a. s. ISBN 80-8046-145-7. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

External links

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