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Columbia, Missouri

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City of Columbia
City
Flag of City of Columbia
Flag
Official seal of City of Columbia
Seal
Nickname(s): 
College Town USA, The Athens of Missouri, or CoMo
Location in the State of Missouri and Boone County
Location in the State of Missouri and Boone County
CountryUnited States
StateMissouri
CountyBoone
Settled1806
Founded1818
Incorporated1826
Government
[1]
 • TypeCouncil-manager government
 • MayorDarwin Hindman
 • City ManagerWilliam (Bill) Watkins
 • City CouncilAlmeta Crayton First Ward)
Chris Janku (Second Ward)
Karl Skala (Third Ward)
Jerry Wade (Forth Ward)
Laura Nauser (Fifth Ward)
Barbara Hoppe (Sixth Ward)
Area
[2]
 • City60.40 sq mi (156.42233 km2)
 • Land60.1 sq mi (155.72233 km2)
 • Water0.3 sq mi (0.7 km2)  .04%
Elevation
705 ft (215 m)
Population
 (April 2006)[3]
 • City94,428
 • Density1,592.8/sq mi (615.0/km2)
 • Metro
155,997
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
65201, 65202, 65203...
Area code573
FIPS code29-15670Template:GR
GNIS feature ID0716133Template:GR
Websitehttp://www.gocolumbiamo.com

Columbia (Template:PronEng) is the fifth-largest city in the state of Missouri and the largest city in central Missouri.[4] With an estimated population of 94,428 in 2006,[5] it is the principal municipality of the Columbia Metropolitan Area, a region of 155,997 residents.[6] The city serves as the county seat of Boone County and as the location of the University of Missouri. The college town is politically liberal[7] and known by the nicknames "The Athens of Missouri,"[8] "College Town USA,"[9] and "CoMo." The city is one of the most highly educated municipalities in the United States[10] with more than half the population possessing bachelor's degrees[11] and over a quarter graduate degrees[12]

Columbia was first settled in Pre-Columbian times by the mound building, Mississippian culture of Native Americans. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through the present metro area on the Missouri River.[13] In 1818 a group of settlers, incorporated under the Smithton Land Company, purchased over 2,000 acres (8 km²) and established the village of Smithton less than a mile from current day downtown Columbia. In 1821 the settlers moved, because of lack of water, across the Flat Branch to the plateau between the Flat Branch and Hinkson creeks in what is now the downtown district. They re-named the settlement Columbia—a poetic name for the United States.[14] The founding of the University of Missouri in 1839 established the city as a center of education and research.

Columbia has a highly diversified economy, and is often ranked highly for its business atmosphere.[15] Never a strong center of industry and manufacturing the city's economic base relies on the education, medical, technology and insurance industries.[16] Besides the state university two other institutions of higher education, Stephens College and Columbia College are located within the city.

Located in the foothills of the Ozark Mountains, Columbia is equidistant from St. Louis and Kansas City, in a region known as "Mid-Missouri". The intersection of Interstate 70 and U.S. Highway 63 lies within the city. Studies consistently rank Columbia as a top city in which to live for educational facilities, health care, technological savvy, economic growth, cultural opportunities and cost of living.[17] The city has been ranked as high as the second-best place to live in the United States by Money Magazine's annual list and is regularly in the top 100.[18] People from Columbia are described as "Columbians."

History

Main article: History of Columbia, Missouri
An arial view of Columbia's downtown district in 1869. The large building on the right is University of Missouri Academic Hall.

The Columbia area was once part of the Mississippian culture and home to the Mound Builders. When European explorers arrived the area was populated by the Osage and Missouri Indians.[19] In 1678 La Salle claimed all of Missouri for France. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed by the area on the Missouri River in 1803. In 1806, Daniel Boone and his sons established a salt lick 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Columbia. The Booneslick Trail wound from Kentucky through St. Charles, Missouri to the salt lick. In 1818 a group of settlers, incorporated under the Smithton Land Company, purchased over 2,000 acres (8 km²) and established the village of Smithton less than a mile from current day downtown Columbia.[20] In 1821 the settlers moved, because of lack of water, across the Flat Branch to the plateau between the Flat Branch and Hinkson creeks in what is now the downtown district. They re-named the settlement Columbia—a historical name for the United States.[21]

The roots of Columbia's three economic foundations—education, medicine, and insurance—can be traced back to incorporation in 1821.[22] Original plans for the town set aside land for a state university. Columbia College (distinct from today's), later to become The University of Missouri, was founded in 1833. When the state legislature decided to establish a state university, Columbia raised three times as much money as any other competing city[23] and James S. Rollins donated the land that is today the Francis Quadrangle.[24] Soon other educational institutions were founded in Columbia such as Christian Female College, the first college for women west of the Mississippi, which later became the current Columbia College. In 1856 Columbia Baptist Female College opened, which later became Stephens College. The city benefited from being a stagecoach stop of the Santa Fe and Oregon trails, and later from the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. In 1822 the first hospital was set up by William Jewell. In 1830 the first newspaper was begun; in 1832 the first theater in the state was opened; and in 1835 the states first agricultural fair was held. By 1839 the population (13,000) and wealth of Boone County was exceeded in Missouri only by that of St. Louis County.[25]

File:CoMo1919broadway.jpg
A busy day on Broadway in 1919.

Columbia's infrastructure was wholly untouched by the Civil War. Missouri, as a slave state, had Southern sympathies, but remained in the union. The majority of the city was pro-union[26], however, the surrounding agricultural areas of Boone County and the rest of central Missouri were decidedly pro-slavery. Because of this the University of Missouri became a base from which union troops operated. No battles were fought within the city because the presence of union troop dissuaded the confederate guerillas from attacking, though several major battles occurred nearby at Boonville and Centralia.


Jesse Hall on the David R. Francis Quadrangle

The 20th Century has been promising for Columbia's prominence as an educational center rise even further. It became home to the headquarters of both the University of Missouri System which today serves about 70,000 students and the Columbia College system which today serves about 25,000 students. The insurance industry also became important to the local economy. Several insurance companies established headquarters in Columbia, including Shelter Insurance, Missouri Employers Mutual, and Columbia Insurance Group. State Farm Insurance has a regional office in Columbia. In addition, the now defunct Silvey Insurance was once a large local employer. Columbia became a transportation crossroads when U.S. Highway 63 and U.S. Highway 40, the latter became present-day Interstate 70, were routed through the city. Soon after the city opened the Columbia Regional Airport. The latter 20th century saw tremendous growth, and by the end of the century the population was over 80,000 in the city proper.[27]

In the early 2000's Columbia embarked on a plan[28] to manage the continued growth. The city is today growing especially towards the Missouri River in southwest Boone County. The downtown district has maintained its status as a cultural center and is undergoing significant development in both residential and commercial sectors. The University of Missouri, which experienced record enrollment in 2006, is undertaking significant construction.

Law and government

Main article: Government of Columbia, Missouri

The City of Columbia's current government was established by a home rule charter adopted by voters on November 11, 1974, which established a Council-manager government that invested power in the City Council. The City Council is made up of seven members - six elected by each of Columbia's six wards, plus an at-large council member, the Mayor, who is elected by all city voters. All members of the council, none of whom receive a salary for their work, are elected to staggered three-year terms. The Mayor, in addition to being a voting member of the City Council, is recognized as the head of city government for ceremonial purposes. Chief executive authority is invested in a city manager, who oversees the day-to-day operations of government.[29]

File:CoMoLibrary.jpg
The Columbia Public Library

Columbia is the county seat of Boone County, the county's headquarters and municipal court are located there. The City is located in the ninth U.S. Congressional district. The nineteenth Missouri State Senate district covers all of Boone County. There are five Missouri House of Representatives districts (9, 21, 23, 24, 25) in the city.

The population generally supports progressive causes such as the extensive city recycling programs and the decriminalization of cannabis[30] both for medical and recreational use at the municipal level (though the scope of latter of the two cannabis ordinances has since been restricted).[31] The city is also one of only four in the state to offer medical benefits to same-sex partners of city employees.[32] The new health plan also extends health benefits to unmarried heterosexual domestic partners of city employees. On October 10, 2006, the City Council approved an ordinance to prohibit smoking in restaurants and bars. The ordinance was passed with protest, and several amendments to the ordinance reflect this.[33]

Sister cities

In accordance with the Columbia Sister Cities Program, which operates in conjunction with Sister Cities International, an organization that began under President Dwight Eisenhower in 1956, Columbia has been given five international sister cities in an attempt to foster cross-cultural understanding:[34]

Geography

Columbia is located in the center of Missouri. 120 miles away from both St. Louis and Kansas City, and 20 miles north of the state capital Jefferson City. The city is near the Missouri River on the border between the Ozark Mountains and the Northern Plains. Before the founding of the city, the area was prairie and open forest maintained by burning by Native Americans.

A census map of Columbia

Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks; common understory trees include Eastern Redbud, Serviceberry, and Flowering Dogwood. Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore. Most of the residential area of the city is planted with large native shade trees. In Autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the Eastern Woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found; the most notable invasive species is Japanese honeysuckle.

File:CoMoNature.jpg
The Pinnacles, a natural formation carved by hundreds of years of flowing water, just north of Columbia.

Topography

The city generally slopes from the highest point in the Northeast to the lowest point in the Southwest towards the Missouri River. Prominent tributaries of the river are Perche Creek, Hinkson Creek, and Flat Branch Creek. Along these creeks can be found large valleys and cliffs. The city operates several greenbelts with trails and parks throughout the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 53.3 square miles (138.1 km²), of which, 53.1 square miles (137.5 km²) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.7 km²) of it (0.51%) is water.

Climate

Climate data for Columbia, Missouri
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source: Weatherbase[35]

Animal life

Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and numerous whitetail deer. Eastern Gray Squirrel, Cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as the nocturnal Opossum. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include the Canadian goose, Mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the Great Egret and Great Blue Heron. Populations of Bald Eagles are found by the Missouri River. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The Eurasian Tree Sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. Columbia has large areas of forested and open land and many of these areas are home to wildlife.

Frogs are commonly found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs, commonly called "spring peepers" that are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitos and houseflies are common insect nuisances; because of this, windows are nearly universally fitted with screens, and "screened-in" porches are common in homes of the area.

Cityscape

Columbia's most commonly recognizable architectural attributes reside downtown and within the university campuses. Widely used icons of the city are the University of Missouri's Jesse Hall and the neo-gothic Memorial Union. The David R. Francis Quadrangle an example of Thomas Jefferson's academic village concept. There are four National Historic Districts within the city: Downtown Columbia, East Campus, Francis Quadrangle, and North Ninth Street.[36] The downtown skyline is relatively low and is dominated by the 10-story Tiger Hotel, and the 15-story Paquin Tower.

The most prominent example of neo-gothic architecture in Columbia is the Memorial Union Tower

Neighborhoods

Downtown Columbia is an area of approximately one square mile surrounded by the University of Missouri on the south, Columbia College on the north, and Stephens College to the east. The area serves as Columbia's financial and business district and is the topic of a large initiative to draw tourism, which includes plans to capitalize on the area's historic architecture, and bohemian characteristics.[37] The city's historic residential core lies in a ring around down, extending especially to the west along Broadway, and south into the East Campus neighborhoods. Columbia can be divided into roughly 36 neighborhoods and subdivisions.[38]. The city's most dense commercial areas are primarily located along Interstate 70, Highway 63, Stadium Blvd., Grindstone Blvd, and the downtown area.

Economy

The economy of Columbia is historically dominated by Education, Healthcare and the Insurance industry.[39] Jobs in Government are also common, either in Columbia or a half-hour away in Jefferson City.[40] Commutes into the city are also common and in 2000 the city had a day time population of 106,487.[41] The Columbia Regional Airport and the Missouri River Port of Rocheport connect the region with trade and transportation. The University of Missouri is by far the city's largest employer.[42]

The economy of the metro area is slightly larger than the economy of the Bahamas[43] Columbia's economy makes up nearly 3.0% of the Gross State Product of Missouri.[44] Insurance corporations headquartered in Columbia include Shelter Insurance, and Columbia Insurance Group. Other organizations include the MFA Incorporated, Missouri State High School Activities Association and MFA oil. Companies such as Slackers CDs and Games and Carfax[45] were founded in Columbia.

Education

File:CoMoMuPano.JPG
The University of Missouri campus late 19th century

Columbia and the surrounding area is served by The Columbia Public School District. The city operates three public high schools: David H. Hickman High School, Rock Bridge High School, and Frederick Douglass High School (Missouri). There are also numerous private high schools including: Christian Fellowship School and Columbia Independent School.

Higher education

The city has three primary institutions of higher education. The University of Missouri, Columbia College, and Stephens College. In addition the city is the headquarters of the University of Missouri System which operates schools in St. Louis, Kansas City, and Rolla.

Culture

File:CoMoBlueNote.jpg
The Blue Note, a rock and pop venue downtown.

Arts, theater, and music

File:CoMoMoss.jpg
Maestro Kirk Trevor conducts the Missouri Symphony as part of the Hot Summer Nights Concert Series.

The Missouri Theatre Center for the Arts and Jesse Hall are Columbia's largest fine arts venues. The Ragtag Cinema host the well-known True/False Film Festival annually. Every June and September downtown Columbia is home to the Twilight Festival.

Columbia has a flourishing and progressive music scene thanks in large part to many acts that come out of the University.[46] The indie band White Rabbits, formed while students at MU before moving to Brooklyn to record and gain a higher profile. Musical artists from Columbia have been compiled by Painfully Midwestern Records with the ComoMusic Anthology series, and the "Das Kompilation" release. Although the hip genre continues to give Columbia some music recognition, it is their progressive psychedelic-heavy metal music scene that has garnered some attention lately. There are also local punk and hip-hop scenes that are gaining momentum locally. Country music singer-songwriter Brett James is also a native of Columbia. The song "Whiskey Bottle," by Uncle Tupelo, is rumored to be about the city of Columbia as it makes specific reference to a sign which used be displayed on a Columbia tackle shop sign which read, "Liquor, Guns, and Ammo." The sign is now displayed at the downtown location of Shakespeare's pizzeria.

Sports

File:FaurotField.jpg
An aerial view of sold-out Faurot Field

The University of Missouri's sports teams the Missouri Tigers play a significant role in the sports culture of Columbia. Faurot Field, capacity 70,000, is host to both home football games and concerts. The Hearnes Center and Mizzou Arena are two other large sports venues. Situated halfway between St. Louis and Kansas City, Columbians will often have allegiances to the professional sports teams housed there such as: the St. Louis Cardinals, Kansas City Royals. St. Louis Rams, Kansas City Chiefs, and St. Louis Blues.

Demography

In 2000 the city had a day time population of 106,487.[47] As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 84,531 people, 33,689 households, and 17,282 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,592.8 people per square mile (615.0/km²). There were 35,916 housing units at an average density of 676.8/sq mi (261.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 81.54% White, 10.85% Black or African American, 0.39% Native American, 4.30% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.81% from other races, and 2.07% from two or more races. 2.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Historical population
of Columbia, Mo[48]
Year Population
1900 5,651
1910 9,662
1920 10,392
1930 14,967
1940 18,399
1950 31,974
1960 36,650
1970 58,512
1980 62,061
1990 69,101
2000 84,531
2006 est 94,428

There were 33,689 households out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.7% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city the population was spread out with 19.7% under the age of 18, 26.7% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,729, and the median income for a family was $52,288. Males had a median income of $34,710 versus $26,694 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,507. About 9.4% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Infrastructure

File:CoMoPano.jpg
The west side of downtown Columbia.

Health Care

Columbia's hospitals and supporting facilities are a major referral center for the state. There is also a large amount of medically-related industry. The University of Missouri's University of Missouri School of Medicine is located in Columbia. Hospitals administered by University of Missouri Health Care include the University of Missouri Children's Hospital, Columbia Regional Hospital, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, and University of Missouri Hospital. The federal government administers Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital administers Boone Hospital Center.

Transportation

Columbia Transit operates a bus system focusing around downtown, and has been in service since 1965. Currently, 1.2 million passengers board annually along the system's eight fixed routes and two University Shuttle routes. The system is constantly experiencing growth in service and technology. A $3.5 million[49] project to renovate and expand the Wabash Station, a rail depot built in 1910 and converted into the city's transit center in the mid-1980s, was completed in summer 2007.[50]

The city's current mayor, Darwin Hindman is largely in favor of a non-motorized transportation system,[51] and can often be seen riding his bicycle around the city. Columbia is also known for its M.K.T. Spur of the Katy Trail State Park, which allows foot and bike traffic across the city, and, conceivably, the state. It consists of a soft gravel surface, excellent for running and biking. Columbia also is preparing to embark on construction of several new bike paths and street bike lanes thanks to a $25 million grant from the federal government.[52] The city is served by U.S. Airways at Columbia Regional Airport. The only commercial airport in Mid-Missouri.

Major roads in Columbia include:

Media

The city has two daily newspapers, the Columbia Missourian in the morning and the Columbia Daily Tribune in the afternoon. The University of Missouri has student newspaper The Maneater.

See Also

References

  1. ^ "About Columbia". City of Columbia, Missouri. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  2. ^ "City of Columbia, Missouri Demographic Statistics" (PDF). City of Columbia, Missouri. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  3. ^ "2006 Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  4. ^ "2006 Population estimates for incorporated July 1, 2006". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  5. ^ "2006 Population estimates for incorporated July 1, 2006". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  6. ^ "2006 Population estimates for United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas July 1, 2006". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  7. ^ "Ideological scales: A look at Columbia's political landscape". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  8. ^ Switzler, William (1882). History of Boone County, Missouri. pp. 220–221. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
  9. ^ "Columbia, Mo -Collegetown U.S.A". Columbia College. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  10. ^ "Money's best places to live - most educated". Money Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  11. ^ "American Factfinder Columbia, Missouri". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  12. ^ "Money's best places to live - most educated". Money Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  13. ^ Jackson, Jill. "A Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  14. ^ Switzler, William (1882). History of Boone County, Missouri. pp. 150–166. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Columbia Kudos" (PDF). Columbia Regional Economic Development (REDI). Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  16. ^ "History of Columbia". Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  17. ^ "Columbia Kudos" (PDF). Columbia Regional Economic Development (REDI). Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  18. ^ "Why you should choose Columbia". Relocate America. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  19. ^ "About Columbia". City of Columbia, Missouri. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  20. ^ "History of Columbia". Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  21. ^ "About Columbia". City of Columbia, Missouri. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  22. ^ "History of Columbia". Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  23. ^ Switzler, William (1882). History of Boone County, Missouri. pp. 300–310. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
  24. ^ Switzler, William (1882). History of Boone County, Missouri. pp. 300–310. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
  25. ^ Switzler, William (1882). History of Boone County, Missouri. pp. 325–327. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
  26. ^ "History of Columbia". Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  27. ^ "City of Columbia, Missouri Demographic Statistics" (PDF). City of Columbia, Missouri. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  28. ^ "Imagine Columbia's Future Visioning Overview". City of Columbia. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  29. ^ "Columbia Code of Ordinances". City of Columbia. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  30. ^ "Marijuana law gets new review". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  31. ^ "City Council revises pot ordinance". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  32. ^ "Council Oks Benefits for Domestic Partners". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  33. ^ "Smoking Ban Passes". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  34. ^ "Columbia's Sister Cities". The City of Columbia. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  35. ^ "Columbia, Missouri". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  36. ^ "Recent Listings". National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  37. ^ "Discover The District". The District. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  38. ^ "Columbia, Missouri Neighborhood Associations" (PDF). City of Columbia. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  39. ^ "History of Columbia". Columbia Public Schools. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  40. ^ "Largest Employers". Columbia REDI. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  41. ^ "Daytime Population" (PDF). Missouri Economic Research Center. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  42. ^ "Largest Employers". Columbia REDI. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  43. ^ "Economies of Missouri Metros Larger than Many Countries". Missouri Economic Research and Development. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  44. ^ "The Role of Metro Areas in the U.S. economy" (PDF). U.S. conference of mayors. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  45. ^ "Carfax History". Consumer affairs. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  46. ^ "Columbia Music Scene Struggles for Breakthrough". Bob McMahoh, Playbackstl. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  47. ^ "Daytime Population" (PDF). Missouri Economic Research Center. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  48. ^ "Missouri Populations 1900-1990" (PDF). Missouri Secretary of State. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  49. ^ "Moving Greyhound Services Wabash still a Major Goal". Columbia Missourian.
  50. ^ "Historic Wabash Station Renovation". Columbia Public Works. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  51. ^ "Goals for Mayor Hindman's next term". Columbians for Hindman. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  52. ^ "$25 Million of Federal Funding for Columbia's Bike/Ped Network". Pednet Coalition. Retrieved 2008-01-01.

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