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Glendale, California

Coordinates: 34°08′46″N 118°15′18″W / 34.14611°N 118.25500°W / 34.14611; -118.25500
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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Leomos23 (talk | contribs) at 11:16, 31 December 2023 (→Armenian population). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For the community in Humboldt County, see Glendale, Humboldt County, California.

Glendale, California
City
Aerial view of Glendale with the Verdugo Mountains in the background
Aerial view of Glendale with the Verdugo Mountains in the background
Americana at Brand
Americana at Brand
Highrises in Downtown Glendale
Highrises in Downtown Glendale
Holy Family Catholic Church
Holy Family Catholic Church
Grand Central Airport
Grand Central Airport
St. Mark's Episcopal Church
St. Mark's Episcopal Church
Flag of Glendale, California
Flag
Official seal of Glendale, California
Seal
Nickname: 
Jewel City
Map
Map
Map
Map
Coordinates: 34°08′46″N 118°15′18″W / 34.14611°N 118.25500°W / 34.14611; -118.25500
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyLos Angeles
IncorporatedFebruary 15, 1906[1]
Government
 • TypeCouncil-Manager[2]
 • MayorDan Brotman[2]
 • City CouncilArdy Kassakhian
Paula Devine
Ara Najarian
Elen Asatryan
 • City TreasurerRafi Manoukian[3]
 • City ManagerRoubik Golanian[4]
Area
[5]
 • Total30.60 sq mi (79.25 km2)
 • Land30.47 sq mi (78.92 km2)
 • Water0.13 sq mi (0.33 km2)  0.43%
Elevation
[6]
522 ft (159 m)
Population
 (2020)[7]
 • Total196,543
 • Rank4th in Los Angeles County
24th in California
126th in the United States
 • Density6,450.4/sq mi (2,519.7/km2)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP Codes[8]
91201–91210, 91214, 91221, 91222, 91224–91226
Area code747 and 818
FIPS code06-30000
GNIS feature IDs1660679, 2410597
Websiteglendaleca.gov

Glendale is a city in the San Fernando Valley[10] and Verdugo Mountains[11] regions of Los Angeles County, California, United States. At the 2020 U.S. Census the population was 196,543,[7] up from 191,719 at the 2010 census,[12] making it the fourth-largest city in Los Angeles County and the 24th-largest city in California. It is located about 10 miles (16 km) north of downtown Los Angeles.

Glendale lies in the Verdugo Mountains, and is a suburb in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The city is bordered to the northwest by the Sun Valley and Tujunga neighborhoods of Los Angeles; to the northeast by La Cañada Flintridge and the unincorporated area of La Crescenta; to the west by Burbank and Griffith Park; to the east by Eagle Rock and Pasadena; to the south by the Atwater Village neighborhood of Los Angeles; and to the southeast by Glassell Park neighborhood of Los Angeles. The Golden State, Ventura, Glendale, and Foothill freeways run through the city.

History

Spanish rule

In 1798, José María Verdugo, a corporal in the Spanish army from Baja California, received the Rancho San Rafael from Governor Diego de Borica, formalizing his possession and use of land on which he had been grazing livestock and farming since 1784. Rancho San Rafael was a Spanish concession, of which 25 were made in California. Unlike the later Mexican land grants, the concessions were similar to grazing permits, with the title remaining with the Spanish crown.[13]

The Catalina Verdugo Adobe is the city's oldest building. It was built on Rancho San Rafael, granted to José María Verdugo in 1784, which included all of modern-day Glendale.

Mexican rule

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and from 1824, Rancho San Rafael existed within the new Mexican Republic.

1847 to present

Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.[14] With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852,[15] confirmed by the Commission in 1855, and the grant was patented to Julio and Catalina Verdugo in 1882.[16]

In 1860, José María Verdugo's grandson Teodoro Verdugo built the Catalina Verdugo Adobe, which is the oldest building in Glendale. The property is the location of the Oak of Peace, where early Californio leaders including Pio Pico met in 1847 and decided to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel John C. Frémont.

View of Glendale in the 1870s

Verdugo's descendants sold the ranch in various parcels, some of which are included in present-day Atwater Village, Eagle Rock, and Highland Park neighborhoods of Los Angeles.

In 1883, soon after Atwater Village was settled, the Atwater Tract Office brought train service to the area.[17] In 1884, residents gathered to form a townsite and chose the name "Glendale". It was bounded by First Street (now Lexington Drive) on the north, Fifth Street (now Harvard Street) on the south, Central Avenue on the west, and the Childs Tract on the east.[18] Residents to the southwest formed Tropico in 1887.[19]

Brand Street in Glendale – a Glendale–Burbank Line streetcar stops to pick up and drop off passengers in 1915.

An important civic booster of the era was Leslie Coombs Brand (1859–1925), who built an estate in 1904 called El Miradero, featuring an eye-catching mansion, the architecture of which combined characteristics of Spanish, Moorish, and Indian styles, copied from the East Indian Pavilion at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago, which he visited.

Brand partnered with Henry E. Huntington to bring the Pacific Electric Railway, or the "Red Cars", to the area. The Glendale–Burbank Line, which was operational from 1904 to 1955, ran from Downtown Los Angeles to Burbank via Glendale. The dual-track streetcars entered the Glendale city limit by crossing San Fernando Road, and the line continued northerly in the pavement of Brand Boulevard, crossing Los Feliz Boulevard, Chevy Chase Boulevard, Colorado Boulevard, Broadway and Lexington Drive. The main line continued north to Verdugo Wash where the line became a single track. At Arden Junction at Glenoaks Boulevard, the line branched. The old main line continued north in the pavement of Brand Boulevard to a terminus in North Glendale at Mountain Avenue. The Burbank Line diverged westerly as a single-track line on private way in the center of Glenoaks Boulevard, then continued westerly past Central, Pacific, Highland, Western, and Alameda Avenues to a terminus in Burbank at Cypress Avenue.[20]

Brand loved to fly, and built a private airstrip in 1919 and hosted "fly-in" parties, providing a direct link to the soon-to-be-built nearby Grand Central Airport. The grounds of El Miradero are now city-owned Brand Park and the mansion is the Brand Library, according to the terms of his will.[21]

The Forest Lawn Cemetery opened in 1906 and was renamed Forest Lawn Memorial-Park[22] in 1917. Pioneering endocrinologist and entrepreneur Henry R. Harrower opened his clinic in Glendale in 1920, which for many years was the largest business in the city.

In 1922, the Atwater Tract Office was demolished, and construction began on the Glendale Transportation Center.[23]

Old flag of Glendale

The city flag was adopted by Glendale on September 18, 1924, and was designed by Hugh A. Maron, who also won $100 for designing it. The flag was then changed to the current one (seen above) in 2001.

The American Green Cross, an early conservation and tree preservation society, was formed in 1926 (it disbanded three years later and the current organization of that name is unrelated).

The historic Hotel Glendale was built in the 1920s.

Grand Central Airport was the departure point for the first commercial west-to-east transcontinental flight flown by Charles Lindbergh.

Sundown town status

Until as late as the 1960s, Glendale was a sundown town. Nonwhites were required to leave city limits by a certain time each day or risk arrest and possible violence.[24] In the 1930s, Glendale and Burbank prevented the Civilian Conservation Corps from stationing African American workers in a local park, citing sundown town ordinances that both cities had adopted.[25] In 1964, Glendale was selected by George Lincoln Rockwell to be the West Coast headquarters of the American Nazi Party. After a legal battle with the city of Glendale, the party moved their headquarters to El Monte in 1966.[26][27]

The emergence of increasingly visible ethnic groups — including Armenians, Cubans and Filipinos and Koreans — changed the official discourse in Glendale. In 1972, C.E. Perkins, then city manager, encouraged the Rotary Club of Glendale to prepare itself as the city could no longer remain isolated in an increasingly diverse America.[28]

Historic architecture

Main article: Glendale Register of Historic Resources and Historic Districts

Glendale began its historic preservation program in 1977 with the designation of 28 properties as city landmarks. In 1997, the program evolved with the establishment of the Glendale Register of Historic Resources. The register now has over 100 properties. In addition, 11 properties in Glendale are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The city's most honored historic properties include the Catalina Verdugo Adobe, Brand Library & Art Center, Glendale Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, Grand Central Air Terminal, and Alex Theatre.

Geography

View of Glendale with the San Gabriel Mountains and the Verdugo Mountains in the background

Glendale is located in the southeastern San Fernando Valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30.6 sq mi (79.212 km2); 30.5 square miles (79 km2) of it is land and 0.13 square miles (0.34 km2) of it (0.43%) is covered by water. Glendale is the fourth largest[29] city within Los Angeles County. It is bordered to the north by the foothill communities of La Cañada Flintridge, La Crescenta, and Tujunga; to the south by the Atwater Village and Glassell Park communities incorporated by the city of Los Angeles; to the east by Pasadena and Eagle Rock (also incorporated within Los Angeles); and to the west by Griffith Park and the city of Burbank. Glendale is located 10 miles (16 km) north of downtown Los Angeles.[30]

Geology

Several known earthquake faults criss-cross the Glendale area and adjacent mountains, as in much of Southern California. Among the more recognized faults are the Sierra Madre and Hollywood faults, situated in the city's northern and southwestern portions, respectively. Additionally, the Verdugo and Raymond faults intersect through the city's central and southeastern areas. The San Gabriel fault, meanwhile, is located northeast of the city. Roughly 75 miles (121 km) northeast of Glendale is a major portion of the San Andreas Fault known as the "Big Bend", where quake-recurrence tracking shows major activity roughly every 140–160 years. The closest portion of the San Andreas is actually 29 miles (47 km) from Glendale. The last major quake along the southern San Andreas was recorded in 1857.

Forest Lawn Memorial Park and the Verdugo Mountains

In the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, which took place along the western edge of the Sierra Madre Fault, surface ruptures were nearly 12 miles (19 km) long, including one portion a few miles northwest of Glendale. Most of the damage was in the northern San Fernando Valley, though 31 structures in Glendale suffered major damage and had to be demolished, plus numerous chimneys collapsed. The 1994 Northridge earthquake had an epicenter about 18 miles (29 km) from Glendale. The city suffered severe damage to a public parking structure and sections of the Glendale Galleria parking structures and exterior columns incurred damages.[31]

Climate

Glendale has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), with hot summers and mild winters with occasional rainfall. The highest recorded temperature in Glendale was 115 °F (46 °C) on September 6, 2020. The lowest recorded temperature was 17 °F (−8 °C) on February 15, 1990. The warmest month is August and the coolest month is January.

The annual average precipitation is just over 21 inches (530 mm), mostly falling between November and April. Rainfall totals are highly variable from year to year, with the wettest years (sometimes over 30 inches (760 mm) of rainfall) usually associated with warm El Niño conditions, and the drier years (sometimes under 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall) with cool La Niña episodes in the Pacific.

The hills and mountains of northern Glendale very rarely have snow, owing to its warmer temperatures during the winter. It may only occur about every five to ten years. The last time it snowed was February 26, 2011, in which snow accumulation of approximately 3 inches (7.6 cm) occurred and sleet was present. Frost sometimes occurs at night from late November to early March. Heavy rains and thunderstorms are also common during the winter. The spring brings pleasant weather, with very little rain. The summer is usually fairly warm, with highs from 85 °F (29 °C), to the low 100s (40 °C). Summer is usually very dry, but thunderstorms can come from Arizona, bringing high humidity into the area. These rare days cause heat indices over 120 °F (49 °C). Fall brings nice weather, but can be gusty due to the Santa Ana winds, blowing in once or twice a year from October to December. Santa Ana winds can reach up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), with gusts up to 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) in mountain passes and canyons. Thunderstorms occur very rarely and they are accompanied by gusty winds and hail.[32]

Climate data for Glendale, California
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 93
(34) 		92
(33) 		96
(36) 		105
(41) 		102
(39) 		110
(43) 		110
(43) 		107
(42) 		115
(46) 		110
(43) 		98
(37) 		93
(34) 		115
(46)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 68
(20) 		70
(21) 		70
(21) 		75
(24) 		76
(24) 		82
(28) 		87
(31) 		88
(31) 		86
(30) 		81
(27) 		74
(23) 		69
(21) 		77
(25)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 45
(7) 		47
(8) 		48
(9) 		51
(11) 		55
(13) 		59
(15) 		62
(17) 		63
(17) 		62
(17) 		56
(13) 		49
(9) 		45
(7) 		54
(12)
Record low °F (°C) 23
(−5) 		17
(−8) 		23
(−5) 		34
(1) 		37
(3) 		41
(5) 		45
(7) 		48
(9) 		44
(7) 		37
(3) 		29
(−2) 		26
(−3) 		17
(−8)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.74
(95) 		4.19
(106) 		3.56
(90) 		0.90
(23) 		0.34
(8.6) 		0.08
(2.0) 		0.02
(0.51) 		0.15
(3.8) 		0.35
(8.9) 		0.49
(12) 		1.26
(32) 		2.10
(53) 		17.17
(436)
Source 1: [33]
Source 2: [34]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19102,746—
192013,536392.9%
193062,736363.5%
194082,58231.6%
195095,70215.9%
1960119,44224.8%
1970132,66411.1%
1980139,0604.8%
1990180,03829.5%
2000194,9738.3%
2010191,719−1.7%
2020196,5432.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[35] 2020[7]

2010

St. Mark's Episcopal Church
Glendale Masonic Center

The 2010 United States Census[36] reported that Glendale had a population of 191,719. According to the Southern California Association of Government's 2016 Demographic and Growth Forecast, the population of Glendale is expected to reach about 214,000 by 2040, an increase of about 11 percent from 2012.[37] The population density was 6,268.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,420.3/km2). The racial makeup of Glendale was 71.1% (136,226) White, 1.3% Black (2,573), 0.3% (531) Native American, 16.4% (31,434) Asian (6.9% Filipino, 5.4% Korean, 1.3% Chinese), 0.1% (122) Pacific Islander, 6.3% (12,146) from other races, and 4.5% (8,687) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latino residents of any race made up 17.4% of the population ( 33,414). Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.5% of the population.[7]

The census reported that 190,290 people (99.3% of the population) lived in households, 223 (0.1%) lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and 1,206 (0.6%) were institutionalized. Of the 72,269 households, 21,792 (30.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 37,486 (51.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 8,908 (12.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3,693 (5.1%) had a male householder with no wife present, 2,359 (3.3%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 605 (0.8%) were same-sex married couples or partnerships. About 18,000 households (24.9%) were made up of individuals, and 7,077 (9.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63. The 50,087 families (69.3% of all households) had an average family size of 3.19.

In the city, the population was distributed as 35,732 (18.6%) under the age of 18, 16,609 (8.7%) aged 18 to 24, 54,518 (28.4%) aged 25 to 44, 54,942 (28.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 29,918 (15.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.

The 76,269 housing units averaged 2,493.8 per square mile (962.9/km2), of which 27,535 (38.1%) were owner-occupied, and 44,734 (61.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.5%; 76,769 people (40.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 113,521 people (59.2%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2009–2013, Glendale had a median household income of $53,020, with 14.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[7]

2000

St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Catholic Cathedral

As of the census[38] of 2000, there were 194,973 people, 71,805 households, and 49,617 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,362.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,456.5 inhabitants/km2). There were 73,713 housing units averaged 2,405.3 per square mile (928.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 63.6% White, 1.6% Black, 0.3% Native American, 16.1% Asian American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 8.6% from other races, and 10.1% from two or more races. About 19.7% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 71,805 households, 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were not families; 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the city, the population was distributed as 22.4% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $41,805, and for a family was $47,633. Males had a median income of $39,709 versus $33,815 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,227. About 13.6% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over.

In June 2000, Erin Texeira of the Los Angeles Times stated that according to data from the US Census and the City of Glendale, the populations were about 30% Armenians, 25% other White, 25% Latino and Hispanic, and 16% Asian.[30]

Armenian population

See also: History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles
Armenian genocide memorial

Glendale (Western Armenian: Կլէնտէյլ) has one of the largest communities of Armenian descent in the United States.[39]

Armenian families have lived in the city since the 1920s, but the surge in immigration escalated in the 1970s. Armenian Americans are well integrated into the city, with many businesses, several Armenian schools, and ethnic/cultural organizations serving this ethnic group. Most of the Armenians in Glendale arrived in the past two decades.[40] The city of Glendale is home to one of the largest Armenian communities outside of Armenia.

Beginning in the late 1980s, with assistance from family and friends already there, Armenians from the former Soviet Union began arriving.[30] In the Glendale Unified School District, by 1988, along with students from the Middle East, they had become the largest ethnic group in the public schools, now having a larger number than Latinos.[41]

A new headquarters of the Armenian National Committee of America-Western Region opened in 1994.[42] By 1996, longtime Anglo residents, largely fueled by anti-Armenian sentiment, decried the increased density in South Glendale.[43] By 1999, about 25% of the population spoke Armenian and there were many Armenian businesses.[44]

According to the United States 2000 Census, Glendale is home to 65,343 Armenian Americans[45] (making up 34.1% of the total population), increasing from 1990 when there were 31,402 Armenian Americans in the city.[46] As of 2005, one-third of Los Angeles' estimated 153,000 Armenians (or 51,000, around a quarter of Glendale's 205,000 residents) lived in Glendale. At that time, Armenians held a majority on the Glendale city council,[47] and it had done so since that year.[48] By 2005 the Armenian population was 40% of the total population.[48]

In 2014, a Glendale Police Department spokesperson, stated, "In five to eight years, the [Armenian] community went from a few thousand to about 40,000."[30] Levon Marashlian, an instructor of Armenian history at Glendale College, stated that in the early 1990s Glendale's Armenian community became the largest in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, surpassing the Armenian community of Hollywood.[30] Alice Petrossian, the GUSD director of intercultural education, stated that Burbank lies within the middle of other Armenian communities, so it attracted Armenians.[41] There are also a great number of Armenian immigrants from Iran who, due to the religious restrictions and lifestyle limitations of the Islamic government, immigrated to the US, many to Glendale since it was where their relatives resided.

As of March 2018, four of the five members of Glendale's city council are of Armenian descent: Mayor Vartan Gharapetian and councilmembers Zareh Sinanyan (mayor from 2014 to 2015), Ara Najarian (mayor from 2007 to 2008, 2010 to 2011, and 2015 to 2016), and Vrej Agajanian. Former Armenian-American mayors of Glendale include Larry Zarian, Bob Yousefian, and Rafi Manoukian.

Singer Serj Tankian and bassist Shavo Odadjian, members of the Armenian-American rock band System of a Down, were based in Glendale at the time of formation.

The Cathedral of Saint Gregory the Illuminator, which is the seat of North American diocese of the Armenian Catholic Church, is located in Glendale. The Bishop of the Diocese, Rt. Rev. Mikaël Antoine Mouradian, is also resident in Glendale.

Other ethnic groups

The chapel at Forest Lawn Memorial Park

The Mexican American community was established in Glendale by the 1960s. The late 1980s and the early 1990s also saw increases in Mexican American population as Glendale offers higher quality education along a safer suburban environment away from the city.[30]

Several Korean cities have sought to create business and cultural relationships with Glendale.[49] Central Park has the only West Coast monument to Korean comfort women of World War II.[50]

As of 2012, Filipino Americans were the third largest minority group in Glendale, making up seven percent of the city's total population, overtaking Korean Americans.[51] In 2022, the Filipino American Friendship Monument was unveiled in Central Park.[52]

After the Iranian Revolution, many Persians migrated to the cities seeking a suburban city with lower crime and quality education.[53]

Crime and public safety

See also: Crime in Glendale, California

In 1977 and 1978, 10 murdered women were found in and around Glendale in what became known as the case of the Hillside Strangler. The murders were the work of Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, the latter of whom resided at 703 East Colorado Street, where most of the murders took place.[54]

In 2014, Glendale was named the ninth-safest city in America in a report published by 24/7 Wall Street based on violent crime rates in cities with more than 100,000 people.[55] Also in 2014, real estate company Movoto used FBI data crime data from 2013 to conduct a study of 100 U.S. cities with populations between 126,047 and 210,309 residents and concluded that Glendale was the safest mid-sized city in America.[56]

Economy

DreamWorks Animation headquarters

As of 2021, the top employers in the city are (with number of employees):[57]

# Employer # of Employees
1 Glendale Unified School District 2,507
2 Adventist Health Glendale 2,380
3 City of Glendale 1,866
4 Glenair Inc. 1,650
5 DreamWorks Animation 1,582
6 Glendale Community College 1,460
7 Dignity Health – Glendale Memorial Medical Center 997
8 USC Verdugo Hills Hospital 937
9 Service Titan 800
10 Age of Learning 650

Industry and development

The plaza at Americana at Brand
801 North Brand, one of Glendale's many modern skyscrapers: Companies such as Nestlé, NexusLab, Great West Life, Citi, Unum, and Cigna have offices downtown.

Grand Central Airport was a municipal airport developed from 1923 which became the largest employer in Glendale for many years, and contributed to the development of aviation in the United States in many important ways. The main terminal building still stands and includes both Art Deco and Spanish-style architectural elements. The facility was the first official terminal for the Los Angeles area, as well as the departure point for the first commercial west-to-east transcontinental flight flown by Charles Lindbergh. During World War II, the Grand Central Air Terminal building was camouflaged to protect it from enemy targeting. It was closed down in 1959, and made way for the Grand Central Business Centre, an industrial park.

Forest Lawn Memorial Park started in Tropico (later annexed to Glendale) in 1906 and is famous for its art collection and the burial of many celebrities, as well as for the 1933 opening of the first funeral home on cemetery grounds anywhere in the United States.[58] The Bob's Big Boy chain of hamburger restaurants started in Glendale on East Colorado in August 1936, and the Baskin-Robbins "31 Flavors" chain of ice cream parlors started in Adams Square in 1945. The Glendale Public Library[59] on Harvard Street houses its "Special Collections" department which contains original documents and records on much of the history of Glendale. It also contains one of the largest collections of books on cats in the world, over 20,000 volumes.[60] It was donated to the library in the 1950s by the Jewel City Cat Fanciers Club.[citation needed]

The city experienced significant development in the 1970s, with the completion of the Glendale Freeway (Highway 2) and the Ventura Freeway (Highway 134). This included redevelopment of Brand Boulevard, renovation of the 1925 Alex Theatre, and construction of the Glendale Galleria shopping mall which opened in 1976, and was further expanded in 1982.

Several large companies have offices in Glendale including the U.S. headquarters of International House of Pancakes. The Los Angeles regional office of California's State Compensation Insurance Fund is in Glendale. Americas United Bank was founded in Glendale in 2006 and is still headquartered there. In August 2013, Avery Dennison Corp., a label maker for major brands, announced plans to move its headquarters from Pasadena to Glendale.[61] Avery employs about 26,000 people. The U.S. headquarters of the Swiss foods multinational Nestlé plans to move out by 2018.[62]

500 Central Avenue

Glendale, along with Burbank, has served as a major production center for the U.S. entertainment industry and the U.S. animation industry in particular for several decades, because the Walt Disney Company outgrew its Burbank studio lot in the early 1960s, and started expanding into the closest business park available, which happened to be Glendale's Grand Central Business Centre about two miles east. First came the headquarters for Imagineering, followed in the 1980s by other divisions and offices. Today, Disney's Grand Central Creative Campus (known as GC3 for short) is home to Consumer Products, Disney Interactive, The Muppets Studio, and Marvel Animation.[63] From 1985 to 1995, Walt Disney Animation Studios (then known as Walt Disney Feature Animation) was headquartered in the Grand Central Business Centre, meaning that most of the films of the Disney Renaissance era were actually developed in Glendale. Disneytoon Studios, a division of WDAS, is still located in the Grand Central Business Centre near GC3, along with the Animation Research Library, Disney Animation's archive. Disney-owned KABC-TV is located on Circle 7 Drive to the south of GC3.

The historic Alex Theatre

In 1994, Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and David Geffen formed DreamWorks SKG, a diversified entertainment company. DreamWorks Animation remains located in the city's Grand Central Business Centre on land formerly occupied by a helicopter landing base next to the old airfield (and next to KABC-TV). Thus, many American animators who worked on feature films in the 1990s and 2000s have spent large portions of their careers in Glendale working for Disney or DreamWorks.

In 2005, construction began near the Galleria of developer Rick Caruso's "Americana at Brand", a 15.5-acre (63,000 m2) outdoor shopping and residential community. Caruso had previously designed and built the Grove at Farmers Market. The new Glendale development was opened to the public on May 2, 2008, and features 75 shops and restaurants, 238 apartments, 100 condominiums, and a AMC Theatres 18-plex Cinema which seats 3,000 people.[64]

Arts and culture

The Alex Theatre

Performing arts

The Alex Theatre opened in 1925 as the Alexander Theatre.[65] Currently, the theatre is a performing arts center featuring live performances and film screenings.[66]

Museums and galleries

In 2016, the Museum of Neon Art moved to Glendale. MONA exhibits historical neon signs and works by contemporary artists using neon. The City of Glendale committed to funding the museum's new site and construction, as part of a plan to develop its downtown.[67]

Parks and recreation

The city has nearly 50 public parks, from Deukmejian Wilderness Park in the north to Cerritos Park in the south.[68]

Government

Local government

Glendale U.S. Post Office
Historic Glendale YMCA
Glendale Public Library
The historic Spanish Colonial Revival Peterson House

According to the city's most recent comprehensive annual financial report, the city's various funds had $576 million in revenues, $543 million in expenditures, $2,090 million in total assets, $481 million in total liabilities, and $460 million in cash and investments.[69] Glendale elects its City Council members at large, to a four-year term. Elections are held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in April of odd-numbered years along with the Glendale Unified School District Board of Education and the Glendale Community College District Board of Trustees.

The current mayor and council members are:[2]

List of mayors

The City Council selects one member to serve as Mayor for a one-year term. This is a list of Glendale mayors by year.[70][71]

  • April 1957 – April 1959: Zelma Bogue (first female mayor)[71][72]
  • April 1980 – April 1981: Carroll W. Parcher
  • April 1981 – April 1982: John F. Day
  • April 1982 – April 1983: Robert W. Garcin
  • April 1983 – April 1984: V. W. "Ginger" Bremberg
  • April 1984 – April 1985: Carroll W. Parcher
  • April 1985 – April 1986: Jerold F. Milner
  • April 1986 – April 1987: Larry Zarian[70]
  • April 1987 – April 1988: V. W. "Ginger" Bremberg
  • April 1988 – April 1989: Carl Raggio
  • April 1989 – April 1990: Jerold F. Milner
  • April 1990 – April 1991: Larry Zarian[70]
  • April 1991 – April 1992: V. W. "Ginger" Bremberg
  • April 1992 – April 1993: Carl Raggio
  • April 1993 – April 1994: Larry Zarian[70]
  • April 1994 – April 1995: Eileen Givens[70]
  • April 1995 – April 1996: Richard M. Reyes
  • April 1996 – April 1997: Sheldon S. Baker
  • April 1997 – April 1998: Larry Zarian[73]
  • April 1998 – April 1999: Eileen Givens[70]
  • April 1999 – April 2000: V. W. "Ginger" Bremberg
  • April 2000 – April 2001: Dave Weaver
  • April 2001 – April 2002: Gus Gomez
  • April 2002 – April 2003: Rafi Manoukian
  • April 2003 – April 2004: Frank Quintero
  • April 2004 – April 2005: Bob Yousefian[71]
  • April 2005 – April 2006: Rafi Manoukian[74]
  • April 2006 – April 2007: Dave Weaver
  • April 2007 – April 2008: Ara Najarian[75]
  • April 2008 – April 2009: John Drayman [70][76]
  • April 2009 – April 2010: Frank Quintero[70]
  • April 2010 – April 2011: Ara Najarian[77]
  • April 2011 – April 2012: Laura Friedman[78]
  • April 2012 – April 2013: Frank Quintero[70]
  • April 2013 – April 2014: Dave Weaver[70]
  • April 2014 – April 2015: Zareh Sinanyan[79]
  • April 2015 – April 2016: Ara Najarian[70]
  • April 2016 – April 2017: Paula Devine[70][80]
  • April 2017 – April 2018: Vartan Gharpetian [81]
  • April 2018 – April 2019: Zareh Sinanyan[82]
  • April 2019 – April 2020: Ara Najarian[83]
  • April 2020 – April 2021: Vrej Agajanian[2]
  • April 2021 – April 2022: Paula Devine[2]
  • April 2022 – April 2023: Ardy Kassakhian
  • April 2023 – present: Dan Brotman

County representation

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Glendale Health Center in Glendale.[84]

The Los Angeles County Department of Public Social Services operates the Glendale DPSS welfare office on San Fernando Road.

The Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation operates Crescenta Valley park in North Glendale

The Los Angeles County Department of Aging and Disabilities operates an undisclosed Adult Protective Services office in Glendale

In the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, Glendale is in the Fifth District, represented by Kathryn Barger.[85]

State and federal representation

In the United States House of Representatives, Glendale is in California's 30th congressional district, represented by Democrat Adam Schiff.[86]

In the California State Legislature, Glendale is in the 25th Senate District, represented by Democrat Anthony Portantino, and in the 43rd Assembly District, represented by Democrat Luz Rivas.[87]

Education

Glendale Community College

The Glendale Unified School District operates the public schools in Glendale. The GUSD high schools include Glendale High School, Herbert Hoover High School, Clark Magnet High School, Crescenta Valley High School located in La Crescenta and Allan F. Daily High School. A number of private schools also operate in Glendale, including Chamlian Armenian School,[88] Holy Family High School, Salem Lutheran School, and Glendale Adventist Academy. Glendale is also home to Glendale Community College. Middle schools are Roosevelt Middle School, Toll Middle School, Rosemont Middle School, and Wilson Middle School.

Media

Glendale community news is covered by the Glendale News-Press, which was founded in 1905.

KABC-TV, an ABC owned-and-operated television station serving the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the rest of the Greater Los Angeles area, has maintained its studios and offices in Glendale since December 2000.

Infrastructure

Tram at Americana at Brand

Public safety

Glendale maintains its own police department, and is a full-service organization.[citation needed]

The Glendale Fire Department responds to about 17,000 calls for service annually.[89] The department has nine stations, with mutual aid provided other local departments.[90] The Verdugo Fire Communications Center in Glendale was established in 1979 to consolidate fire dispatching and telecommunications between 13 local fire departments.[91]

Transportation

See also: Glendale Transportation Center
The Glendale Transportation Center, executed in a California Churrigueresque style

Bus services

LADOT, Metro Local, Metro Rapid, and Glendale Beeline all have buses that run in the city. Glendale Transportation Center provides connections to Greyhound buses.[92]

The North Hollywood to Pasadena Transit Corridor is a proposed 18-mile (29 km) bus rapid transit line. It is planned to operate between Pasadena City College and the North Hollywood station, where it will connect with the Metro B Line and the Metro G Line. The line is planned to connect downtown Burbank to Glendale via Glenoaks Boulevard before heading south on Central Avenue and then continuing east on Broadway. The line is expected to open in 2024.[93] The project is part of Metro's Twenty-eight by '28 initiative.[94]

A 2021 Metro staff report for the Metro Board's Planning and Programming Committee has recommended corridors where the transportation agency could pursue new bus rapid transit lines, including one between downtown Glendale and East Los Angeles College, a 13.64-mile (21.95 km) corridor passing through Los Feliz, Silver Lake, and Echo Park.[95]

Train services

Metrolink's Antelope Valley Line and Ventura County Line stop at the Glendale Transportation Center.[96]

Since 2016, Metro and Eco-Rapid Transit have been studying the feasibility of adding more frequent service and infill stations along the corridor. Also studied has been the creation of a light rail line along the Burbank-Glendale-Union Station corridor, potentially allowing trains to leave the existing right-of-way to travel through the commercial core of Glendale.[97]

Streetcar

Using a grant from the Southern California Association of Governments, the City of Glendale is now in the midst of a feasibility study for a streetcar project. The city is considering two alignments for the proposed system, both of which would feature 16 stops running approximately 2.88 miles (4.63 km) between Stocker Street in the north and the Glendale Transportation Center in the south, where it would connect with Metrolink and Amtrak trains.[98]

Airports

The closest airport that serves Glendale is the Hollywood Burbank Airport. The airport is owned by the Burbank–Glendale–Pasadena Airport Authority, a joint powers agreement between the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena.[99]

Freeways and highways

Glendale is served by four freeways: the Glendale Freeway (State Route 2), the Ventura Freeway (State Route 134), the Foothill Freeway (Interstate 210) and the Golden State Freeway (Interstate 5)

Major surface streets in the city include: Brand Boulevard, Broadway, Canada Boulevard, Central Avenue, Chevy Chase Drive, Colorado Boulevard, Foothill Boulevard, Glendale Avenue, Glenoaks Boulevard, Grandview Avenue, La Crescenta Avenue, Honolulu Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, Riverside Drive, Victory Boulevard, Pacific Avenue, Sonora Avenue, Western Avenue, San Fernando Road, Verdugo Road/Boulevard, Mountain Street, and Ocean View Boulevard.

Notable people

Sister cities

Glendale's sister cities are:[109]

See also

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