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List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

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Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21-16:3

A Hebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language. (Some of the Biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic.) The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Codex Leningradensis).[1]

The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time, because of the fragility of media, wars, (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temples), and other intentional destructions.[2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.

The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in 2 volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the Continent.[3] Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts.[4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). In the old synagogue in Cairo were discovered 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts.[5][6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before the year 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.[7]

The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg.[4]

Codex Leningradensis is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.

The oldest complete and still kosher Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.[8]

Masorah manuscripts

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd-10th century)

  • Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature[9]
  • Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.

Masoretic (7th–10th century)

Later (11th-17th century)

  • Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
  • Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
  • Scroll 2, dated CE 1155-1255, University of Bologna Library
  • Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century[17]
  • Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300-1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection. [18]
  • Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.[19]
  • Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
  • Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
  • Al-Ousta Codex, 14th-century. Now at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
  • Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
  • Lisbon Bible, created in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal[20]
  • Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
  • MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
  • Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
  • Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)

Modern discoveries

  • Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE
  • Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Old Testament in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE

Dead Sea Scrolls

Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.[21]


See also

References

  1. ^ H. Kelley, Daniel Stephen Mynatt, Timothy G. Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: introduction and annotated glossary, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998, p. 18
  2. ^ Randall Price, Searching for the Original Bible, Harvest House Publishers, 2007, p. 45-50
  3. ^ Thomas Hartwell Horne, An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1836), vol. 2, p. 7. Page 6 states: "To Dr. Kennicott's Hebrew Bible, M. De Rossi published an important supplement at Parma (1784–1787), in four volumes..."
  4. ^ a b Old Testament manuscripts
  5. ^ Fragmentos do Gueniza do Cairo[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ David Sinclair, An Overview of the Bible (2006)
  7. ^ Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, pp. 38–39; translated into English and published in 1995 as Wurthwein, The Text of the Old Testament (2nd rev. ed, 1995, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wm.B. Eerdmans Publg. Co.)(this is the source for most of the dates of the mss listed).
  8. ^ Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), Oldest Torah scroll still in use found in Italy, 3 March 2016, accessed 2 August 2019
  9. ^ Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The text of the Old Testament: an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8028-0788-5.
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ Engel, Edna; Mishor, Mordechay (2015). "An Ancient Scroll of the Book of Exodus: The Reunion of Two Separate Fragments" (PDF). Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology. 7: 24–61.
  12. ^ British Library Asian and African studies blog 10 April 2014
  13. ^ Manuscript written by two different scribes, the older square script believed to be from the 10th century, whereas the newer Yemenite square script was written in the 16th century. See the British Library, Or. 4445.
  14. ^ "Digitised Manuscripts".
  15. ^ Eleazar Birnbaum, The Michigan Codex: An important Hebrew Bible manuscript, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 17 pages 373-415 (Oct. 1967).
  16. ^ Damascus Pentateuch
  17. ^ Vat. ebr. 448
  18. ^ "Hebrew Bible". www.metmuseum.org. MET. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  19. ^ The Farhi Bible
  20. ^ The Lisbon Bible - 1483
  21. ^ Timothy Lim, The Dead Sea Scrolls: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2005, Dating the Scrolls, [2]
  22. ^ The Great Isaiah Scroll at The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
  23. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 14–15.
  24. ^ a b 1Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  25. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 15–16.
  26. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18.
  27. ^ Bruce, F.F.,"The Dead Sea Habakkuk Scroll," The Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society I (1958/59): 5–24.
  28. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16.
  29. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16–18.
  30. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 19.
  32. ^ 1Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  33. ^ 1Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  34. ^ 1Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc OakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
  36. ^ 1Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  37. ^ 1Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  38. ^ 1Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  39. ^ 1Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  40. ^ 1Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  41. ^ 1Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  42. ^ 1Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  43. ^ 1Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  44. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 20.
  45. ^ 1Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  46. ^ 1Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  47. ^ 1Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  48. ^ 1Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  49. ^ 1Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  50. ^ 1Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  51. ^ 1Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  52. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21.
  53. ^ 1Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  54. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, p. 21.
  55. ^ 1Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  56. ^ 1Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  57. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 21–22.
  58. ^ 1Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  59. ^ 1Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 22.
  61. ^ 1Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  62. ^ 1Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  63. ^ 1Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  64. ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  65. ^ 1Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  66. ^ 1Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  67. ^ 1Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  68. ^ 1Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 23.
  70. ^ 1Q32 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  71. ^ 1Q34 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  72. ^ 1Q35 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  73. ^ 1Q36 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  74. ^ 1Q37 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  75. ^ 1Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  76. ^ 1Q39 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  77. ^ 1Q40 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar "Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  79. ^ 1Q71 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  80. ^ 1Q72 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 25.
  82. ^ 2Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  83. ^ 2Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  84. ^ 2Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  85. ^ 2Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  86. ^ 2Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  87. ^ 2Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  88. ^ 2Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  89. ^ 2Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  90. ^ 2Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  91. ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 26.
  92. ^ 2Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  93. ^ 2Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  94. ^ 2Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  95. ^ 2Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  96. ^ 2Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  97. ^ 2Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  98. ^ 2Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  99. ^ 2Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  100. ^ 2Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  101. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27.
  102. ^ 2Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  103. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 27.
  104. ^ 2Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  105. ^ 2Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  106. ^ 2Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  107. ^ 2Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  108. ^ 3Q1 at Leon Levy Collection
  109. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 28.
  110. ^ 3Q2 at Leon Levy Collection
  111. ^ 3Q3 at Leon Levy Collection
  112. ^ 3Q4 at Leon Levy Collection
  113. ^ 3Q5 at Leon Levy Collection
  114. ^ 3Q6 at Leon Levy Collection
  115. ^ 3Q7 at Leon Levy Collection
  116. ^ 3Q8 at Leon Levy Collection
  117. ^ 3Q9 at Leon Levy Collection
  118. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28–29.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
  120. ^ 3Q14 at Leon Levy Collection
  121. ^ 3Q15 at Leon Levy Collection
  122. ^ 4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  123. ^ 4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  124. ^ 4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  125. ^ 4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  126. ^ 4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  127. ^ 4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  128. ^ 4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  129. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
  130. ^ 4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  131. ^ 4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  132. ^ 4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  133. ^ 4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  134. ^ 4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  135. ^ 4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  136. ^ 4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  137. ^ 4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  138. ^ 4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  139. ^ a b 4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  140. ^ 4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  141. ^ Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
  142. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
  143. ^ 4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  144. ^ 4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  145. ^ 4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  146. ^ 4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  147. ^ 4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  148. ^ 4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  149. ^ 4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  150. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
  151. ^ 4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  152. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
  153. ^ 4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  154. ^ 4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  155. ^ 4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  156. ^ 4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  157. ^ 4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  158. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
  159. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
  160. ^ a b c 4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
  161. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
  162. ^ 4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  163. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
  164. ^ 4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  165. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
  166. ^ 4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  167. ^ 4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  168. ^ 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  169. ^ 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  170. ^ 4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  171. ^ 4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  172. ^ a b c d e f g h Fitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
  173. ^ 4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  174. ^ 4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  175. ^ 4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  176. ^ 4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  177. ^ 4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  178. ^ 4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  179. ^ 4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  180. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
  181. ^ 4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  182. ^ 4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  183. ^ 4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  184. ^ 4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  185. ^ 4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  186. ^ 4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  187. ^ 4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  188. ^ 4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  189. ^ a b c Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
  190. ^ a b c d e Schiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
  191. ^ a b c d e Flint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
  192. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
  193. ^ 4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  194. ^ 4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  195. ^ Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
  196. ^ 4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  197. ^ 4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  198. ^ 4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  199. ^ 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  200. ^ a b c d e f g Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
  201. ^ 4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  202. ^ 4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  203. ^ 4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  204. ^ 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  205. ^ 4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  206. ^ 4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  207. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
  208. ^ 4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  209. ^ Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
  210. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
  211. ^ 4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  212. ^ 4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  213. ^ 4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  214. ^ 4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  215. ^ 4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  216. ^ 4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  217. ^ 4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  218. ^ 4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  219. ^ 4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  220. ^ 4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  221. ^ 4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  222. ^ 4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  223. ^ 4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  224. ^ 4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  225. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
  226. ^ 4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  227. ^ 4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  228. ^ 4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  229. ^ 4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  230. ^ 4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  231. ^ 4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  232. ^ 4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  233. ^ 4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  234. ^ 4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  235. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
  236. ^ 4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  237. ^ 4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  238. ^ 4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  239. ^ 4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  240. ^ 4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  241. ^ 4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  242. ^ 4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  243. ^ 4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  244. ^ 4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  245. ^ 4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  246. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
  247. ^ 4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  248. ^ 4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  249. ^ 4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  250. ^ 4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  251. ^ 4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  252. ^ Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
  253. ^ 4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  254. ^ 4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  255. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
  256. ^ 4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  257. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
  258. ^ 4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  259. ^ 4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  260. ^ 4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  261. ^ 4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  262. ^ 4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  263. ^ 4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  264. ^ 4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  265. ^ 4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  266. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
  267. ^ 4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  268. ^ 4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  269. ^ 4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  270. ^ 4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  271. ^ 4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  272. ^ 4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  273. ^ 4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  274. ^ 4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  275. ^ 4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  276. ^ 4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  277. ^ 4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  278. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
  279. ^ 4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  280. ^ a b c d e f Fitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
  281. ^ 4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  282. ^ 4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  283. ^ 4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  284. ^ 4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  285. ^ 4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  286. ^ 4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  287. ^ a b Wise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
  288. ^ 4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  289. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
  290. ^ 4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  291. ^ a b c d e Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
  292. ^ 4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  293. ^ a b c Fitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
  294. ^ 4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  295. ^ 4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  296. ^ 4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  297. ^ 4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  298. ^ a b "The Qumran Library: Scrolls". Library of Congress.
  299. ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, p. 49.
  300. ^ 4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  301. ^ 4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  302. ^ 4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  303. ^ 4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  304. ^ a b Fitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
  305. ^ 4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  306. ^ 4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  307. ^ 4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  308. ^ 4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  309. ^ 4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  310. ^ 4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  311. ^ 4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  312. ^ 4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  313. ^ 4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  314. ^ 4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  315. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
  316. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
  317. ^ 4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  318. ^ Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
  319. ^ 4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  320. ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
  321. ^ 4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  322. ^ 4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  323. ^ 4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  324. ^ 4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  325. ^ 4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  326. ^ 4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  327. ^ 4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  328. ^ 4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  329. ^ 4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  330. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
  331. ^ 4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  332. ^ a b c Fitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
  333. ^ 4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  334. ^ 4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  335. ^ 4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  336. ^ 4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  337. ^ 4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  338. ^ 4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  339. ^ 4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  340. ^ 4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  341. ^ 4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  342. ^ 4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  343. ^ 4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  344. ^ Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
  345. ^ 4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  346. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
  347. ^ Collins, J. J., 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 684
  348. ^ 4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  349. ^ 4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  350. ^ 4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  351. ^ 4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  352. ^ "Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
  353. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104–105.
  354. ^ 5Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  355. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 105.
  356. ^ 5Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  357. ^ 5Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  358. ^ 5Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  359. ^ 5Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  360. ^ 5Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  361. ^ 5Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  362. ^ 5Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  363. ^ 5Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  364. ^ 5Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  365. ^ 5Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  366. ^ a b c d e Fitzmyer 2008, p. 106.
  367. ^ 5Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  368. ^ 5Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  369. ^ 5Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  370. ^ 5Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  371. ^ a b c d Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 104, 106.
  372. ^ 6Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  373. ^ 6Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  374. ^ 6Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  375. ^ 6Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  376. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fitzmyer 2008, p. 107.
  377. ^ 6Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  378. ^ 6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  379. ^ 6Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  380. ^ 6Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  381. ^ 6Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  382. ^ 6Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  383. ^ 6Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  384. ^ 6Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  385. ^ 6Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  386. ^ 6Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  387. ^ 6Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  388. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fitzmyer 2008, p. 108.
  389. ^ 6Q16 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  390. ^ 6Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  391. ^ 6Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  392. ^ 6Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  393. ^ 6Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  394. ^ 6Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  395. ^ 6Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  396. ^ 6Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  397. ^ 6Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  398. ^ 6Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  399. ^ 6Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  400. ^ 6Q30 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  401. ^ 6Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  402. ^ 7Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  403. ^ 7Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  404. ^ 7Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  405. ^ 7Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  406. ^ 7Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  407. ^ 7Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  408. ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 110.
  409. ^ 11Q4 - 11QEzek at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
  410. ^ 11Q31 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library.

Bibliography

Further reading


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