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Help:IPA/Punjabi

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi, specifically Standard Punjabi, pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.

Consonants
IPA Examples English Approximation
Gurmukhi Shahmukhi ISO 15919
b ਬੂਹਾ
ਸਭ
بوہا
سَبھ
būhā
sabh
butter
d ਦਿੱਤਾ دِتّا dittā duck[1]

then

d͡ʒ ਜਦੋਂ
ਮਾਝ
جدوں
ماجھ
jadōṁ
jh
jug
ɖ ਡੰਗਰ
ਕੱਢ
ڈَنگر
کڈھ
aṅgar
kaḍḍh
guard[1]

(Rhotic dialects)

ɡ ਗੱਡੀ گڈّی gaḍḍī gut
ɦ ਹਾਏ ہائے hāē ahead
j[a] ਯਾਰੀ یاری yārī yuck
k ਕਿੱਥੇ
ਘਰ
کِتّھے
گھر
kitthē
ghar
scab
[b] ਖੰਡ کھنڈ khaṇḍ cab
l ਉਲਾਂਭਾ الانبھا ulāṉbhā leaf
ɭ[c] ਰੌਲ਼ਾ رَوࣇا rauā garlic

(Rhotic dialects)

m ਮਸੀਤ مسِیت masīt much
n ਨੂਹ نُوہ nūh panther
ɳ[c] ਸੋਹਣਾ سوہݨا sōhā burn
ɲ ਉਂਜ اُنج uñj canyon
ŋ ਕੰਗਣ کنگݨ kagaṇ bang
p ਪਰ
ਭਰਿਆ
پَر
بھریا
par
bhariyā
spot
[b] ਫੁੱਲ پُھلّ‎ phull pot
ɾ[d] ਵਾਰੀ واری rī American atom[2]
ɽ ਕੂੜ کُوڑ garter (Rhotic dialects)
s ਸਾਡਾ ساڈا sāḍā sun
t ਤਿੱਲੜ
ਧੀ
تِلّڑ
دھی
tillaṛ
dhī
stub but dental[1]

think

ਓਥੇ اوتھے ōthē tub but dental[1]
t͡ʃ ਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ
ਝੂਠ
چڑھدا
جُھوٹھ
caṛhdā
jhūṭh
catch
t͡ʃʰ[b] ਛੱਡ چھڈّ‎ chaḍḍ choose
ʈ ਸੱਟ
ਢੀਠ
سٹّ
ڈِھیٹھ
saṭṭa
ḍhīṭh
carts[1]
ʈʰ ਕਾਠ کاٹھ ṭh trip[1]
ʋ[e] ਵਹੁਟੀ وَہُٹی vahuṭī vat[3]
Marginal consonants
f[f][b] ਫ਼ੇਰ فیر fēr fuss
ɣ[f] ਕਾਗ਼ਜ਼ کاغَذ ġaz similar to a French r
q[f] ਕ਼ਲਮ قلَم qalam somewhat like caught
r[d] ਮੁਕ਼ੱਰਰ مُقرّر muqarrar trilled r, like in Castillian Spanish
ʃ[f][g] ਹੋਸ਼ ہوش ś shoe
x[f][b] ਖ਼ਾਲਿਸ خالِص k͟hālis Scottish Loch
z[f] ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ہزار hazār zoo
ʒ[f][h] ਅਝ਼ਦਹਾ اژدہا aždahā fusion
Vowels
IPA Examples English Approximation
Gurmukhi Shahmukhi ISO 15919
ə ਕਮ کم kam about
ਨਾਲ਼ ناࣇ nā father
e ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ واہِگرو wāhiguru say (shortened ē)
ਜੇਬ جیب jēb say
ɛ ਮੈਨੂੰ مینوں mainū̃ pen[5]
ɛː ਪੈਂਦਾ پَیندا painda fairy
ɪ ਇਮਲੀ اِملی imalī sit
ਈਖ اِیکھ īkh seat
i ਕੀਤੀ کیتی kītī happy[5][6]
o ਉਹਨਾਂ اوہناں uhnā̃ story (short)[5][7][5]
ਕਰੋੜ کروڑ karō story (long)
ɔ ਔਖਾ اَوکھا aukhā off (short)[5]
ɔː ਕੌਣ کَوݨ kau off (long) (General American)
ʊ ਤੁਕ تُک tuk foot
ਸੂਤ سُوت sūt cool (short)[6]
u ਦੂਜਾ دُوجا dū cool (short)[5]
◌̃ ਬਾਂਸ بان٘س s nasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
ਮੈਂ میں mai
Suprasegmentals
IPA Example Notes
ˈ◌ /pənˈdʒaːb/ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː /ˈkəʈːaː/ doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)
á, é, ... ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ کوڑھا koṛhā 'leper' rising or high tone
à, è, ... ਘੋੜਾ گھوڑا ghoṛā 'horse' falling or low tone

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Punjabi contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
  2. ^ /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill (/rː/).
  3. ^ [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when / و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
  4. ^ Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5. Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Long vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
  6. ^ a b /iː/ and /uː/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.
  7. ^ In Gurmukhi, ih and uh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.
  1. ^ In some dialects, word-initial and intervocalic /j/ is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ (only in native words), equivalent to Devanagari .
  2. ^ a b c d e In some dialects, the voiceless aspirates //, /t͡ʃʰ/ and // shift into fricatives /f/, /ɕ/ and /x/ respectively.
  3. ^ a b Often considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
  4. ^ a b /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill [rː].
  5. ^ In some dialects, /ʋ/ can shift to /b/ (only in native words). This is more common word-initially.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with the Nuqta - unlike Shahmukhi, for which the original letters from Persian (derived from the Arabic script) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech.[4] In rural dialects, /ɣ/ is sometimes substituted with /ɡ/; /f/ with //; /q/ with /k/; /ʃ/ with /s/; /x/ with //; and /z, ʒ/ with /d͡ʒ/. In some cases, words may shift to develop these non-native phonemes, e.g. phir > ਫ਼ੇਰ / فیر fer, supnā > ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ / سُفنا sufnā, rākśas > ਰਾਖ਼ਸ਼ / راخش rāk͟haś.
  7. ^ /ʃ/ is considered a native sound in Lahnda dialects and Western Majhi, used in words like śī̃h which otherwise would become sī̃h.
  8. ^ The sound /ʒ/ in Punjabi is very rare so most speakers do not pronounce it correctly (especially in India as Gurmukhi lacks a standard symbol to represent it) and opt to replace it with /d͡ʒ/, /z/ or even /s/.

See also

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