Minangkabau language
| Minangkabau | |
|---|---|
| Baso Minangkabau باسو مينڠكاباو | |
| Native to | Indonesia, Malaysia |
| Region | West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Bengkulu, North Sumatra, Aceh (Indonesia), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia) |
| Ethnicity | Minangkabau |
Native speakers | 5.5 million in Indonesia (2007)[1] ethnic population of 500,000 in Malaysia (2004) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | min |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:min – Minangkabauzmi – Negeri Sembilan Malay |
| Glottolog | mina1268 Minangkabaunege1240 Negeri Sembilan Malay |
Minangkabau (autonym: Baso Minang(kabau); Template:Lang-id) is an Austronesian language spoken by the Minangkabau of West Sumatra, the western part of Riau, South Aceh Regency, the northern part of Bengkulu and Jambi, also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau.[2] The language is also a lingua franca along the western coastal region of the province of North Sumatra, and is even used in parts of Aceh, where the language is called Aneuk Jamee. It is also spoken in some parts of Malaysia, especially Negeri Sembilan.
Due to great grammatical similarities between the Minangkabau language and Malay, there is some controversy regarding the relationship between the two. Some see Minangkabau as a dialect of Malay, while others think of Minangkabau as a proper (Malay) language.
Malaysia
Besides Indonesia, Minangkabau is also spoken in Malaysia, by some descendants of migrants from the Minang-speaking region in Sumatra (Ranah Minang, Tanah Minang, or Land of the Minang). Significant numbers of the early migrants settled in what is now the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan; this Negeri Sembilan Malay is known as Bahaso Nogori / Baso Nogoghi. More recent immigrants are known as Minang.
Dialects
The Minangkabau language has several dialects, sometimes differing between nearby villages (e.g. separated by a river). The dialects are Rao Mapat Tunggul, Muaro Sungai Lolo, Payakumbuh, Pangkalan-Lubuk Alai, Agam-Tanah Datar, Pancungsoal, Kotobaru, Sungai Bendung Air, and Karanganyar.[3] In everyday communication between Minangkabau people of different regions, the Agam-Tanah Datar dialect (Baso Padang or Baso Urang Awak "our (people's) language") is often used and has become a kind of standard.
The Tapan language, spoken in the town of Tapan in southern West Sumatra province, is a recently discovered Malayan language which has been proposed as related to but not part of Minangkabau. Together, Tapan and Minangkabau would form a Greater Minangkabau subgroup.[4] The two languages Tapan and Muko-Muko form a Lunangic subgroup within the Minangic (Greater Minangkabau) language group.[5][6]
The Minangic subgroup is characterized by the following word-final sound changes.[7]
- *V[hi]ŋ > V[hi]ăŋ
- *us > uĭh
- *at > eʔ
- *as > eh
- *is > ih
Example sentences
| Baso Minangkabau: | Ba'a kaba? |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Apa khabar? or Bagaimana khabar anda? |
| English: | How are you?. |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Lai elok-elok se nyo. Sanak ba'a? |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Khabar baik. Bagaimanakah dengan anda? |
| English: | I'm very well. How about you? |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Sia namo sanak? |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Siapakah nama anda? |
| English: | What is your name?. |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Namo ambo Ali |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Nama saya Ali |
| English: | My name is Ali. |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Tarimo Kasih |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Terima Kasih |
| English: | Thank you. |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Sadang kayu di rimbo ndak samo tinggi, apo lai manusia (expression) |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Sedangkan pohon di hutan tidak sama tinggi, apalagi manusia |
| English: | Even the trees in the jungle are not all of the same height, let alone the people. |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Co a koncek baranang co itu inyo (expression) |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Bagaimana katak berenang seperti itulah dia. |
| English: | The way a frog swims, the way he does. (doing something without having a goal) |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Indak buliah mambuang sarok disiko! |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Tidak boleh membuang sampah di sini! |
| English: | Do not dump rubbish here! |
| Baso Minangkabau: | Ijan dipacik! Beko tangan ang* kanai api. |
| Indonesian/Malay: | Jangan sentuh! Nanti tangan kamu terbakar. |
| English: | Do not touch! Your will burn your hand. |
| (*the word ang can be considered rude) |
numbers:
| Minangkabau: | ciek |
| Indonesian/Malay: | satu |
| English: | one. |
| Minangkabau: | duo |
| Indonesian/Malay: | dua |
| English: | two. |
| Minangkabau: | tigo |
| Indonesian/Malay: | tiga |
| English: | three. |
| Minangkabau: | ampek |
| Indonesian/Malay: | empat |
| English: | four. |
| Minangkabau: | limo |
| Indonesian/Malay: | lima |
| English: | five. |
| Minangkabau: | anam |
| Indonesian/Malay: | enam |
| English: | six. |
| Minangkabau: | tujuah |
| Indonesian/Malay: | tujuh |
| English: | seven. |
| Minangkabau: | salapan |
| Indonesian/Malay: | lapan |
| English: | eight. |
| Minangkabau: | sambilan |
| Indonesian/Malay: | sembilan |
| English: | nine. |
| Minangkabau: | sapuluah |
| Indonesian/Malay: | sepuluh |
| English: | ten. |
| Minangkabau: | sabaleh |
| Indonesian/Malay: | sebelas |
| English: | eleven. |
| Minangkabau: | duo baleh |
| Indonesian/Malay: | dua belas |
| English: | twelve. |
| Baso Minangkabau: | salapan baleh |
| Indonesian/Malay: | lapan belas |
| English: | eighteen. |
| Minangkabau: | duo puluah |
| Indonesian/Malay: | dua puluh |
| English: | twenty. |
| Minangkabau: | saratuih |
| Indonesian/Malay: | seratus |
| English: | one hundred. |
| Minangkabau: | duo ratuih |
| Indonesian/Malay: | dua ratus |
| English: | two hundred. |
| Minangkabau: | saribu |
| Indonesian/Malay: | seribu |
| English: | one thousand. |
| Minangkabau: | limo ribu |
| Indonesian/Malay: | lima ribu |
| English: | five thousand. |
See also
References
- ^ Minangkabau at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Negeri Sembilan Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Kajian Serba Lingustik : Untuk Anton Moeliono Pereksa Bahasa (2000)
- ^ Nadra, Reniwati, and Efri Yades, Daerah Asal dan Arah Migrasi Orang Minangkabau di Provinsi Jambi Berdasarkan Kajian Variasi Dialektikal (2008)
- ^ Santi Kurniati, Yessy Prima Putri, Søren Wichmann and David Gil (2011)." Tapan: An Exploration in Malayic Subgrouping". ISMIL 15 conference presentation.
- ^ http://ical13.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Full_papers_and_ppts/July_18/G-32.pdf
- ^ http://email.eva.mpg.de/~gil/12ICAL/abstracts/Kurniati_etal.pdf
- ^ http://ical13.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Full_papers_and_ppts/July_18/G-32.pdf
Further reading
- Nurlela Adnan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur, Pusat Bahasa (Indonesia), Balai Pustaka (Persero), PT. 2001 - Indonesian-Minangkabau dictionary (Kamus bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau), 841 pages.
- Tata Bahasa Minangkabau, Gerard Moussay (original title La Langue Minangkabau, translated from French by Rahayu S. Hidayat), ISBN 979-9023-16-5.
