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Washington Square Park

Coordinates: 40°43′51″N 73°59′51″W / 40.73083°N 73.99750°W / 40.73083; -73.99750
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(Redirected from Washington Square Fountain)
For other uses, see Washington Park (disambiguation), Washington Square (disambiguation), and Washington Square Park (disambiguation).

Washington Square Park
Washington Square Arch seen from the park's southern end
Map
TypeMunicipal public park
LocationGreenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Coordinates40°43′51″N 73°59′51″W / 40.73083°N 73.99750°W / 40.73083; -73.99750
Area9.75 acres (4 ha)
Created1871
Operated byNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
StatusOpen
Public transit accessSubway: "A" train​"B" train​"C" train​"D" train​"E" train​"F" train"F" express train​"M" train to West Fourth Street–Washington Square, "N" train​"R" train​"W" train to Eighth Street–New York University
Bus: M1, M2, M3, M8, M55

Washington Square Park is a 9.75-acre (3.95 ha) public park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is an icon as well as a meeting place and center for cultural activity.[1] The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks).

The park is an open space, dominated by the Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park, with a tradition of celebrating nonconformity. The park's fountain area has long been one of the city's popular spots, and many of the local buildings have at one time served as homes and studios for artists. Many buildings have been built by New York University, while others have been converted from their former uses into academic and residential buildings.

Location and features

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Statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi

Located at the foot of Fifth Avenue, the park is bordered by Washington Square North (known as Waverly Place east and west of the park), Washington Square East (known as University Place north of the park), Washington Square South (known as West 4th Street east and west of the park), and Washington Square West (known as MacDougal Street north and south of the park).

While the park contains many flower beds and trees, little of the park is used for plantings due to the paving. The two prominent features are the Washington Square Arch and the Tisch Fountain. It includes children's play areas, trees and gardens, paths to stroll on, a chess and scrabble playing area, park benches, picnic tables, commemorative statuary and two dog runs.[1]

Those commemorated by statues and monuments include George Washington; Italian patriot and soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi, commander of the insurrectionist forces in Italy's struggle for unification; and Alexander Lyman Holley, a talented engineer who helped start the American steel industry after the invention of the Bessemer process for mass-producing steel.[1]

The New York City Police Department operates security cameras in the park.[2] The area has a low crime rate in the "safest big city in the United States."[3]

History

[edit]

Early usage

[edit]
Hangman's Elm

The land was once divided by a narrow marshy valley through which Minetta Creek (or Brook) ran.[4] In the early 17th century, a Native American village known as Sapohanikan[5] or "Tobacco Field" was nearby. By the mid-17th century, the land on each side of the Minetta was used as farm land by the Dutch. The Dutch gave the land, then outside the city limits (Wall Street) to Angolan residents of the colony, intending for their plots and settlement to serve as a buffer zone to Native Americans outside the settlement. In 1643, a group of "half-freed" slaves and elders such as Domingo Anthony, Manuel Trumpeter and Catalina Anthony, received land grants to build and maintain farms in the areas containing and surrounding Washington Square Park.[6] The families who received the land were no longer slaves, but had to give a portion of the profits they received from the land to the Dutch West India Company and pay annual land fees. Their children would be born as slaves, rather than free. The area became the core of an early African American community in New York, then called the Land of the Blacks and later "Little Africa".[7][dead link] Among those who owned parcels in what is now Washington Square Park was Paulo D'Angola.[8]

It remained farmland until April 1797, when the Common Council of New York purchased the fields to the east of the Minetta (which were not yet within city limits) for a new potter's field, or public burial ground. It was used mainly for burying unknown or indigent people when they died.[4] But when New York (which did not include this area yet) went through yellow fever epidemics in the early 19th century, most of those who died from yellow fever were also buried here, safely away from town, as a hygienic measure.[9]

A legend in many tourist guides says that the large elm at the northwest corner of the park, Hangman's Elm, was the old hanging tree.[9] However, research indicates the tree was on the side of the former Minetta Creek that was the back garden of a private house.[4] Records of only one public hanging at the potter's field exist. Two eyewitnesses to the recorded hanging differed on the location of the gallows. One said it had been put up at a spot where the fountain was prior to 2007 park redesign. Others placed the gallows closer to where the arch is now. However, the cemetery was closed in 1825. To this day, the remains of more than 20,000 bodies rest under Washington Square.[4] Excavations have found tombstones under the park dating as far back as 1799.[10]

Creation of Washington Square

[edit]
Washington Square in the New York Public Library collection

In 1826, Alderman Abraham Valentine "introduced a resolution to re-appropriate an old potter's field into a military parade ground,"[11] and the city bought the land west of Minetta Creek, the square was laid out and leveled, and it was turned into the Washington Military Parade Ground. Military parade grounds were public spaces specified by the city where volunteer militia companies responsible for the nation's defense would train.

The streets surrounding the square became one of the city's most desirable residential areas in the 1830s. The protected row of Greek Revival style houses on the north side of the park remains from that time.[12]

In 1849 and 1850, the parade ground was reworked into the first park on the site. More paths were added and a new fence was built around it. In 1871, it came under the control of the newly formed New York City Department of Parks, and it was redesigned again, with curving rather than straight secondary paths.[4]

Construction of the arch

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Main article: Washington Square Arch
Washington Square Arch

In 1889, to celebrate the centennial of George Washington's inauguration as president of the United States, a large plaster and wood Memorial Arch was erected over Fifth Avenue just north of the park. Freemasons from St. John's Lodge No. 1 lead a procession through the arch with the George Washington Inaugural Bible for the Centennial Parade of Washington's Inauguration.[13] The temporary plaster and wood arch was so popular that in 1892, a permanent Tuckahoe marble arch, designed by the New York architect Stanford White, was erected,[14] standing 77 feet (23 m) and modeled after the Arc de Triomphe, built in Paris in 1806. During the excavations for the eastern part of the arch, human remains, a coffin, and a gravestone dated to 1803 were uncovered 10 feet (3.0 m) below ground level.[4]

The first fountain next to the arch was completed in 1852 and replaced in 1872. In 1851, it was described as having "a very large circular basin, with a central jet and several side jets." A story on the completion of the fountain appeared in the first edition of the New-York Daily Times, which would eventually become the New York Times.[15] The statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi was unveiled in 1888.[4] In 1918, two statues of George Washington were added to the north side.

Early 20th-century renovation

[edit]
Washington Arch by Childe Hassam, c. 1893
Close-up of Washington Square Arch

Robert Moses became the parks commissioner in 1934. He embarked on a crusade to fully redesign the park, and local activists began an opposing fight that lasted three decades.

In 1934, Robert Moses had the fountain renovated to also serve as a wading pool. In 1952, Moses finalized plans to extend 5th Avenue through the park. He intended to eventually push it through the neighborhood south of the park, as part of an urban renewal project. Area residents, including Eleanor Roosevelt, opposed the plans. The urbanist Jane Jacobs became an activist and is credited with stopping the Moses plan and closing Washington Square Park to all auto traffic, but Jacobs, in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, praised another local advocate in the fight against park traffic, Shirley Hayes: "Hayes and the Washington Square Park Committee advocated eliminating the existing road, that is, closing the park to all automobile traffic – but at the same time, not widening the perimeter roads either. In short, they proposed closing off a roadbed without compensating for it."[16]

Hayes, former chairman of the Washington Square Park Committee and member of the Greenwich Village Community Planning Board, a local resident and mother of four sons, started a public outcry for the park in 1952 when a large, modern apartment building was constructed on the northwest corner of Washington Square North and Fifth Avenue. When then-Manhattan borough president Hulan E. Jack suggested an elevated pedestrian walkway over a four-lane road through the park, Ms. Hayes initiated "Save the Square!", a seven-year battle to keep automobiles out of the quiet area.[17][18][19] Though several different proposals were given for a roadway in the park, Hayes and her followers rejected them all. Seeking to "best serve the needs of children and adults of this family community," Hayes in turn presented her own proposal: 1.75 acres (700 m2) of roadway would be converted to parkland, a paved area would be created for emergency access only, and all other vehicles would be permanently banned from the park. This plan received widespread support, including that of then-Congressman John Lindsay, as well as Washington Square Park West resident Eleanor Roosevelt. After a public hearing in 1958, a "ribbon tying" ceremony was held to mark the inception of a trial period in which the park would be free of vehicular traffic. In August 1959, the efforts of Ms. Hayes and her allies paid off; from that time forward Washington Square Park has been completely closed to traffic. A plaque commemorating her tireless crusade can be seen in the park today. Hayes's papers are archived at the New-York Historical Society.[20]

Mid- and late 20th century

[edit]
The central fountain with the Philip Johnson-designed Bobst Library (on right)

Following the end of World War II, folksingers had been congregating on warm Sunday afternoons at the fountain in the center of the park. Tension and conflicts began to develop between the bohemian element and the remaining working-class residents of the neighborhood. The city government began showing an increasing hostility to the use of public facilities by the public and, in 1947, began requiring permits before public performances could be given in any city park.

In the spring of 1961, the new parks commissioner Newbold Morris refused a permit to the folksingers for their Sunday afternoon gatherings, because "the folksingers have been bringing too many undesirable [beatnik] elements into the park."[21] On April 9, 1961, folk music pioneer Izzy Young, owner of the Folklore Center—who had been trying to get permits for the folksingers—and about 500 musicians and supporters gathered in the park and sang songs without a permit, then held a procession from the park through the arch at Fifth Avenue, and marched to the Judson Memorial Church on the other side of the park. At about the time the musicians and friends reached the church, the New York City Police Department Riot Squad was sent into the park, attacked civilians with billy clubs, and arrested 10 people. The incident made the front pages of newspapers as far away as Washington, DC. The New York Mirror initially reported it as a "Beatnik Riot", but retracted the headline in the next edition, although tensions remained for a while.

The bus-turnaround loop at the northern end of the park, surrounding Washington Square Arch, was modified in 1961. Part of the old loop was closed and replaced with turf, and a set of stanchions were installed around the remaining parts of the loop.[22] In 1962, Manhattan borough president Edward R. Dudley announced plans to close off two vehicular roadways in Washington Square Park that were used by emergency vehicles, as well as the bus turnaround loop. This move would add 1.33 acres (0.54 ha) of parkland.[23][24] As part of a redevelopment of the park, a skating rink and bandshell would have been reconstructed.[25] Later that year, a committee was organized to appoint a landscape architect for a $800,000 renovation of Washington Square Park.[26]

The city studied a plan to add a fence around Washington Square Park in 1973.[27]

Four pedestrians were killed in a car crash at the park in 1992,[28] prompting NYU to suggest closing the section of University Place along the eastern side of the park.[29] The proposal was highly controversial among local residents.[30]

Early 21st-century renovation

[edit]
Visitors wading in the fountain

NYC Parks first considered renovating the park in 2004, though the proposal was controversial.[31] In 2005, the iconic fountain in the center of the park was officially named the Tisch Fountain following a $2.5 million donation. This change was met with some backlash from the community, especially considering that the Parks Department orchestrated the naming without consulting the City Council.[32]

In December 2007, NYC Parks began construction on a project to redesign and refurbish Washington Square Park,[33] which at the time was projected to cost $16 million.[31][34] Changes to the park included moving the fountain off center to improve its visual alignment with the arch when viewed from above, replacing the perimeter fence with a taller fence, and flattening and shrinking the central plaza, the park's politically contested gathering space. The plan also called for felling dozens of mature trees and installing ornamental water plumes in the fountain.[35]

A spectrum of opponents had charged the mayor variously with privatizing the park and with social engineering park use, as part of a broader web of speculation schemes threatening nearby South Village and East Village communities and architecture. Five lawsuits were filed to challenge NYC Parks' renovation plans. In July 2006, New York County Supreme Court Justice Emily Jane Goodman enjoined any renovation work on the fountain or fountain plaza area, pending further review of the plans by the local community board, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and the Art Commission, stating that NYC Parks had intentionally misrepresented the project in a scheme to secure its approval. The ruling was reversed on appeal.[36] Another lawsuit challenging the art commission's approval of the plan was dismissed. Two more lawsuits questioning the environmental review of the renovation project were heard in 2007 by the New York County Supreme Court, then dismissed.

Upon the completion of phase one of the park's renovation on May 22, 2009, the Coalition for a Better Washington Square Park, a private organization, began raising money to "hire off-duty cops and maintenance workers to patrol the park" by the summer of 2010.[37] On June 2, 2011, the eastern half of the park was reopened to the public, leaving only the park's southwest corner under construction. In mid-August 2012, the new granite benches heated up to 125 °F (52 °C) in the sun, seemingly vindicating community members who had charged that the renovations were primarily to discourage public use of the park.[38] The entire renovation was completed in 2014 for $30.6 million.[35]

In July 2020, the northwest lawn was reopened after a yearlong restoration which included new grass and sod for the over 39,000 square feet of green space. Funding for the $170,000 project was provided by Ray Dalio's Dalio Philanthropies.[39]

Cultural importance

[edit]

Washington Square has long been a hub for politics and culture in New York City. The first neighborhood organization established in New York City was created in support of the park. For over 100 years, the Washington Square Association has been helping to support and better the park and the surrounding neighborhood.[40]

Performers and entertainers

[edit]

The presence of street performers has been one of the defining characteristics of Washington Square Park.[41] For many years, people visiting the park have mingled with the buskers, performers, musicians, and poets.[42] Because of a change in policy on a 2010 rule that involved artists, the new ruling that was to come in on May 8, 2013, would involve entertainers. This could mean that performers could be fined $250 for the first offense and up to $1,000 for further violations. The 2010 rule on which the 2013 ruling was based stated that artists could not sell within 50 feet of a monument or five feet from any bench or fence.[41]

Some holiday traditions in the park date back to 1924. Each December, the park is home to an annual tree-lighting ceremony as well as a Christmas Eve sing-along with carolers and festive music. Also, the Washington Square Music Festival, which began in 1953, has brought chamber music concerts to park-goers every summer.[40]

  • A street entertainer in Washington Square Park
    A street entertainer in Washington Square Park
  • Colin Huggins performs piano for an audience in 2021
    Colin Huggins performs piano for an audience in 2021
  • Acrobats in 1993
    Acrobats in 1993
  • Gabriel Horn "Free Your Mind" Performance, Washington Square
    Gabriel Horn "Free Your Mind" Performance, Washington Square

Protests and demonstrations

[edit]

In 1834, New York University decided to use prison labor to dress the stone for a new building, across from the park, as prison labor from Sing Sing was cheaper than hiring local stonemasons. This, the stonecutters of the city said, was taking the bread out of their mouths. They held a rally in Washington Square Park, and then held the first labor march in the city. That turned into a riot, and the 27th New York regiment was called out to quell the stonecutters. The regiment camped in Washington Square for four days and nights until the excitement subsided. New York University continued their use of prison labor.[43]

On Labor Day September 2, 1912, approximately 20,000 workers (including 5,000 women) marched to the park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which had killed 146 workers the year before.[44] Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company.[45] This clothing style became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of female independence, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements. Over 25,000 people marched up Fifth Avenue from the park demanding women's suffrage in 1915.[46]

Notable people

[edit]
Chess players in the southwest corner of the park

In 1888, Robert Louis Stevenson, visiting the U.S. to seek medical help for his battle with consumption, talked to Mark Twain in the park.[47]

In the years before and after World War I, the park was a center for many American artists, writers, and activists, including the photographer André Kertész, who photographed the square during winter. Later, the park was a gathering area for the Beat generation, folk, and hippie movements in the 1950s and 1960s; in 1958, musician Buddy Holly, a nearby resident of Greenwich Village, spent time in the park both listening to people play and helping guitarists with musical chords.[48] Singers Bob Dylan and Joan Baez lived in the neighbouring eponymous hotel and her lyrics in "Diamonds & Rust" state "Now you're smiling out the window of that crummy hotel over Washington Square."

On September 27, 2007, Democratic Presidential candidate Barack Obama held a rally at Washington Square; 20,000 people registered for the event, and the crowds overflowed past security gates set up as a cordon. The New York Times described the rally "as one of the largest campaign events of the year."[49]

Street artist Felix Morelo has been using Washington Square Park as his primary location for his projects, predominantly involving his signature "good luck spots" and "bad luck spots". Given the square's heavy footfall, these spots affect the walking patterns of hundreds every day, in what Morelo refers to both as a "practical joke" and a "social experiment".[50]

On television and film

[edit]

Washington Square Park has appeared in many popular films and television shows, including Barefoot in the Park,[51] Kids,[52] Searching for Bobby Fischer,[53] Fresh,[54] Law & Order,[55] The Astronaut's Wife,[56] I Am Legend,[57] August Rush,[58] The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel,[59] Gilmore Girls and The Amazing Race.[60]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Washington Square Park Highlights". NYC Parks. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  2. ^ Moore, Evan (July 7, 2007). "Safety and Security in Washington Square Park". xcp.bfn.org. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  3. ^ "KELLY'S HEROES". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Geismar, Joan H. Washington Square Park: Phase 1A Archaeological Assessment Archived July 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, August 2005. Accessed October 1, 2007. See page 24 of the cited document (page number 30 in the attached PDF.)
  5. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366., p. 1381
  6. ^ "Washington Square Park Conservancy". Archived from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  7. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Washington Square Park, in the heart of Greenwich Village – EC New York Blog". EC New York Blog. August 22, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
    More information can be found at the exhibit "Slavery in New York" at the New-York Historical Society of Manhattan.
  9. ^ a b "Washington Square Park Council". Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  10. ^ Sulzberger, A. G. "Gravestone From 1799 Is Found in Washington Square Park", The New York Times, October 28, 2009. Accessed April 14, 2016.
  11. ^ "From Potter's Field to Parade Ground" January 12 2021
  12. ^ "New York Architecture Images-1-3 Washington Square North". Nyc-architecture.com. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  13. ^ "Dedication of the Washington Arch in NYC". SJ1 Foundation. March 11, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  14. ^ "Architectural Homage". Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  15. ^ "New York City". New-York Daily Times. Vol. 1, no. 1. Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones. September 18, 1851. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  16. ^ Jacobs, Jane (1961). The Death and Life of Great American cities, p.471. Modern Library, New York. ISBN 0-679-60047-7.
  17. ^ "Shirley Hayes and the Battle of Washington Square Park, 1952–1959". New-York Historical Society: Behind The Scenes. August 3, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  18. ^ Fishman, Robert (2007). "Revolt of the urbs: Robert Moses and his critics". In Ballon, Hilary; Jackson, Kenneth T. (eds.). Robert Moses and the modern city : the transformation of New York (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-73206-1. OCLC 76167277.
  19. ^ Papacosma, Kate (February 2008). "Robert Moses and the Modern City: Remaking the Metropolis; Exhibition catalogue". The Public Historian. 30 (1): 146–149. doi:10.1525/tph.2008.30.1.146. ISSN 0272-3433.
  20. ^ "Shirley Hayes Papers, 1948–2001 (bulk 1952–1979)". bobcat.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  21. ^ "Ted White: Balladeers & Billy Clubs". Ftldesign.com. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  22. ^ "Buses Test New Turnaround in Washington Sq. Park". The New York Times. October 6, 1961. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  23. ^ Crowell, Paul (February 14, 1962). "Road Ban Sought in Washington Sq; Dudley Proposal Would Bar Buses and Undertake a Full Park Rehabilitation". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  24. ^ "All Traffic Barred in Washington Sq". Daily News. February 14, 1962. p. 49. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  25. ^ Arnold, Martin (March 28, 1962). "Band Shell is Due in Washington Sq.; Redevelopment by City Will Also Include Convertible Rink-Seating Area". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  26. ^ Clark, Alfred E. (June 24, 1962). "Designers Sought for Village Park; Washington Square Debate Aroused by Fountain". The New York Times. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  27. ^ "Fencing of Washington Sq. Park Studied". The New York Times. April 6, 1973. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  28. ^ Alison Carper, Melinda (April 24, 1992). "Tragedy at Washington Square Park; a Corridor of Death Runaway Car Crashes in Park; Least 3 Dead". Newsday. p. 5. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278487462.
  29. ^ Fisher, Ian (April 26, 1992). "Fatal Crash Puts Focus on Plan to Shut Street". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  30. ^ Josefowicz, Matthew (July 28, 1993). "Closeup 'Auto-free' Plan Irks Village Crowd". Newsday. p. 25. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278630368.
  31. ^ a b Bowley, Graham (November 21, 2008). "The Battle of Washington Square". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  32. ^ Williams, Timothy (July 14, 2005). "Dropping $2.5 Million, and Name, Into Fountain". The New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  33. ^ "New York; Manhattan: Renovation at Washington Square Park". The New York Times. December 4, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  34. ^ "Washington Square Park Reconstruction : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  35. ^ a b Gregory, Kia (May 9, 2014). "Blooms Return to Washington Square Park After Years of Renovation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  36. ^ "Matter of Greenberg v City of New York (2007 NY Slip Op 01943)". Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  37. ^ Edroso, Roy (June 22, 2009). "Washington Square Park to Get Private Security Force". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  38. ^ "Hot stuff! Park benches are unfit to sit, as they hit 125 °F". The Villager. August 16, 2012.
  39. ^ Washington Square Park Conservancy (August 3, 2020). "Bringing a Landscape Back to Life". Washington Square Park. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  40. ^ a b "The Washington Square Association". washingtonsquarenyc.org. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  41. ^ a b "WSN : Park performers' to lose stage in Washington Square". Nyunews.com. May 1, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  42. ^ The New York Times, December 4, 2011 City Cracking Down on Performers in Washington Square Park, Lisa W. Foderaro
  43. ^ The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1873 by Joel Tyler Headley – Free Ebook. Gutenberg.org. November 1, 2004. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  44. ^ "A Short History of Washington Square Park". Washington Square Park Conservancy. October 10, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  45. ^ Folpe, E.K. (2002). It Happened on Washington Square. Center books on space, place, and time. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-8018-7088-0. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  46. ^ "Suffragettes on Parade! In 1915, thousands march for right to vote". The Bowery Boys: New York City History. October 23, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  47. ^ Sterling, Bruce (January 16, 2010). "Mark Twain and Robert Louis Stevenson". WIRED. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  48. ^ Kerns, William (August 15, 2008). "Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  49. ^ Jeff, Zeleny (September 28, 2007). "Obama Distances Himself From Clinton, on Her Turf". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2007. Mr. Obama's aides said more than 20,000 people registered for the event through the campaign's Web site. While it was impossible to determine even a reliable attendance estimate, a view from the vantage point of an elevated lift seemed to reveal the gathering as one of the largest campaign events of the year.
  50. ^ Nierenberg, Amelia (June 15, 2023). "Felix Morelo's NYC Chalk Circles Offer a Spot for Good Luck, and Bad". The New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  51. ^ "Barefoot in the Park Film Locations – [otsoNY.com]". onthesetofnewyork.com. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  52. ^ Kids (1995) – IMDb, retrieved October 17, 2022
  53. ^ "Searching for Bobby Fischer Film Locations – [otsoNY.com]". onthesetofnewyork.com. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  54. ^ "Fresh Film Locations – [otsoNY.com]". onthesetofnewyork.com. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  55. ^ Minsky, Tequila (December 1, 2021). "'Law & Order: SVU' spotted filming in Washington Square Park | amNewYork". www.amny.com. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  56. ^ New York Film Locations – http://www.onthesetofnewyork.com/theastronautswife.html
  57. ^ "I Am Legend Apartment – [otsoNY.com]". onthesetofnewyork.com. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  58. ^ "August Rush Film Locations – [otsoNY.com]". onthesetofnewyork.com. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  59. ^ Young, Michelle (February 18, 2022). "Filming Locations for The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel on Amazon – Page 43 of 48". Untapped New York. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
  60. ^ "Big Brother 19's Jessica And Cody Bring Their Showmance To The Amazing Race - CBS.com". CBS. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
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