2008: Difference between revisions

Millennium:	3rd millennium
Centuries:	20th century; 21st century ; 22nd century;
Decades:	1980s; 1990s; 2000s ; 2010s; 2020s;
Years:	2005; 2006; 2007; 2008 ; 2009; 2010; 2011;

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 01:06, 11 May 2021

2008 (MMVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2008th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 8th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 9th year of the 2000s decade.

2008 was designated as:

Events

January

January 1 – Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro.^[2]^[3]
January 14 – At 19:04:39 UTC, the unmanned MESSENGER space probe is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet Mercury.^[4]
January 21
- Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. Great Recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.^[5]
- Online activist group Anonymous initiates Project Chanology, after a leaked interview of Tom Cruise by the Church of Scientology is published on YouTube, and the Church of Scientology issued a "copyright infringement" claim. In response, Anonymous sympathizers took to the streets to protest outside the church (after February 10th), while the church's websites and centres were getting DoS attacks, phone line nukes, and black faxes.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
January 24 – A peace deal is signed in Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, ending the Kivu conflict.^[15]

February

February 4 – Iran opens its first space center, and launches a rocket into space.
February 17 – Kosovo formally declares independence from Serbia, to a mixed response from the international community.^[16]^[17]
February 18 - WikiLeaks releases allegations of illegal activities carried out by the Cayman Islands branch of Swiss banking corporation Julius Baer; a subsequent lawsuit against WikiLeaks prompts a temporary suspension of the website, but uproar about violations of freedom of speech causes WikiLeaks to be brought back online. ^[18]^[19]

March

March–April – Rising food and fuel prices trigger riots and unrest in the Third World.
March 2 – Venezuela and Ecuador move troops to the Colombian border, following a Colombian raid against FARC guerrillas inside Ecuadorian territory, in which senior commander Raúl Reyes is killed.^[20]^[21]
March 4 – Demonstrations by Tibetans turn into unrest in Tibet and Sichuan.
March 8 – Barisan National loses two-thirds majority, for the first time since 1969, to opposition during the 2008 Malaysian general election but still retains control of government. The coalition also loses majority control of five states to the opposition.
March 9 – The first European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle, a cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station, launches from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.^[22]
March 19 – An Energy release of a Gamma-ray burst called the GRB 080319B is the brightest event ever recorded in the Universe.^[23]
March 24 – Bhutan holds its first-ever general elections following the adoption of a new Constitution which changed the country from an absolute monarchy to a multiparty democracy.^[24]
March 25 – African Union and Comoros forces invade the rebel-held island of Anjouan, returning the island to Comorian control.^[25]

May

May 2 – The Chaitén volcano in Chile enters a new eruptive phase for the first time since around 1640.
May 3 – Cyclone Nargis passes through Myanmar, killing more than 138,000 people.^[26]
May 12 – An earthquake measuring 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale strikes Sichuan, China, killing an estimated 87,000 people.^[27]
May 20–24 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 takes place in Belgrade, Serbia, and is won by Russian entrant Dima Bilan with the song "Believe".
May 23
- The Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental organization between states in South America, is founded.^[28]
- The International Court of Justice awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the two countries.^[29]
May 25 – NASA's unmanned Phoenix spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of Mars.^[30]
May 28 – The Legislature Parliament of Nepal votes overwhelmingly in favor of abolishing the country's 240-year-old monarchy, turning the country into a republic.^[31]
May 30 – The Convention on Cluster Munitions is adopted in Dublin.^[32]

June

June 7–29 – Austria and Switzerland jointly host the UEFA Euro 2008 football tournament, which is won by Spain.
June 11
- The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is launched.^[33]
- Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper formally apologizes, on behalf of the Canadian government, to the country's First Nations for the Canadian Indian residential school system.^[34]
June 14 – Expo 2008 opens in Zaragoza, Spain, lasting to September 14, with the topic "Water and sustainable development".^[35]

July

July 2 – Íngrid Betancourt and 14 other hostages are rescued from FARC rebels by Colombian security forces.^[36]
July 11 – South Korea suspends all trips to North Korea's Mount Kumgang after a 53-year-old South Korean tourist is shot and killed by a North Korean sentry.^[37]
July 21 – Radovan Karadžić, the first president of the Republika Srpska, is arrested in Belgrade, Serbia, on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year-long manhunt.^[38]

August

August 1 – Eleven mountaineers from international expeditions die on K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth, in the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering.
August 6 – President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi of Mauritania is deposed in a military coup d'état.^[39]
August 7 – Georgia invades the breakaway state of South Ossetia, sparking a war with Russia as the latter intervenes in support of separatists in both South Ossetia and Abkhazia.^[40]
August 20 – Spanair Flight 5022 crashes at Madrid–Barajas Airport, killing 154 people on board.
August 8–24 – The 2008 Summer Olympics take place in Beijing, China.^[41]

September

September 2 – Google Chrome is first released.
September 5 – Quentin Bryce becomes the first female Governor-General of Australia.
September 10 – The proton beam is circulated for the first time in the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, located at CERN, near Geneva, under the Franco-Swiss border.^[42]^[43]
September 13 – Hurricane Ike makes landfall in Galveston, Texas.
September 15 – Stocks fall sharply Monday on a triptych of Wall Street woe: Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy filing, Merrill Lynch's acquisition by Bank of America, and AIG's unprecedented request for short-term financing from the Federal Reserve.^[44]
September 20 – A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 54 and injuring 266.^[45]^[46]^[47]
September 23 – Android is first released.
September 28 – SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit.^[48]^[49]
September 29 – Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, hitherto the largest single-day point loss in its history.

October

October 3 – Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.^[50]
October 6 - A controversial Peruvian tape regarding a Norwegian oil company causes the 2008 Peru oil scandal, sparking protests which cause Jorge de Castillo's resignation from office.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]
October 7 – The Spotify music streaming service is launched in Sweden.
October 21 – The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated at Geneva.^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]
October 22 – The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission.^[59]^[60]

November

November 1 – Satoshi Nakamoto publishes "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System".^[61]
November 4 – Democratic U.S. Senator Barack Obama is elected the 44th President of the United States, making him the first African-American president.^[62]^[63]^[64]
November 19 – Claudia Castillo of Spain becomes the first person to have a successful trachea transplant using a tissue-engineered organ.^[65]
November 26–29 – Members of Lashkar-e-Taiba carry out four days of coordinated bombing and shooting attacks across Mumbai, killing 164 people.^[66]

December

December 5 – Human remains found in 1991 are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, using DNA analysis.^{[citation needed]}
December 10 – The Channel Island of Sark, a British Crown dependency, holds its first fully democratic elections under a new constitutional arrangement, becoming the last European territory to abolish feudalism.^[67]
December 18 – The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda finds Théoneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment for their role in the Rwandan genocide.^[68]
December 23 – A military coup d'état deposes the government of Guinea shortly after the death of longtime President Lansana Conté.^[69]
December 27 – Israel invades the Gaza Strip, in response to rockets being fired into Israeli territory by Hamas, and due to weapons being smuggled into the area.^[70]^[71]^[72]
December 31 – An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005.

Gallery

Gallery
Tibetan monks arrested after the March, 14 unrest
Cyclone Nargis killed more than 138,000 in Myanmar
2008 Sichuan earthquake
XXIX Summer Olympics in Beijing, China
South Ossetia war
November terrorist attacks in Mumbai
Lehman Brothers went bankrupt following the subprime mortgage crisis

Births

January 24 – Chlaui Malayao, Filipina child actress
January 26 – Paul the Octopus (d. 2010)
April 16 – Princess Eléonore of Belgium^[73]
June 3 – Harshaali Malhotra, Indian actress^[74]
June 23 – Lilliana Ketchman, American dancer and YouTuber^[75]
July 12 – Sky Brown, Anglo-Japanese skateboarder
July 15 – Iain Armitage, American actor
August 18 – Gordey Kolesov, Russian-Chinese chess player

Deaths

Deaths
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January

January 2 – Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas and Princess of Thailand (b. 1923)
January 3
- Aleksandr Abdulov, Russian actor (b. 1953)
- Choi Yo-sam, Korean boxer (b. 1972)
January 7 – Philip Agee, American spy and writer (b. 1935)
January 10
- Christopher Bowman, American figure skater (b. 1967)
- Maila Nurmi, Finnish-American actress and television personality (b. 1922)
January 11 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist (b. 1919)
January 14 – Judah Folkman, American medical scientist (b. 1933)
January 15 – Brad Renfro, American actor (b. 1982)
January 16 – Nikola Kljusev, first Prime Minister of Macedonia (b. 1927)
January 17
- Bobby Fischer, American chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (b. 1943)
- Allan Melvin, American actor (b. 1923)
January 18 – Lois Nettleton, American actress (b. 1927)
January 19 – Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (b. 1937)
January 21 – Marie Smith Jones, Native American speaker (b. 1918)
January 22
- Heath Ledger, Australian actor and music video director (b. 1979)
- Claude Piron, Swiss linguist and psychologist (b. 1931)
- Cao Văn Viên, General of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (b. 1921)
January 25 – Aziz Sedky, 36th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)
January 26 – George Habash, Palestinian politician (b. 1926)
January 27
- Gordon B. Hinckley, American Mormon leader (b. 1910)
- Suharto, second President of Indonesia (b. 1921)
January 28 – Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens (b. 1939)
January 29 – Margaret Truman, American singer and writer (b. 1924)
January 30 – Marcial Maciel, Mexican Catholic priest (b. 1920)
January 31 – František Čapek, Czechoslovakian canoeist (b. 1914)

February

February 2
- Joshua Lederberg, American Nobel molecular biologist (b. 1925)
- Barry Morse, English-Canadian actor (b. 1918)
February 5 – Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1918)
February 6 – John Alvin, American cinematic artist and painter (b. 1948)
February 7 – Andrew Bertie, 78th Grand Master of the Order of Malta (b. 1929)
February 9 – Baba Amte, Indian social activist (b. 1914)
February 10 – Roy Scheider, American actor (b. 1932)
February 11
- Tom Lantos, Hungarian-American politician (b. 1928)
- Alfredo Reinado, East Timorese rebel (b. 1967)
February 12
- Imad Mughniyah, Lebanese militant (b. 1962)
- Badri Patarkatsishvili, Georgian businessman and politician (b. 1955)
February 13
- Kon Ichikawa, Japanese film director (b. 1915)
- Henri Salvador, French singer (b. 1917)
February 16 – Brendan Hughes, Northern Irish paramilitary leader (b. 1948)
February 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and filmmaker (b. 1922)
February 19
- Natalia Bessmertnova, Russian ballerina (b. 1941)
- Yegor Letov, Russian singer (b. 1964)
February 23
- Janez Drnovšek, two-time Prime Minister and second President of Slovenia (b. 1950)
- Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver (b. 1917)
February 25 – Static Major, American musician (b. 1974)
February 27
- William F. Buckley Jr., American author and conservative commentator (b. 1925)
- Ivan Rebroff, German singer (b. 1931)

March

March 1 – Raúl Reyes, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1948)
March 2
- Sofiko Chiaureli, Georgian actress (b. 1937)
- Jeff Healey, Canadian musician (b. 1966)
March 3
- Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian operatic tenor (b. 1921)
- Norman Smith, English singer and record producer (b. 1923)
March 4 – Gary Gygax, American writer and game designer (b. 1938)
March 5 – Joseph Weizenbaum, German-American author and computer scientist (b. 1923)
March 6 – Peter Poreku Dery, Ghanaian cardinal (b. 1918)
March 12 – Howard Metzenbaum, American politician (b. 1917)
March 14 – Chiara Lubich, Italian Catholic activist (b. 1920)
March 16
- Bill Brown, Australian cricketer (b. 1912)
- Ivan Dixon, American actor (b. 1931)
March 18 – Anthony Minghella, English film director and screenwriter (b. 1954)
March 19
- Arthur C. Clarke, English author, inventor, and futurist (b. 1917)^[76]
- Hugo Claus, Flemish writer, painter, and film director (b. 1929)
- Paul Scofield, English actor (b. 1922)
March 21 – Klaus Dinger, German musician (b. 1946)
March 22 – Adolfo Suárez Rivera, Mexican cardinal (b. 1927)
March 24
- Neil Aspinall, British record producer and business executive (b. 1942)
- Richard Widmark, American actor (b. 1914)
March 26 – Manuel Marulanda, Colombian guerrilla (b. 1930)
March 27 – Jean-Marie Balestre, French sports executive (b. 1921)
March 30 – Dith Pran, Cambodian-American photojournalist (b. 1942)
March 31 – Jules Dassin, American film director (b. 1911)

April

April 3 – Hrvoje Ćustić, Croatian footballer (b. 1983)
April 5 – Charlton Heston, American actor (b. 1923)
April 8 – Stanley Kamel, American actor (b. 1943)
April 10 – Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, Mexican cardinal (b. 1919)
April 12 – Patrick Hillery, 6th President of Ireland (b. 1923)
April 13 – John Archibald Wheeler, American theoretical physicist (b. 1911)
April 14 – Ollie Johnston, American animator (b. 1912)
April 15 – Benoît Lamy, Belgian motion picture writer and director (b. 1945)
April 16 – Edward Norton Lorenz, American mathematician and meteorologist (b. 1917)
April 17 – Aimé Césaire, French Martinican poet and politician (b. 1913)
April 26 – Árpád Orbán, Hungarian footballer (b. 1938)^[77]^[78]
April 29 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist and writer (b. 1906)

May

May 1
- Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (b. 1909)
- Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer involved in the 20 July Plot (b. 1917)
May 3 – Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Spanish Prime Minister (b. 1926)
May 8
- Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (b. 1918)
- François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982)
May 10 – Leyla Gencer, Turkish soprano (b. 1928)
May 11 – John Rutsey, Canadian musician (b. 1952)
May 12
- Robert Rauschenberg, American pop artist (b. 1925)
- Irena Sendler, Polish humanitarian (b. 1910)
May 13
- Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah, fourth Emir of Kuwait (b. 1930)
- Bernardin Gantin, Beninese cardinal (b. 1922)
- John Phillip Law, American actor (b. 1937)
May 15
- Willis Lamb, American physicist and Nobel laureate (b. 1913)
- Tommy Burns, Scottish footballer and manager (b. 1956)
May 19 – Vijay Tendulkar, Indian playwright (b. 1928)
May 22 – Robert Asprin, American writer (b. 1946)
May 23 – Cornell Capa, Hungarian-American photographer (b. 1918)
May 24 – Rob Knox, English actor (b. 1989)
May 26
- Sydney Pollack, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1934)
- Koloa Talake, seventh Prime Minister of Tuvalu (b. 1934)
May 28 – Sven Davidson, Swedish tennis player (b. 1928)
May 29
- Luc Bourdon, Canadian ice hockey defenceman (b. 1987)
- Harvey Korman, American actor and comedian (b. 1927)
May 30 – Boris Shakhlin, Soviet gymnast (b. 1932)

June

June 1
- Tommy Lapid, Israeli television presenter, journalist, and politician (b. 1931)
- Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer (b. 1936)
June 2
- Bo Diddley, American musician (b. 1928)
- Mel Ferrer, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1917)
June 4 – Agata Mróz-Olszewska, Polish volleyball player (b. 1982)
June 5 – Jameson Mbilini Dlamini, seventh Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1932)
June 7
- Mustafa Khalil, 40th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)
- Dino Risi, Italian director (b. 1916)
June 8 – Šaban Bajramović, Serbian musician (b. 1936)
June 9
- Karen Asrian, Armenian chess grandmaster (b. 1980)
- Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American science fiction writer (b. 1931)
June 10 – Chinghiz Aitmatov, Kyrgyzstani writer (b. 1928)
June 11
- Ove Andersson, Swedish rally driver (b. 1939)
- Võ Văn Kiệt, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1922)
June 13 – Tim Russert, American journalist (b. 1950)
June 15 – Stan Winston, American special effects and makeup artist (b. 1946)
June 17 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (b. 1922)
June 18 – Jean Delannoy, French film director (b. 1908)
June 22 – George Carlin, American author, actor, and comedian (b. 1937)
June 23 – Arthur Chung, first President of Guyana (b. 1918)
June 24 – Leonid Hurwicz, American Nobel economist and mathematician (b. 1917)
June 26 – Lilyan Chauvin, French-American actress, television host, and director (b. 1925)
June 27 – Sam Manekshaw, Indian Field Marshal (b. 1914)
June 28 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987)
June 29 – Don S. Davis, American actor (b. 1942)

July

July 4
- Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921)
- Evelyn Keyes, American actress (b. 1916)
July 5 – René Harris, four-time President of Nauru (b. 1947)
July 11 – Michael E. DeBakey, American surgeon and inventor (b. 1908)
July 12 – Tony Snow, American political commentator (b. 1955)
July 13 – Bronisław Geremek, Polish social historian and politician (b. 1932)
July 15 – György Kolonics, Hungarian canoeist (b. 1972)
July 16 – Jo Stafford, American singer (b. 1917)
July 20 – Dinko Šakić, Croatian concentration camp commander (b. 1921)
July 22 – Estelle Getty, American actress (b. 1923)
July 25
- Johnny Griffin, American saxophonist (b. 1928)
- Tracy Hall, American physical chemist (b. 1919)
- Randy Pausch, American author and computer scientist (b. 1960)
July 27 – Youssef Chahine, Egyptian film director (b. 1926)
July 28 – Suzanne Tamim, Lebanese singer and actress (b. 1977)
July 29 – Mate Parlov, Croatian boxer (b. 1948)

August

August 1
- Pauline Baynes, English illustrator (b. 1922)
- Harkishan Singh Surjeet, Indian politician (b. 1916)
August 3 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer and Nobel laureate (b. 1918)
August 9
- Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet (b. 1941)
- Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian (b. 1957)
August 10 – Isaac Hayes, American singer, songwriter, and actor (b. 1942)
August 11 – Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician (b. 1929)
August 13 – Henri Cartan, French mathematician (b. 1904)
August 15 – Jerry Wexler, American music producer (b. 1917)
August 16
- Ronnie Drew, Irish folk singer and actor (b. 1934)
- Masanobu Fukuoka, Japanese microbiologist (b. 1913)
August 19
- Levy Mwanawasa, third President of Zambia (b. 1948)
- LeRoi Moore, American saxophonist (b. 1961)
August 20 – Hua Guofeng, Chairman of the Communist Party and Chinese Premier (b. 1921)
August 23 – Thomas Huckle Weller, American virologist and Nobel laureate (b. 1915)
August 28 – Phil Hill, American race car driver (b. 1927)

September

September 1
- Don LaFontaine, American voice actor (b. 1940)
- Jerry Reed, American actor and country singer (b. 1937)
September 2 – Bill Melendez, Mexican-American character animator, film director, voice artist, and producer (b. 1916)
September 6 – Anita Page, American actress (b. 1910)
September 9
- Nouhak Phoumsavanh, third President of Laos (b. 1910)
- Warith Deen Mohammed, American Muslim leader, theologian, philosopher, and revivalist (b. 1933)
September 12 – David Foster Wallace, American writer (b. 1962)
September 15 – Richard Wright, English keyboardist (b. 1943)
September 18 – Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (b. 1931)
September 19 – Earl Palmer, American R&B Drummer (b. 1924)
September 21 – Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, ninth Prime Minister and fourth President of Sri Lanka (b. 1916)
September 26 – Paul Newman, American actor, film director, entrepreneur, and philanthropist (b. 1925)

October

October 1 – Boris Yefimov, Russian political cartoonist (b. 1900)
October 6 – Paavo Haavikko, Finnish poet (b. 1931)
October 8 – George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist and Nobel laureate (b. 1912)
October 10 – Alexey Prokurorov, Russian cross-country skier (b. 1964)
October 11 – Jörg Haider, Austrian politician (b. 1950)
October 13
- Alexei Cherepanov, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1989)
- Guillaume Depardieu, French actor (b. 1971)
- Antonio José González Zumárraga, Ecuadorian cardinal (b. 1925)
October 15
- Edie Adams, American actress, singer, and businesswoman (b. 1927)
- Wang Yung-ching, Taiwanese entrepreneur (b. 1917)
October 20 – Sœur Emmanuelle, Belgian-born French nun (b. 1908)
October 25
- Federico Luzzi, Italian tennis player (b. 1980)
- Muslim Magomayev, Azerbaijani singer (b. 1942)
- Estelle Reiner, American actress and singer (b. 1914)
October 26 – Tony Hillerman, American writer (b. 1925)
October 29 – William Wharton, American author (b. 1925)
October 31 – Studs Terkel, American author and liberal commentator (b. 1912)

November

November 1
- Jimmy Carl Black, American drummer (b. 1938)
- Jacques Piccard, Swiss explorer and engineer (b. 1922)
- Yma Sumac, Peruvian soprano (b. 1923)
November 4
- Michael Crichton, American author and producer (b. 1942)
- Juan Camilo Mouriño, Mexican politician (b. 1971)
November 6 – Larry James, American athlete (b. 1947)^[79]
November 8 – Mieczysław Rakowski, Polish politician, historian, and journalist (b. 1926)
November 9 – Miriam Makeba, South African singer and civil rights activist (b. 1932)
November 10 – Kiyosi Itô, Japanese mathematician (b. 1915)
November 12 – Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (b. 1946)
November 14 – Tsvetanka Khristova, Bulgarian athlete (b. 1962)
November 22 – Ibrahim Nasir, second President of the Maldives (b. 1926)
November 26 – Edna Parker, American supercentenarian (b. 1893)
November 27 – V. P. Singh, seventh Prime Minister of India (b. 1931)
November 29 – Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (b. 1918)

December

December 1
- Paul Benedict, American actor (b. 1938)
- Mikel Laboa, Basque singer and songwriter (b. 1934)
December 2
- Frank Crean, Australian politician (b. 1916)
- Odetta, American singer (b. 1930)
December 4 – Forrest J Ackerman, American magazine editor, science fiction writer, and literary agent (b. 1916)
December 5
- Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1928)
- Nina Foch, Dutch-born American actress (b. 1924)
- Beverly Garland, American actress (b. 1926)
December 9
- Yury Glazkov, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1939)
- Dražan Jerković, Croatian football player and manager (b. 1936)
December 11
- Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American physician and Nobel laureate (b. 1923)
- Bettie Page, American pin-up model (b. 1923)
- Maddie Blaustein, American voice actress and comic writer (b. 1960)
December 12
- Avery Dulles, American cardinal (b. 1918)
- Van Johnson, American actor (b. 1916)
- Tassos Papadopoulos, fifth President of Cyprus (b. 1934)
December 13 – Horst Tappert, German actor (b. 1923)
December 15 – León Febres Cordero, 35th President of Ecuador (b. 1931)
December 18
- Majel Barrett, American actress (b. 1932)
- Mark Felt, American FBI agent (b. 1913)
December 19 – James Bevel, American minister and civil rights leader (b. 1936)
December 20
- Joseph Conombo, third Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (b. 1917)
- Olga Lepeshinskaya, Russian ballerina (b. 1916)
- Robert Mulligan, American director (b. 1925)
December 22 – Lansana Conté, 2nd President of Guinea (b. 1934)
December 24
- Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (b. 1927)
- Harold Pinter, English playwright, screenwriter, director, and actor (b. 1930)
December 25 – Eartha Kitt, American singer, actress, activist, and author (b. 1927)^[80]
December 29 – Freddie Hubbard, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1938)

Nobel Prizes

Chemistry – Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Y. Tsien
Economics – Paul Krugman
Literature – Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
Peace – Martti Ahtisaari
Physics – Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, and Yoichiro Nambu
Physiology or Medicine – Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Harald zur Hausen, and Luc Montagnier

New English words

Bitcoin
burner phone
dumpster fire
exome
hate-watch
mansplain
photobomb^[81]

References

^ "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding". United Nations. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
^ Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008 Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, EurActiv
^ Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro, EUbusiness (ISO 4217 code: VEF). Archived July 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Mercury Flyby 1". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
^ Landler, Mark; Timmons, Heather (January 21, 2008). "Stocks Plunge Worldwide on Fears of a U.S. Recession". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
^ "Hackers Declare War on Scientology - Science News | Science & Technology | Technology News - FOXNews.com". May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "From The Magazine : Radar Online : Scientology is under attack from a faceless cabal of online activists. Has America's most controversial religion finally met its match?". March 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ ""Anonymous" threatens to "dismantle" Church of Scientology via intern…". archive.ph. September 21, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Hacker Group Declares War On Scientology - News Story - KNBC | Los Angeles". August 21, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Technology News". CNET. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ MAR. "Online group declares war on Scientology". National Post. ISSN 1486-8008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "War Breaks Out Between Hackers and Scientology -- There Can Be Only One". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Anonymous Versus Scientology: Cyber Criminals or Vigilante Justice? | The Legality". July 5, 2008. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Group Lines Road To Protest Church Of Scientology - Orlando News Story - WKMG Orlando". March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ "Eastern Congo peace deal signed". BBC. January 23, 2008. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ "BU.S., Europeans at Security Council Back Kosovo's Independence". Bloomberg L.P. February 17, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
^ "Il Kosovo proclama l'indipendenza Serbia: "Non lo riconosceremo mai"". repubblica.it (in Italian). February 17, 2008. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
^ "Cayman Islands Bank Gets Wikileaks Taken Offline in U.S. -- Updated with Links". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
^ Gollner, Philipp (February 29, 2008). "Judge reverses ruling in Julius Baer leak case". Reuters. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
^ James, Ian (March 3, 2008). "Venezuela, Ecuador sending troops to border with Colombia after rebel leader killed". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
^ Goodman, Joshua (March 1, 2008). "Colombian Rebel Leader Raul Reyes Killed By Army, Minister Says". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
^ "Europe launches its first resupply ship to the ISS". European Space Agency. March 9, 2008. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
^ Schilling, Govert (March 21, 2008). "Universe's most powerful blast visible to the naked eye". New Scientist. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
^ Sengupta, Somini (March 25, 2008). "Heavy Turnout in First Bhutan Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "BBC NEWS | Africa | 'Deadly clashes' in the Comoros". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "BBC NEWS | UK | UK Politics | Cameron urges aid drops for Burma". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Sichuan 2008: A disaster on an immense scale". BBC News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "BBC NEWS | Americas | South America nations found union". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ migration (June 10, 2015). "The Asian way to settle disputes". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Phoenix Mars Mission". Archived from the original on February 28, 2008.
^ "BBC NEWS | South Asia | Nepal votes to abolish monarchy". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ United Nations Treaty Collection: Convention on Cluster Munitions. Retrieved on March 28, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ MSFC, Jennifer Wall (May 21, 2015). "What Is the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope?". NASA. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Harper apologizes for residential school abuse". CTV. June 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Spain's Expo 2008 on world water opens". Reuters. June 14, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ Kraul, Chris (July 4, 2008). "The ultimate fake-out". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "North Korea issues warning over Mount Kumgang tour ban". BBC News. March 25, 2010.
^ "BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic". July 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
^ "BBC NEWS | Africa | Troops stage coup in Mauritania". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ Finn, Peter (August 17, 2008). "A Two-Sided Descent Into Full-Scale War". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
^ "Beijing 2008 – It's a wrap". The Boston Globe. August 25, 2008. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
^ "First beam in the LHC – accelerating science". Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ "Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt". CNN. September 10, 2008. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
^ "The Financial Crisis: This Day—One Year Ago, Sept. 15, 2008". CNBC. September 14, 2009.
^ "At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad". CNN. September 21, 2008. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
^ "Dozens killed in Pakistan attack". BBC News. September 20, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
^ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 1 Flight 4". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
^ "Falcon rocket success for SpaceX". BBC News. September 29, 2008. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
^ Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill Archived October 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Associated Press. Retrieved October 3, 2008.
^ "Oil contract scandal shakes Peru". October 7, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^ "Bloomberg Politics - Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^ "Protesters decry Peru corruption". October 8, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^ "Oil row brings down Peru cabinet". October 10, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
^ "CERN inaugurates the LHC". CERN. October 21, 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ "LHC to be inaugurated on 21 October 2008". Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ "Final LHC Synchronization Test a Success". Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
^ Lynn, Jonathan (October 21, 2008). "Big Bang experiment inaugurated despite glitch". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
^ "India launches first Moon mission". BBC News. October 22, 2008. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
^ "Chandrayaan-1". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
^ Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System http://themonetaryfuture.blogspot.hu/2010/03/bitcoin-peer-to-peer-electronic-cash.html Archived December 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine 20171223
^ Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
^ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC News. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
^ "Obama inspires historic victory". CNN. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.
^ Roberts, Michelle (November 19, 2008). "FWindpipe transplant breakthrough". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
^ "Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts". CNN. November 24, 2016. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ "Sark Election: the candidates". BBC Guernsey. December 9, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
^ "Trio found guilty of Rwandan genocide". CNN. December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
^ "Coup fear as Guinea president dies". CNN. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.
^ "Ilene R. Prusher, 'Hamas remains defiant despite pounding' Christian Science Monitor 13 January 2009". Csmonitor.com. January 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
^ Bright, Arthur. Israel set to launch ‘limited operation’ in Gaza Archived August 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Christian Science Monitor, December 26, 2008.
^ Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem (September 16, 2009). "Israel rejects war crimes findings of UN Gaza inquiry - World news - guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
^ "Princess Eléonore". monarchie.be. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ "These pictures of birthday girl Harshaali Malhotra prove that she is a born star". Bollywood Life. June 3, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
^ Lilliana Ketchman [@lillykofficial] (June 23, 2020). "And this is 12!". Instagram (official). Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ "Arthur C. Clarke | Biography, Works, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
^ "Arpad ORBAN - Olympic Football | Hungary". International Olympic Committee. June 13, 2016.
^ "Arpad Orban - Stats - titles won". www.footballdatabase.eu.
^ Litsky, Frank (November 7, 2008). "G. Larry James, Olympic Gold Medalist, Dies at 61". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
^ Jack, Adrian (December 26, 2008). "Obituary: Eartha Kitt". the Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
^ "Time Traveler by Merriam-Webster: Words from 2008". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2018.

External links

2008 Calendar at Internet Accuracy Project

[Ow0tF-1] "General Assembly Proclaims 2008 International Year of Languages, in Effort to Promote Unity in Diversity, Global Understanding". United Nations. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved November 2, 2008.

[vgEan-2] Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008 Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, EurActiv

[qxkbC-3] Akrotiri and Dhekelia adopt the euro, EUbusiness (ISO 4217 code: VEF). Archived July 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

[45JNK-4] "Mercury Flyby 1". Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.

[UdyTv-5] Landler, Mark; Timmons, Heather (January 21, 2008). "Stocks Plunge Worldwide on Fears of a U.S. Recession". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2008.

[sx8F7-6] "Hackers Declare War on Scientology - Science News | Science & Technology | Technology News - FOXNews.com". May 10, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[vOwe0-7] "From The Magazine : Radar Online : Scientology is under attack from a faceless cabal of online activists. Has America's most controversial religion finally met its match?". March 23, 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[phLJJ-8] ""Anonymous" threatens to "dismantle" Church of Scientology via intern…". archive.ph. September 21, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[waVoL-9] "Hacker Group Declares War On Scientology - News Story - KNBC | Los Angeles". August 21, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[HiOqt-10] "Technology News". CNET. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[muTyR-11] MAR. "Online group declares war on Scientology". National Post. ISSN 1486-8008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[LwGGz-12] "War Breaks Out Between Hackers and Scientology -- There Can Be Only One". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[LqoSy-13] "Anonymous Versus Scientology: Cyber Criminals or Vigilante Justice? | The Legality". July 5, 2008. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[yECdo-14] "Group Lines Road To Protest Church Of Scientology - Orlando News Story - WKMG Orlando". March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

[cAfgG-15] "Eastern Congo peace deal signed". BBC. January 23, 2008. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved August 25, 2016.

[4ZgIr-16] "BU.S., Europeans at Security Council Back Kosovo's Independence". Bloomberg L.P. February 17, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.

[bKUR8-17] "Il Kosovo proclama l'indipendenza Serbia: "Non lo riconosceremo mai"". repubblica.it (in Italian). February 17, 2008. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2018.

[UHHp2-18] "Cayman Islands Bank Gets Wikileaks Taken Offline in U.S. -- Updated with Links". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

[L7ZF1-19] Gollner, Philipp (February 29, 2008). "Judge reverses ruling in Julius Baer leak case". Reuters. Retrieved March 9, 2021.

[2V4dj-20] James, Ian (March 3, 2008). "Venezuela, Ecuador sending troops to border with Colombia after rebel leader killed". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2009.

[WUuhE-21] Goodman, Joshua (March 1, 2008). "Colombian Rebel Leader Raul Reyes Killed By Army, Minister Says". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2009.

[zmjBL-22] "Europe launches its first resupply ship to the ISS". European Space Agency. March 9, 2008. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2009.

[09YRh-23] Schilling, Govert (March 21, 2008). "Universe's most powerful blast visible to the naked eye". New Scientist. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2017.

[a339d-24] Sengupta, Somini (March 25, 2008). "Heavy Turnout in First Bhutan Election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[zp1Ze-25] "BBC NEWS | Africa | 'Deadly clashes' in the Comoros". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[n1gHV-26] "BBC NEWS | UK | UK Politics | Cameron urges aid drops for Burma". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[qTiUB-27] "Sichuan 2008: A disaster on an immense scale". BBC News. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[ammdU-28] "BBC NEWS | Americas | South America nations found union". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[xu7ho-29] ration (June 10, 2015). "The Asian way to settle disputes". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[Gltzt-30] "Phoenix Mars Mission". Archived from the original on February 28, 2008.

[VCANV-31] "BBC NEWS | South Asia | Nepal votes to abolish monarchy". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[cluster-32] United Nations Treaty Collection: Convention on Cluster Munitions. Retrieved on March 28, 2009. ^{[dead link]}

[PDVLU-33] MSFC, Jennifer Wall (May 21, 2015). "What Is the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope?". NASA. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[oFlGQ-34] "Harper apologizes for residential school abuse". CTV. June 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[jPCeD-35] "Spain's Expo 2008 on world water opens". Reuters. June 14, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[rQFjN-36] Kraul, Chris (July 4, 2008). "The ultimate fake-out". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[bbc_march_2010-37] "North Korea issues warning over Mount Kumgang tour ban". BBC News. March 25, 2010.

[7KMHp-38] "BBC News: Serbia captures fugitive Karadzic". July 22, 2008. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2010.

[nuVDF-39] "BBC NEWS | Africa | Troops stage coup in Mauritania". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[hedLq-40] Finn, Peter (August 17, 2008). "A Two-Sided Descent Into Full-Scale War". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2017.

[zc8qK-41] "Beijing 2008 – It's a wrap". The Boston Globe. August 25, 2008. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2011.

[JdQh8-42] "First beam in the LHC – accelerating science". Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.

[1tfei-43] "Large Hadron Collider fired up in 'God particle' hunt". CNN. September 10, 2008. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010.

[VxePx-44] "The Financial Crisis: This Day—One Year Ago, Sept. 15, 2008". CNBC. September 14, 2009.

[mk4OZ-45] "At Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^{[dead link]}

[XWUWx-46] "Deadly blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad". CNN. September 21, 2008. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2010.

[3fIg2-47] "Dozens killed in Pakistan attack". BBC News. September 20, 2008. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2010.

[bUbIg-48] "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 1 Flight 4". Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.

[mJgTp-49] "Falcon rocket success for SpaceX". BBC News. September 29, 2008. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2010.

[Associated_Press-Raum-2008-10-03-50] Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill Archived October 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Associated Press. Retrieved October 3, 2008.

[s5fxV-51] "Oil contract scandal shakes Peru". October 7, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

[4KSLa-52] "Bloomberg Politics - Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

[1X31j-53] "Protesters decry Peru corruption". October 8, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

[1xnhk-54] "Oil row brings down Peru cabinet". October 10, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2021.

[lgOCn-55] "CERN inaugurates the LHC". CERN. October 21, 2008. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.

[exux6-56] "LHC to be inaugurated on 21 October 2008". Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.

[j2gWy-57] "Final LHC Synchronization Test a Success". Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2011.

[tnapI-58] Lynn, Jonathan (October 21, 2008). "Big Bang experiment inaugurated despite glitch". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2012.

[1wmbS-59] "India launches first Moon mission". BBC News. October 22, 2008. Archived from the original on October 22, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.

[hLQzh-60] "Chandrayaan-1". Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.

[uHmQu-61] Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer Electronic Cash System http://themonetaryfuture.blogspot.hu/2010/03/bitcoin-peer-to-peer-electronic-cash.html Archived December 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine 20171223

[4bO8c-62] Nagourney, Adam (November 4, 2008). "Obama Elected President as Racial Barrier Falls". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.

[ES3XU-63] "Obama wins historic US election". BBC News. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.

[os5oq-64] "Obama inspires historic victory". CNN. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2008.

[aVL5l-65] Roberts, Michelle (November 19, 2008). "FWindpipe transplant breakthrough". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2010.

[Mumbai-66] "Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts". CNN. November 24, 2016. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.

[jGiwP-67] "Sark Election: the candidates". BBC Guernsey. December 9, 2008. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2008.

[o0EEh-68] "Trio found guilty of Rwandan genocide". CNN. December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.

[S5uh2-69] "Coup fear as Guinea president dies". CNN. December 24, 2008. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.

[47sj5-70] "Ilene R. Prusher, 'Hamas remains defiant despite pounding' Christian Science Monitor 13 January 2009". Csmonitor.com. January 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2010.

[xKVxz-71] Bright, Arthur. Israel set to launch ‘limited operation’ in Gaza Archived August 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Christian Science Monitor, December 26, 2008.

[guardian.co.uk-72] Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem (September 16, 2009). "Israel rejects war crimes findings of UN Gaza inquiry - World news - guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2010.

[YA46O-73] "Princess Eléonore". monarchie.be. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[1rCbt-74] "These pictures of birthday girl Harshaali Malhotra prove that she is a born star". Bollywood Life. June 3, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

[lK4Ub-75] Lilliana Ketchman [@lillykofficial] (June 23, 2020). "And this is 12!". Instagram (official). Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[yytw0-76] "Arthur C. Clarke | Biography, Works, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 13, 2020.

[A1HLt-77] "Arpad ORBAN - Olympic Football | Hungary". International Olympic Committee. June 13, 2016.

[TA9m0-78] "Arpad Orban - Stats - titles won". www.footballdatabase.eu.

[6BZyn-79] Litsky, Frank (November 7, 2008). "G. Larry James, Olympic Gold Medalist, Dies at 61". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2018.

[y60HP-80] Jack, Adrian (December 26, 2008). "Obituary: Eartha Kitt". the Guardian. Retrieved December 10, 2020.

[hsFwA-81] "Time Traveler by Merriam-Webster: Words from 2008". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2018.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]