Barack Obama: Difference between revisions
Josiah Rowe (talk | contribs) →Presidential campaign: I think that "attempted to" is unnecessary — structurally, that's what the speech did. People can disagree on whether that context is relevant or sufficient. |
Josiah Rowe (talk | contribs) →Presidential campaign: more appropriate context for this. (Wright also served in the Navy, but Obama mentioned only the Marines in his speech.) |
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After Super Tuesday, Obama won the eleven remaining February primaries and caucuses.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/21/make-that-11-for-obama/ |title=Make That 11 for Obama | author=Brian Knowlton | work=The New York Times | date=[[February 21]] [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref> He then won the [[Vermont Democratic primary, 2008|Vermont primary]] and the caucus portion of [[Texas Democratic primary and caucuses, 2008|Texas primary and caucuses]], but lost the [[Ohio Democratic primary, 2008|Ohio]], [[Rhode Island Democratic primary, 2008|Rhode Island]], and Texas primary elections to Clinton.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/dates/index.html#val=20080304 | title=Results: March 4 - Multi-State Events | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=2008-03-04 | accessdate=2008-03-04}}</ref> As of [[March 17]] [[2008]] the Associated Press estimated that Obama led the pledged delegate count 1,404 to 1,249; but both were well short of the 2,024 needed to secure the nomination.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://politics.nytimes.com/election-guide/2008/results/delegates/index.html |title=Democratic Delegate Counts | work=The New York Times | accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> He also began to cut into Clinton's lead in committed [[superdelegates]], with the AP counting 249 for Clinton and 213 for Obama. Since the Iowa caucuses, Obama had added 53 superdelegates to his total, compared to 12 for Clinton.<ref name=super>Julianna Goldman and Catherine Dodge. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a0OkW8Ml8ljw&refer=home Obama Cuts Into Clinton's Delegate Lead Among Elected Officials] Bloomberg.com, [[March 14]], [[2008]]. Retrieved on [[2008-03-18]]</ref> |
After Super Tuesday, Obama won the eleven remaining February primaries and caucuses.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/21/make-that-11-for-obama/ |title=Make That 11 for Obama | author=Brian Knowlton | work=The New York Times | date=[[February 21]] [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref> He then won the [[Vermont Democratic primary, 2008|Vermont primary]] and the caucus portion of [[Texas Democratic primary and caucuses, 2008|Texas primary and caucuses]], but lost the [[Ohio Democratic primary, 2008|Ohio]], [[Rhode Island Democratic primary, 2008|Rhode Island]], and Texas primary elections to Clinton.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/dates/index.html#val=20080304 | title=Results: March 4 - Multi-State Events | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=2008-03-04 | accessdate=2008-03-04}}</ref> As of [[March 17]] [[2008]] the Associated Press estimated that Obama led the pledged delegate count 1,404 to 1,249; but both were well short of the 2,024 needed to secure the nomination.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://politics.nytimes.com/election-guide/2008/results/delegates/index.html |title=Democratic Delegate Counts | work=The New York Times | accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> He also began to cut into Clinton's lead in committed [[superdelegates]], with the AP counting 249 for Clinton and 213 for Obama. Since the Iowa caucuses, Obama had added 53 superdelegates to his total, compared to 12 for Clinton.<ref name=super>Julianna Goldman and Catherine Dodge. [http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a0OkW8Ml8ljw&refer=home Obama Cuts Into Clinton's Delegate Lead Among Elected Officials] Bloomberg.com, [[March 14]], [[2008]]. Retrieved on [[2008-03-18]]</ref> |
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In March 2008, a [[Jeremiah Wright sermon controversy|controversy]] broke out concerning Obama's longterm relationship with his former pastor and religious mentor, [[Jeremiah Wright]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4443788 | title=Obama's Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11 | author=Brian Ross | publisher=''[[ABC News]]'' | date=[[March 13]] [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref>Andrew Sullivan. [http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/03/for-the-record.html For The Record] ''The Atlantic: The Daily Dish'', [[March 16]] [[2008]]. Retrieved on [[2008-03-18]]</ref> ABC News found and excerpted [[soundbite]]s from several racially and politically charged sermons by Rev. Wright |
In March 2008, a [[Jeremiah Wright sermon controversy|controversy]] broke out concerning Obama's longterm relationship with his former pastor and religious mentor, [[Jeremiah Wright]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4443788 | title=Obama's Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11 | author=Brian Ross | publisher=''[[ABC News]]'' | date=[[March 13]] [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref><ref>Andrew Sullivan. [http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/03/for-the-record.html For The Record] ''The Atlantic: The Daily Dish'', [[March 16]] [[2008]]. Retrieved on [[2008-03-18]]</ref> ABC News found and excerpted [[soundbite]]s from several racially and politically charged sermons by Rev. Wright, including his suggestion that past U.S. policies were partially responsible for the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11 attacks]], and his assertion that "[t]he government lied about inventing the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/03/14/obamas-spiritual-adviser-questioned-us-role-in-spread-of-hiv-sept-11-attacks/ | title=Obama’s Pastor’s Sermon: ‘God Damn America’ | publisher=FOXNews | author=Jeff Goldblatt | date=[[March 14]] [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref> Some of Wright's statements were widely criticized as anti-American.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news |first=Ken |last=Dilanian |title=Defenders say Wright has love, righteous anger for USA |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-03-18-obamawright_N.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |date=2008-03-18 |accessdate=2008-04-02 }}</ref><ref name="adubato-msnbc">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23745283/|title=Obama's reaction to Wright too little, too late|publisher=MSNBC|date=March 21, 2008|author=Adubato, Steve}}</ref> Following negative media coverage and during a temporary drop in the polls,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article3591359.ece|title=Polls show Barack Obama damaged by link to Reverend Jeremiah Wright|date=March 21, 2008|accessdate=2008-04-05|work=Times Newspapers, Ltd|author=Reid, Tim}}</ref> Obama responded by condemning Wright's remarks, cutting his relationship to his campaign, and delivering a speech entitled "[[A More Perfect Union]]" at the Constitution Center in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0319/p25s01-uspo.html | title=Remarks by Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' | author=Barack Obama | work=The Christian Science Monitor | date=[[March 18]] [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref> In the speech, Obama rejected Wright's offensive comments, but refused to disown the man himself, noting his lifelong ministry to the poor and past service as a US Marine.<ref name="apracespeech">{{cite news | url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gRloD01UY7O-mlm7HkoTEgFcoPJgD8VG3E500 | title= Obama confronts racial division | date=[[March 18]], [[2008]] | work=The Associated Press | author=Nedra Pickler, Matt Apuzzo | accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref> Although the speech, which placed Wright's anger in a larger historical context, was generally well-received,<ref name="apracespeech" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Mr. Obama’s Profile in Courage |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/opinion/19wed1.html |publisher=The New York Times |date=2008-03-19 |accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> critics continued to question the implications of Obama's long and close relationship with Wright.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23743408/ | title=Obama's minister's remarks won't fade | date=[[March 21]], [[2008]] | accessdate=2008-03-26 | work=The Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=tpC20080318>{{cite news | title=Obama's racial problems transcend Wright | date=[[March 18]] [[2008]] | url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0308/9111.html | work=The Politico | accessdate=2008-03-18}}</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/24/opinion/24kristol.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin</ref> |
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==Political advocacy== |
==Political advocacy== |
Revision as of 18:35, 11 April 2008
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Barack Obama | |||
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United States Senator from Illinois | |||
Assumed office January 4 2005 Serving with Richard Durbin | |||
Preceded by | Peter Fitzgerald | ||
Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13
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In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 | |||
Preceded by | Alice J. Palmer | ||
Succeeded by | Kwame Raoul | ||
Personal details | |||
Born | Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. | August 4, 1961||
Political party | Democratic | ||
Spouse | Michelle Obama | ||
Children | Malia Ann (b. 1998), Natasha ("Sasha") (b. 2001) | ||
Residence(s) | (Kenwood), Chicago, Illinois | ||
Alma mater | Columbia University, Harvard Law School | ||
Signature | ![]() | ||
Website | Barack Obama U.S. Senator For Illinois | ||
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Personal
Illinois State Senator and U.S. Senator from Illinois 44th President of the United States Tenure
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Template:FixHTML Barack Hussein Obama, Jr. (Template:PronEng;[1] born August 4 1961) is the junior United States Senator from Illinois and a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election.[2][3]
Born to a Kenyan father and an American mother, he spent most of his early life in Honolulu, Hawaii. From ages 6 to 10, he lived in Jakarta, Indonesia with his mother and Indonesian stepfather. He married Michelle Robinson in 1992 and has two daughters. A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, Obama worked as a community organizer, university lecturer, and civil rights lawyer before running for public office and serving in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. After an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he announced his campaign for U.S. Senate in 2003.
The following year, while still an Illinois state legislator, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[4] He was elected to the U.S. Senate in November 2004 with 70% of the vote.[5] As a member of the Democratic minority in the 109th Congress, he cosponsored bipartisan legislation for controlling conventional weapons and for promoting greater public accountability in the use of federal funds. He also made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. In the current 110th Congress, he has sponsored legislation on lobbying and electoral fraud, climate change, nuclear terrorism, and care for returned U.S. military personnel.
Since announcing his presidential campaign in February 2007, Obama has emphasized ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care as his top three priorities.[6] He has written two bestselling books: a memoir of his youth titled Dreams from My Father, and The Audacity of Hope, a personal commentary on U.S. politics.[7]
Early life and private career
Obama, known as "Barry" throughout his early years, was born on August 4 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham.[8][9] His parents separated when he was two years old and later divorced.[10] After her divorce, Dunham married Lolo Soetoro, and the family moved to Soetoro's home country of Indonesia in 1967, where Obama attended local schools in Jakarta from ages six to ten.[8] He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents while attending Punahou School from the fifth grade until his graduation in 1979.[11] Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.[12] He then transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[13]
Obama received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia in 1983, then worked at Business International Corporation and New York Public Interest Research Group before moving to Chicago in 1985 to take a job as a community organizer.[14][15] He entered Harvard Law School in 1988.[16] In 1990, The New York Times reported his election as the Harvard Law Review's "first black president in its 104 year history."[17] Obama completed his law degree magna cum laude in 1991, then returned to Chicago where he headed a voter registration drive and began writing his first book, Dreams from My Father, published in 1995.[18][19]
As an associate attorney with Miner, Barnhill and Galland from 1993 to 2002, he represented community organizers, discrimination claims, and voting rights cases. Following his election to the Illinois Senate in 1996, Obama agreed to work at the firm during the summer, when the Illinois Senate was not in session.[20] While Obama never took part in a trial, he worked on teams drawing up briefs, contracts, and other legal documents.[20] This included being part of teams that represented Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now in a successful lawsuit that forced the state of Illinois to implement a federal law that was designed to make it easier for people to register to vote, an appeals brief on behalf of a whistleblower that was suing Cook County Hospital and the Hektoen Institute for Medical Research for wrongful termination, and on another team forced the city of Chicago to redraw ward boundaries that the city council drew up following the 1990 census.[20] Obama also did some work on taxpayer-supported building rehabilitation loans for Rezmar Corp.,[21] owned by Tony Rezko and Daniel Mahru. Rezko, who has raised over $250,000 for Obama's various political campaigns, is currently on trial in federal court on felony charges for money laundering, extortion, and fraud.[22][23] Obama has not been implicated in any wrongdoing.
Obama also taught constitutional law part-time at the University of Chicago Law School from 1993 until his election to the U.S. Senate in 2004.[24][25][26]
State legislature
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996 from the 13th District, which then spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[27] His campaign challenged the irregular nominating petitions of other Democratic candidates, whose names were eventually struck from the primary ballot, including incumbent Alice J. Palmer.[28][29]
In 2000, he made an unsuccessful Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives seat held by four-term incumbent candidate Bobby Rush.[30] He was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998 and 2002 (when the 13th District was redrawn to span Chicago lakefront neighborhoods from the Gold Coast south to South Chicago).[31] In January 2003, Obama was appointed chairman of the Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority in the Illinois Senate. The new majority leader Emil Jones also appointed Obama the sponsor of important legislation, that had previously been under development, establishing his political record in that year.[29][32] He resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[33] As a state legislator, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[34] He sponsored a law enhancing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[35] Obama also led the passage of legislation mandating videotaping of homicide interrogations, and a law to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they stopped.[35] He was criticized by rival pro-choice candidates in the Democratic primary and by his Republican pro-life opponent in the general election for a series of "present" or "no" votes on late-term abortion and parental notification issues.[36] His early legislative career was sometimes marked by an inability to acquire the necessary votes for the passage of bills.[37]
Senate campaign
Obama launched a campaign committee at the beginning of July 2002 to run for the U.S. Senate in 2004[38] and two months later had David Axelrod lined up to do his campaign media.[39] Obama formally announced his candidacy on January 21, 2003,[40] four days after former U.S. Sen. Carol Moseley Braun announced she would not seek a rematch with U.S. Sen. Peter Fitzgerald.[41] On April 15, 2003, with six Democrats already running and three Republicans threatening to run against him,[42] Fitzgerald announced he would not seek a second term in 2004,[43] and three weeks later popular Republican former Governor Jim Edgar declined to run,[44] leading to wide open Democratic and Republican primary races with 15 candidates, including 7 millionaires[45] (triggering the first application of the Millionaires' Amendment of the 2002 McCain–Feingold Act).[46]
In opinion polls five months before the primary, Obama trailed Cook County Treasurer Maria Pappas and Illinois Comptroller Daniel Hynes; one month before the primary, Obama trailed only multimillionaire securities trader Blair Hull; one week before the primary, Obama had surged to front-runner status.[47] Hull's popularity declined after divorce records were unsealed that contained allegations of domestic abuse.[48] Obama's candidacy was boosted by an advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and the late U.S. Senator Paul Simon; the support of Simon's daughter; and political endorsements by the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun-Times.[49] Obama received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival.[50] He also won the endorsement of the Illinois Fraternal Order of Police, whose president credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[51] His opponent in the general election was expected to be Republican primary winner Jack Ryan. However, Ryan withdrew from the race in June 2004, following public disclosure of child custody divorce records containing sexual allegations by Ryan's ex-wife, actress Jeri Ryan.[52] In August 2004, with less than three months to go before election day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.[53] A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.[54] Through three televised debates, Obama and Keyes expressed opposing views on stem cell research, abortion, gun control, school vouchers, and tax cuts.[55] In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes's 27%, the largest electoral victory in Illinois history.[56]
In July 2004, while still serving as a state legislator, he wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.[57] After describing his maternal grandfather's experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the New Deal's FHA and G.I. Bill programs, Obama spoke about changing the U.S. government's economic and social priorities. He questioned the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War and highlighted America's obligations to its soldiers. Drawing examples from U.S. history and invoking patriotic texts and symbols, he challenged media perceptions of sharp partisan divisions and asked Americans to find unity in diversity, saying: "We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America."[58] Broadcasts of the speech by major news organizations launched Obama's status as a national political figure and boosted his campaign for U.S. Senate.[59]
Senate career
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4 2005.[60] Though a newcomer to Washington, he recruited a team of established, high-level advisers devoted to broad themes that exceeded the usual requirements of an incoming first-term senator.[61] Obama hired Pete Rouse, a 30 year veteran of national politics and former chief of staff to Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle, as his chief of staff, and economist Karen Kornbluh, former deputy chief of staff to Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin, as his policy director.[62] His key foreign policy advisers include Samantha Power, author on human rights and genocide, and former Clinton administration officials Anthony Lake and Susan Rice.[63] He holds assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Health; Education, Labor and Pensions; Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; and Veterans' Affairs, and is a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[64]
The U.S. Senate Historical Office lists him as the fifth African American Senator in U.S. history, the third to have been popularly elected, and the only African American currently serving in the Senate.[65] CQ Weekly, a nonpartisan publication, has characterized Obama as a "loyal Democrat" based on Senate votes cast in 2005 through 2007.[66] During his first three years in the Senate, Obama received Honorary Doctorates of Law from Knox College (2005),[67] University of Massachusetts Boston (2006),[68] Northwestern University (2006),[69] Xavier University of Louisiana (2006),[70] Southern New Hampshire University (2007),[71] and Howard University (2007).[72] A Kenyan school located in his father's hometown, which he visited while on an congressional trip in August 2006, was renamed the "Senator Barack Obama Primary School."[73]
109th Congress
Obama took an active role in the Senate's drive for improved border security and immigration reform. In 2005, he cosponsored the "Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act" introduced by Sen. John McCain (R-AZ).[74] He later added three amendments to the "Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act", which passed the Senate in May 2006, but failed to gain majority support in the U.S. House of Representatives.[75] In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act, authorizing construction of fencing and other security improvements along the United States–Mexico border.[76] President Bush signed the Secure Fence Act into law in October 2006, calling it "an important step toward immigration reform."[77]
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As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. In August 2005, he traveled to Russia, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan. The trip focused on strategies to control the world's supply of conventional weapons, biological weapons, and weapons of mass destruction as a first defense against potential terrorist attacks.[79] Following meetings with U.S. military in Kuwait and Iraq in January 2006, Obama visited Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian territories. At a meeting with Palestinian students two weeks before Hamas won the legislative election, Obama warned that "the U.S. will never recognize winning Hamas candidates unless the group renounces its fundamental mission to eliminate Israel."[80] He left for his third official trip in August 2006, traveling to South Africa, Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Chad. In a nationally televised speech at the University of Nairobi, he spoke forcefully on the influence of ethnic rivalries and corruption in Kenya.[81] In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the "Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act," marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[82]
Partnering first with Sen. Dick Lugar (R-IN), and then with Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK), Obama successfully introduced two initiatives bearing his name. "Lugar–Obama" expands the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons, including shoulder-fired missiles and anti-personnel mines.[83][84][85] The Lugar–Obama initiative subsequently received $48 million in funding.[86] The "Coburn–Obama Transparency Act" provides for the web site USAspending.gov, managed by the Office of Management and Budget.[87] The site lists all organizations receiving Federal funds from 2007 onward and provides breakdowns by the agency allocating the funds, the dollar amount given, and the purpose of the grant or contract.[88] Obama found less success in his efforts to further regulate the US nuclear energy industry, sponsoring a bill which generated expected opposition. A modified version was successful in committee but did not pass the full chamber as the session ended; Obama would once mistakenly claim to have fully passed the bill.[89]
110th Congress
In the first month of the newly Democratic-controlled 110th Congress, Obama worked with Russ Feingold (D–WI) to eliminate gifts of travel on corporate jets by lobbyists to members of Congress and require disclosure of bundled campaign contributions under the "Honest Leadership and Open Government Act," which was signed into law in September 2007.[90] He joined Chuck Schumer (D-NY) in sponsoring S. 453, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections, including fraudulent flyers and automated phone calls, as witnessed in the 2006 midterm elections.[91] Obama's energy initiatives scored pluses and minuses with environmentalists, who welcomed his sponsorship with John McCain (R-AZ) of a climate change bill to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by two-thirds by 2050, but were skeptical of his support for a bill promoting liquefied coal production.[92] Obama also introduced the "Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007," a bill that had proposed capping troop levels in Iraq, beginning phased redeployment, and removing all combat brigades from Iraq before April 2008;[93] the measure came under criticism from Senate Republicans, including fellow presidential contender John McCain (R-AZ).[94]
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored with Kit Bond (R-MO) an amendment to the 2008 Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges, and calling for a review by the Government Accountability Office following reports that the procedure had been used inappropriately to reduce government costs.[95] He sponsored the "Iran Sanctions Enabling Act" supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry,[96] and joined Chuck Hagel (R-NE) in introducing legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[97] A provision from the Obama–Hagel bill was passed by Congress in December 2007 as an amendment to the State-Foreign Operations appropriations bill.[97] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[98] After passing both houses of Congress with bipartisan majorities, SCHIP was vetoed by President Bush in early October 2007, a move Obama criticized.[99][100]
Presidential campaign
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In February 2007, standing before the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2008 U.S. presidential election.[2] Describing his working life in Illinois, and symbolically linking his presidential campaign to Abraham Lincoln's 1858 House Divided speech, Obama said: "That is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a house divided to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still live, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States of America."[102] Speaking at a Democratic National Committee (DNC) meeting one week before the February announcement, Obama called for putting an end to negative campaigning.[103]
Obama's campaign raised US$58 million during the first half of 2007, topping all other candidates and exceeding previous records for the first six months of any year before an election year.[104] Small donors, those contributing in increments of less than $200, accounted for $16.4 million of Obama's record-breaking total, more than any other Democratic candidate.[105] In the first month of 2008, his campaign brought in $36.8 million, the most ever raised in one month by a presidential candidate in the Democratic primaries.[106] Amid concerns for his safety as the first black candidate seen as having a viable chance of being elected president, the U.S. government assigned Secret Service protection to Obama 18 months before the general election.[107]
With two months remaining before the first electoral contests in Iowa and New Hampshire, and national opinion polls showing him trailing Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton, Obama began directly charging his top rival with failing to clearly state her political positions.[108] Campaigning in Iowa, he told The Washington Post that as the Democratic nominee he would draw more support than Clinton from independent and Republican voters in the general election.[109] Among the first four DNC-sanctioned state contests, Obama won more delegates than Clinton in Iowa, Nevada and South Carolina while winning an equal number in New Hampshire; Clinton, however, won the popular vote in Nevada and New Hampshire.[110] His win in Iowa was boosted by majority support from a record turnout of voters under 30 years old, most of them first-time caucus goers, while blacks turned away from Clinton after perceived attempts by Clinton to label Obama as a racial candidate.[111][112][113][114] Trailing Clinton nationally by 20% heading into the February Super Tuesday, he eliminated that lead and emerged with another 20 more delegates than Clinton.[115] He broke fundraising records in the first two months of 2008, raising more than $90 million for his primary campaign while Clinton raised $45 million in the same period.[116]
After Super Tuesday, Obama won the eleven remaining February primaries and caucuses.[117] He then won the Vermont primary and the caucus portion of Texas primary and caucuses, but lost the Ohio, Rhode Island, and Texas primary elections to Clinton.[118] As of March 17 2008 the Associated Press estimated that Obama led the pledged delegate count 1,404 to 1,249; but both were well short of the 2,024 needed to secure the nomination.[119] He also began to cut into Clinton's lead in committed superdelegates, with the AP counting 249 for Clinton and 213 for Obama. Since the Iowa caucuses, Obama had added 53 superdelegates to his total, compared to 12 for Clinton.[120]
In March 2008, a controversy broke out concerning Obama's longterm relationship with his former pastor and religious mentor, Jeremiah Wright.[121][122] ABC News found and excerpted soundbites from several racially and politically charged sermons by Rev. Wright, including his suggestion that past U.S. policies were partially responsible for the September 11 attacks, and his assertion that "[t]he government lied about inventing the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color."[123] Some of Wright's statements were widely criticized as anti-American.[124][125] Following negative media coverage and during a temporary drop in the polls,[126] Obama responded by condemning Wright's remarks, cutting his relationship to his campaign, and delivering a speech entitled "A More Perfect Union" at the Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[127] In the speech, Obama rejected Wright's offensive comments, but refused to disown the man himself, noting his lifelong ministry to the poor and past service as a US Marine.[128] Although the speech, which placed Wright's anger in a larger historical context, was generally well-received,[128][129] critics continued to question the implications of Obama's long and close relationship with Wright.[130][131][132]
Political advocacy
On the role of government in economic affairs, Obama has written: "We should be asking ourselves what mix of policies will lead to a dynamic free market and widespread economic security, entrepreneurial innovation and upward mobility [...] we should be guided by what works."[133] Speaking before the National Press Club in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, associating Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security with social Darwinism.[134] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.[135] Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama told the health care advocacy group Families USA that he supports universal healthcare in the United States.[136]
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Campaigning in New Hampshire, Obama announced an $18 billion plan for investments in early childhood education, math and science education, and expanded summer learning opportunities.[138] Obama's campaign distinguished his proposals to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.[139]
At the Tax Policy Center in September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.[140] His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, repeal tax cuts said to favor the wealthy[141], close corporate tax loopholes and restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.[142] Announcing his presidential campaign's energy plan in October 2007, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a 10 year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.[143]
Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq.[144] On October 2, 2002, the day Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[145] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza,[146] speaking out against it.[147]
On March 16, 2003, the day President Bush issued his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the U.S. invasion of Iraq,[148] Obama addressed the largest Chicago anti-Iraq War rally to date in Daley Plaza and told the crowd "It's not too late" to stop the war.[149]
Obama sought to make his early public opposition to the Iraq War before it started a major issue in his 2004 U.S. Senate campaign to distinguish himself from his Democratic primary rivals who supported the resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[150] and in his 2008 U.S. Presidential campaign, to distinguish himself from four Democratic primary rivals who voted for the resolution authorizing the war (Senators Clinton, Edwards, Biden, and Dodd).[151]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Capitol_Building_and_Darfur_Rally.jpg/220px-Capitol_Building_and_Darfur_Rally.jpg)
Speaking to the Chicago Council on Global Affairs in November 2006, Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.[153] In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although not ruling out military action.[154] Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.[155]
In a December 2005 Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.[156] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.[157] In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."[158]
Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious people.[159] In December 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the "Global Summit on AIDS and the Church" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren.[160] Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier.[161] He encouraged "others in public life to do the same" and not be ashamed of it.[162] Before the conference, 18 pro-life groups published an open letter stating, in reference to Obama's support for legal abortion: "In the strongest possible terms, we oppose Rick Warren's decision to ignore Senator Obama's clear pro-death stance and invite him to Saddleback Church anyway."[163] Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged "so-called leaders of the Christian Right" for being "all too eager to exploit what divides us."[164]
Personal life
Obama met his future wife, Michelle Robinson, in 1988 when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley & Austin.[166] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial offers to date.[167] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married in October 1992.[168] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998, followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.[169] Applying the proceeds of a $2 million book deal, the family paid off debts in 2005 and moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to their current $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood.[170] The land adjacent to their house was simultaneously sold to the wife of well-connected developer, and Obama supporter Tony Rezko, provoking continued media scrutiny but no official allegations against Obama, even as the political fundraiser was indicted on unrelated charges.[171][172] In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[173]
Obama plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[174] Before announcing his presidential candidacy, he began a well-publicized effort to quit smoking. "I've never been a heavy smoker," Obama told the Chicago Tribune. "I've quit periodically over the last several years. I've got an ironclad demand from my wife that in the stresses of the campaign I do not succumb. I've been chewing Nicorette strenuously."[175] Replying to an Associated Press survey of 2008 presidential candidates' personal tastes, he specified "architect" as his alternate career choice and "chili" as his favorite meal to cook.[176] Asked to name a "hidden talent," Obama answered: "I'm a pretty good poker player."[177]
In Chapter Six of Obama's 2006 book, The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents, as detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his Kenyan father as "raised a Muslim," but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his Indonesian stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." The chapter details how Obama, in his twenties, while working with black churches as a community organizer, came to understand "the power of the African American religious tradition to spur social change":
It was because of these newfound understandings—that religious commitment did not require me to suspend critical thinking, disengage from the battle for economic and social justice, or otherwise retreat from the world that I knew and loved—that I was finally able to walk down the aisle of Trinity United Church of Christ one day and be baptized.[178]
Obama joined Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988.[179] A megachurch with 8,000 members, Trinity is the largest congregation in the United Church of Christ.[180]
Books
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/AudacityofHope.jpg/170px-AudacityofHope.jpg)
Obama's first book, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, was published before his first run for political office. In it he recalls his childhood in Honolulu and Jakarta, college years in Los Angeles and New York City, and his employment as a community organizer in Chicago in the 1980s. The book's last chapters describe his first visit to Kenya, a journey to connect with his Luo family and heritage. In the preface to the 2004 revised edition, Obama explains that he had hoped the story of his family "might speak in some way to the fissures of race that have characterized the American experience."[181] In a 1995 review, novelist Paul Watkins wrote that Dreams "persuasively describes the phenomenon of belonging to two different worlds, and thus belonging to neither."[182] The audiobook edition earned Obama the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album of 2006.[183]
His second book, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, was published in October 2006 and soon rose to the top of the New York Times Best Seller hardcover list.[184] The Chicago Tribune credits large crowds that gathered at book signings with influencing Obama's decision to run for president.[185] Former U.S. presidential candidate Gary Hart said the book's self-portrayal presents "a man of relative youth yet maturity, a wise observer of the human condition, a figure who possesses perseverance and writing skills that have flashes of grandeur."[186] Reviewer Michael Tomasky writes that it does not contain "boldly innovative policy prescriptions that will lead the Democrats out of their wilderness," but does show Obama's potential to "construct a new politics that is progressive but grounded in civic traditions that speak to a wider range of Americans."[187] In February 2008, he won a Grammy award for the spoken word edition of Audacity.[183] Foreign language editions of the book have been published in Italian, Spanish, German, French, and Greek.[188] The Italian edition was published in April 2007 with a preface by Walter Veltroni, leader of the newly formed Democratic Party of Italy.[189]
Cultural and political image
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flickr_Obama_Austin_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Austin_01.jpg)
Supporters and critics have likened Obama's popular image to a cultural Rorschach test, a neutral persona on whom people can project their personal histories and aspirations.[191] Obama's own stories about his family origins reinforce what a May 2004 New Yorker magazine article described as his "everyman" image.[192] In Dreams from My Father, he ties his maternal family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.[193] Speaking to Jewish audiences during his 2004 campaign for U.S. Senate, he linked the linguistic root of his East African first name Barack to the Hebrew word baruch, meaning "blessed."[194] In an October 2006 interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "Michelle will tell you that when we get together for Christmas or Thanksgiving, it's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher. We've got it all."[195]
With his Kenyan father and American mother, his upbringing in Honolulu and Jakarta, and his Ivy League education, Obama's early life experiences differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[196] During his Democratic primary campaign for U.S. Congress in 2000, two rival candidates charged that Obama was not sufficiently rooted in Chicago's black neighborhoods to represent constituents' concerns.[197] In January 2007, The End of Blackness author Debra Dickerson warned against drawing favorable cultural implications from Obama's political rise: "Lumping us all together," Dickerson wrote in Salon, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress."[198] Film critic David Ehrenstein, writing in a March 2007 Los Angeles Times article, compared the cultural sources of Obama's favorable polling among whites to those of "magical Negro" roles played by black actors in Hollywood movies.[199] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that the debate is not about his physical appearance or his record on issues of concern to black voters. Obama said, "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."[200]
Writing about Obama's political image in a March 2007 Washington Post opinion column, Eugene Robinson characterized him as "the personification of both-and," a messenger who rejects "either-or" political choices, and could "move the nation beyond the culture wars" of the 1960s.[201] Obama, who defines himself in The Audacity of Hope as "a Democrat, after all," has been criticized by progressive commentator David Sirota for demonstrating too much "Senate clubbiness", and was encouraged to run for the U.S. presidency by conservative columnist George Will.[202] But in a December 2006 Wall Street Journal editorial headlined "The Man from Nowhere," Ronald Reagan speech writer Peggy Noonan advised Will and other "establishment" commentators to avoid becoming too quickly excited about Obama's still early political career.[203] Echoing the inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, Obama acknowledged his youthful image, saying in an October 2007 campaign speech, "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[204]
Notes
- ^
"English Pronunciation Guide: Barack Hussein Obama". Inogolo. Retrieved 2008-01-14. For more about Obama's middle name and its use by political opponents and the media, see: Wallis, David (December 27 2007). "Malice in the Middle: Barack Hussein Obama and the History of Bad Middle Names in Politics". Slate. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ a b "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News. February 10 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) Video at Brightcove.com. Cite error: The named reference "BBC20070210" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ For national polling data, see: "White House 2008: Democratic Nomination". Polling Report. Retrieved 2008-01-14."2008 National Democratic Presidential Primary". Pollster.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^
Archibold, Randal C (July 29 2004). "The Illinois Candidate; Day After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^
"Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14. See also: Falcone, Michael (December 21 2007). "Obama's 'One Thing'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^
Memmott, Carol (January 30 2007). "Obama's Books Drive Talk of '08 Presidential Run". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ a b Scharnberg, Kirsten (March 25 2007). "The Not-So-Simple Story of Barack Obama's Youth". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Meet Barack". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2008-01-04. See also: Obama (1995), Chapter 1.
- ^ Obama (1995), pp. 125–126. See also: Jones, Tim (March 27 2007). "Obama's Mom: Not Just a Girl from Kansas". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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(help) - ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21 2004). "Punahou Grad Stirs Up Illinois Politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) See also: Obama (1995), Chapters 3 and 4. - ^ "Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83". Occidental College. January 29 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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(help) - ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83: Is He the New Face of The Democratic Party?". Columbia College Today. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ Scott, Janny (October 30 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help) See also: Obama (1995), pp. 135–139. - ^ Secter, Bob (March 30 2007). "Portrait of a Pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) See also: Lizza, Ryan (March 19 2007). "The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education" (alternate link). New Republic. Retrieved 2008-01-04.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Levenson, Michael (January 28 2007). "At Harvard Law, a Unifying Voice". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) See also: Heilemann, John (October 22 2007). "When They Were Young". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-04.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Butterfield, Fox (February 6 1990). "First Black Elected to Head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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(help) See also: Kantor, Jodi (January 28 2007). "In Law School, Obama Found Political Voice". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-04.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Kodama, Marie C (January 19 2007). "Obama Left Mark on HLS". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
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(help) See also: Obama (1995), p. xiii. - ^ Reynolds, Gretchen (January 1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ a b c "Law Graduate Obama Got His Start in Civil Rights Practice". Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. February 19 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Obama and his Rezko ties". Associated Press. Chicago Sun-Times. April 23 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
{{cite news}}
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(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Einhorn, Catrin (2008-03-11). "In Developer's Trial, E-Mail Note Cites an Obama Role". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ Chris Fusco (March 16 2008). "Obama explains Rezko relationship to Sun-Times". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Sweet, Lynn (March 30, 2008). "No 'Professor' Obama at U. of C." Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
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(help) - ^ Pallasch, Abdon M (February 12 2007). "Professor Obama was a Listener, Students Say". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
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(help) - ^ "Statement Regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
- ^ Jackson, David (April 3 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. pp. p. 65.{{cite book}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help); External link in
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|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help)State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26. - ^ David Jackson (2007-04-04). "Showing his bare knuckles". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Todd Spivak (2008-02-28). "Obama and Me". Dallas Observer. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
- ^ Scott, Janny (September 9 2007). "A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ White, Jesse (2005). "Legislative Districts of Northeastern Illinois, 2001 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2005–2006. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. pp. p. 64.
{{cite book}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help); External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Political 'godfather' boosted Obama's early career". CNN. March 31 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24 2000. Archived from the original (archive) on 2000-08-24. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9 2004. Archived from the original (archive) on 2004-10-09. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) Cohen, Jodi S (November 7 2004). "Obama's Springfield Seat Goes to Lawyer" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help) See also: "Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics". Associated Press. CBS News. January 17 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) "In-Depth Look at Obama's Political Career" (video). CLTV. Chicago Tribune. February 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ a b Scott, Janny (July 30 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) See also: Pearson, Rick (May 3 2007). "Careful Steps, Looking Ahead". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Zorn, Eric (March 9 2004). "Disparagement of Obama Votes Doesn't Hold Up". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) "Keyes Assails Obama's Abortion Views". Associated Press. MSNBC. August 9 2004. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) See also: Youngman, Sam (February 15 2007). "Abortion Foes Target Obama Because of His Vote Record on Illinois Legislation". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Edward McClelland (February 12 2007). "How Obama learned to be a natural". Salon.com. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Neal, Steve (July 3 2002). "Obama could add drama to Senate race" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 41. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) Mendell (2007), pp. 147–302. - ^ "No shortage of candidates for U.S. Senate run in '04" (paid archive). The State Journal-Register. September 1 2002. p. 15. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Pearson, Rick; Chase, John (January 22 2003). "Legislator in race to unseat Fitzgerald; Democrat seeks 2004 nomination for U.S. Senate" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 4 (Metro). Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Krol, Eric (January 18 2003). "Ex-senator doesn't want rematch with Fitzgerald" (paid archive). Daily Herald. p. 11. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) Zorn, Eric (January 18 2003). "Moseley-Braun gives Democrats reason for hope" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 15 (Metro). Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Krol, Eric (December 9 2002). "Why senator ending up more isolated; Fitzgerald's style has both Democrats and Republicans planning to challenge him" (paid archive). Daily Herald. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
{{cite news}}
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(help) Neal, Steve (April 16 2003). "Writing was on the wall after latest Fitzgerald polls" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 55. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Wilgoren, Jodi (April 16 2003). "Illinois Senator announces he won't seek re-election". The New York Times. p. A.10. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Pearson, Rick; Chase, John (May 10 2003). "GOP Senate floodgates open as Edgar says no" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Davey, Monica (March 7 2004). "Closely watched Illinois Senate race attracts 7 candidates in millionaire range". The New York Times. p. 1.19. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
{{cite news}}
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(help) "Candidate wealth; net worth of the richest Illinois candidates for the U.S. Senate". The New York Times. March 7 2004. p. 1.19. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Justice, Glen (October 17 2003). "In races with one deep pocket, the law tries to tailor a second". The New York Times. p. A.1. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Pearson, Rick (October 27 2003). "Illinois undecided on Bush challenger; Senate races also fail to produce clear front-runners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) Chase, John (January 15 2004). "Senate chase remains murky; No candidates break from pack for U.S. primaries" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Metro). Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) Chase, John (February 23 2004). "TV spots pay off in Ryan, Hull Senate bids" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) Pearson, Rick (March 9 2004). "Obama, Ryan out front; With week until Senate primary, Hull staggered by divorce". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Mendell, David (March 17, 2004). "Obama Routs Democratic Foes; Ryan Tops Crowded GOP Field". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Fornek, Scott (March 18, 2004). "Obama's Appeal Spans Racial Lines" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
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(help) See also: Hayes, Christopher (March 17 2004). "Check Bounce" (alternate link). TNR Online. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Davey, Monica (May 17 2004). "From Crowded Field, Democrats Choose State Legislator to Seek Senate Seat". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) See also: Jackson, John S (August 2006). "The Making of a Senator: Barack Obama and the 2004 Illinois Senate Race" (PDF). Occasional Paper of the Paul Simon Public Policy Institute. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved 2008-01-14. - ^ Youngman, Sam (March 14 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) See also: "US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. November 12 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Ryan Drops Out of Senate race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star". Associated Press. Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Liam, Ford (August 13, 2004). "Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ For debate transcripts and video, see Alan Keyes Archives: "Alan Keyes and Barack Obama debate, hosted by Illinois Radio Network". October 12 2004.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) "U.S. Senate debate sponsored by the League of Women Voters in Illinois". October 21 2004.{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) "Debate sponsored by WTTW and the City Club of Chicago". October 26 2004. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. Retrieved 2008-01-14. Slevin, Peter (November 13 2007). "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ For details about the speech's genesis and delivery, see: Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83: Is He the New Face of The Democratic Party?". Columbia College Today. Retrieved 2008-04-06. See also: Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ Obama, Barack (July 27 2004). "Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention" (text or video). BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
{{cite news}}
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(help); External link in
(help)|format=
- ^ Archibold, Randal C (July 29 2004). "The Illinois Candidate; Day After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) Roach, Ronald (October 7 2004). "Obama Rising". Black Issues In Higher Education. DiverseEducation.com. Retrieved 2008-04-06.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "About Barack Obama". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ Babington, Charles (December 8 2006). "For Now, an Unofficial Rivalry". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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suggested) (help) Dorning, Mike (September 17 2007). "Obama's Policy Team Loaded with All-Stars". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Enda, Jodi (February 5 2006). "Great Expectations". The American Prospect. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) Bacon Jr., Perry (August 27 2007). "The Outsider's Insider". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Traub, James (November 4 2007). "Is (His) Biography (Our) Destiny?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) King, Neil (September 5 2007). "Obama Tones Foreign-Policy Muscle". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
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(help) Sweet, Lynn (May 10 2007). "Obama Taps Influential Foreign Policy Experts". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2008-04-08. "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved 2008-04-08. See also: Zeleny, Jeff (June 26 2005). "When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—With Subtlety". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) He is also Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs. Baldwin, Tom (December 21 2007). "Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience". Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Breaking New Ground: African American Senators". U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- ^ Nather, David (January 14 2008). "The Space Between Clinton and Obama". CQ Weekly. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) See also: Curry, Tom (February 21 2008). "What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal". MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-04-08.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Commencement 2005: Knox honors U.S. Senator Barack Obama". Knox College. May 10 2005. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ "U.S. Sen. Barack Obama to Receive Honorary Degree, Address 2,500 UMass Boston Graduates". University of Massachusetts Boston. May 26, 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ "Commencement 2006: Sen. Obama to Address Grads". Northwestern University. June 6 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ "Sen. Obama Addresses Xavier Graduates". Associated Press. USA Today. August 13 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ "SNHU Commencement with Sen. Barack Obama". Southern New Hampshire University. May 19 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ "Obama Calls the 'Joshua Generation'". Boston Globe. September 28 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ Gnecchi, Nico (August 27 2006). "Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya". Voice of America. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
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(help) - ^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Immigration Bill Divides House, Senate". USA Today. September 22 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) See also: "Obama Statement on Senate Passage of Immigration Reform Bill". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. May 25 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence". CBS 2 (Chicago). November 20 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "President Bush Signs Secure Fence Act". White House. October 26 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act". White House. September 26 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP". Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor". ABC 7 News (Chicago). Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud". News24.com. August 28, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (January 3 2006). "S. 2125, Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (May 25 2006). "S. 2566, Cooperative Proliferation Detection, Interdiction Assistance, and Conventional Threat Reduction Act of 2006". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Lugar, Richard G (December 3 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Obama, Lugar Secure Funding for Implementation of Nonproliferation Law". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. June 28 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". USAspending.gov. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (April 6 2006). "S. 2590, Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) "President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ McIntire, Mike. "Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15 2007). "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5 2007). "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) See also: "Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007". Federal Election Commission. September 24 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Stern, Seth (January 31 2007). "Obama-Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation". CQPolitics.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: "Honesty in Elections" (editorial). The New York Times. January 31 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ H. Josef, Hebert (January 29 2007). "Congress Begins Tackling Climate Issues". Associated Press. CBS News. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) Williamson, Elizabeth (January 10 2007). "The Green Gripe With Obama: Liquefied Coal Is Still... Coal". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. nwi.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) "Latest Major Action: 1/30/2007 Referred to Senate committee." U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 30 2007). "S. 433, Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Klonsky, Joanna. "January 3, 2008". Newsweek. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
- ^ "Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action". Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) See also: Dine, Philip (December 23 2007). "Bond Calls for Review of Military Discharges". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2008-02-11.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (May 17 2007). "S. 1430, Iran Sanctions Enabling Act". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: Graham-Silverman, Adam (September 12 2007). "Despite Flurry of Action in House, Congress Unlikely to Act Against Iran". CQ Today. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ a b "Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Stout, David (2007-10-03). "Bush Vetoes Children's Health Bill". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
- ^ Staff writer (2007-10-03). "Reaction to Children's Health Veto". Associated Press. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
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(help) - ^ For other photos of this event, see: "Presidential Campaign Announcement" (photo gallery). Barack Obama, Flickr. February 10 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Presidential Campaign Announcement" (video). Obama for America. Brightcove.TV. February 10 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Barack Obama at the DNC Winter 2007 Meeting" (video). Democratic National Committee. February 2 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) Full text from CQ Transcripts Wire. Retrieved on 2008-01-14. See also: Harris, Paul (February 4 2007). "The Obama Revolution". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Malone, Jim (July 2 2007). "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Cummings, Jeanne (September 26 2007). "Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook". Politico. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Cadei, Emily (February 21 2008). "Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising". CQ Politics. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
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(help) - ^ Kennedy, Helen (May 4 2007). "Obama Gets Earliest-Ever Secret Service Detail". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Newton-Small, Jay (October 28 2007). "Obama (Sort of) Takes the Gloves Off". Time. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help)
Nagourney, Adam (October 28 2007). "Obama Rolls Out Aggressive Approach to Clinton's Campaign". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - ^ Balz, Dan (November 9 2007). "On Campaign Bus, Obama Opens Up About Challengers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Election Center 2008: Primary Results for Iowa". CNN. January 5 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
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(help)
"Election Center 2008: Primary Results for South Carolina". CNN. January 22 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-11.{{cite news}}
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(help)
"Election Center 2008: Primary Results for New Hampshire". CNN. January 10 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help)
"Election Center 2008: Primary Results for Nevada". CNN. January 22 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-11.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Johann Hari (March 13 2008). "Johann Hari: What wouldn't Clinton do to secure power?". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ "Entrance Polls: Iowa". CNN. January 3 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ Melanye T. Price (March 16 2008). "What Obama Means" (paid archive). Hartford Courant. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ Montgomery, James (January 4 2008). "Barack Obama, Mike Huckabee's Iowa Caucus Wins Are Largely Thanks To Young Voters". MTV. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "2008 Democratic Delegates". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Dan Morain (March 7 2008). "Obama sets fundraising record with $55 million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ Brian Knowlton (February 21 2008). "Make That 11 for Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ "Results: March 4 - Multi-State Events". CNN. 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- ^ "Democratic Delegate Counts". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ Julianna Goldman and Catherine Dodge. Obama Cuts Into Clinton's Delegate Lead Among Elected Officials Bloomberg.com, March 14, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-18
- ^ Brian Ross (March 13 2008). "Obama's Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
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(help) - ^ Andrew Sullivan. For The Record The Atlantic: The Daily Dish, March 16 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-18
- ^ Jeff Goldblatt (March 14 2008). "Obama's Pastor's Sermon: 'God Damn America'". FOXNews. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
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(help) - ^ Dilanian, Ken (2008-03-18). "Defenders say Wright has love, righteous anger for USA". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
- ^ Adubato, Steve (March 21, 2008). "Obama's reaction to Wright too little, too late". MSNBC.
- ^ Reid, Tim (March 21, 2008). "Polls show Barack Obama damaged by link to Reverend Jeremiah Wright". Times Newspapers, Ltd. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
- ^ Barack Obama (March 18 2008). "Remarks by Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union'". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ a b Nedra Pickler, Matt Apuzzo (March 18, 2008). "Obama confronts racial division". The Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) - ^ "Mr. Obama's Profile in Courage". The New York Times. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
- ^ "Obama's minister's remarks won't fade". The Associated Press. March 21, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
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(help) - ^ "Obama's racial problems transcend Wright". The Politico. March 18 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
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(help) - ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/24/opinion/24kristol.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin
- ^ Obama (2006), p. 159.
- ^ Franklin, Ben A (June 1 2005). "The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon". Washington Spectator. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (September 12 2005). "Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Pickler, Nedra (January 25 2007). "Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years". Associated Press. Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) Obama's campaign published a detailed health care reform plan in May 2007. Tumulty, Karen (May 29 2007). "Obama Channels Hillary on Health Care". Time. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) See also: "Creating a Healthcare System that Works". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14. - ^ "Rally at Coastal Carolina University in Conway, SC" (video). Obama for America. Brightcove.TV. August 23 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
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(help) - ^ Schoenberg, Shira (November 21 2007). "Obama Shares School Plan". Concord Monitor. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Davis, Teddy (November 20 2007). "Obama Bucks Party Line on Education". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "A Speech On the Economy, Opportunity and Tax Policy with Senator Barack Obama". Tax Policy Center. September 18 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Study:Bush tax cuts favor wealthy". CBS. August 13 2004. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
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(help) - ^ "Obama Tax Plan: $80 Billion in Cuts, Five-Minute Filings". CNN. September 18 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (October 9 2007). "Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
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(help) - ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 2 2002). "President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution". The White House. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
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(help) Tackett, Michael (October 3 2002). "Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Glauber, Bill (October 3 2002). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
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(help) Strausberg, Chinta (October 3 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N." Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.{{cite news}}
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(help) Bryant, Greg (October 2 2002). "300 protesters rally to oppose war with Iraq". Medill News Service. Retrieved 2008-02-03.{{cite news}}
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(help) Katz, Marilyn (October 2 2007). "Five Years Since Our First Action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Retrieved 2008-02-17.{{cite web}}
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(help) Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177. - ^ Obama, Barack (October 2 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
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(help) - ^ Office of the Press Secretary (March 16 2003). "President Bush: Monday "Moment of Truth" for World on Iraq". The White House. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
{{cite web}}
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(help) Associated Press (March 17 2003). "'Moment of truth for the world'; Bush, three allies set today as final day for Iraq to disarm or face massive military attack" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Ritter, Jim (March 17 2003). "Anti-war rally here draws thousands" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
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(help) - ^ McCormick, John (July 14 2003). "Senate hopefuls abound for '04; Forum attracts 9 for Fitzgerald post" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Metro section). Retrieved 2008-02-03.
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(help) Chase, John; Mendell, David (January 23 2004). "Senate candidates divided over Iraq; 5 Democrats hit Bush on policy" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Metro section). Retrieved 2008-02-03.{{cite news}}
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ McCormick, John; Dorning, Mike (October 3 2007). "Obama marks '02 war speech - Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 7. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hunt, Kasie (May 1 2006). "Celebrities, Activists Rally Against Darfur Genocide". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) For excerpts from Obama's speech, see: "More Must Be Done in Darfur". The Hill. April 30 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ For audio and text, see: Obama, Barack (November 20 2006). "A Way Forward in Iraq". Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Obama, Barack (March 2 2007). "AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
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(help) For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell, David (September 25 2004). "Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda". BBC News. August 1 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) For video and text of the speech, see: "Policy Address on Terrorism by The Honorable Barack Obama, United States Senator from Illinois". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. August 1 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-30.{{cite news}}
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(help) For details of the aborted 2005 military operation, see Mazzetti, Mark (July 8 2007). "Rumsfeld Called Off 2005 Plan to Capture Top Qaeda Figures". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Obama, Barack (December 27 2005). "Policy Adrift on Darfur". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
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suggested) (help) Doyle, Jim (May 1 2006). "Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (May 17 2007). "Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings". Associated Press. SFGate.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) Obama, Barack (August 30 2007). "Hit Iran Where It Hurts". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Obama, Barack (July–August 2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Lerner, Michael (July 3 2006). "U.S. Senator Barack Obama Critiques Democrats' Religiophobia". Tikkun Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) "Sen. Barack Obama: Call to Renewal Keynote Address". Beliefnet. June 28 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Gibson, Manda (June 28 2006). "At Global AIDS Summit, Churches Challenged to Take the Lead". PurposeDriven.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Screaming Crowds Welcome U.S. Senator 'Home'". CNN. August 27, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Obama, Barack (December 1 2006). "Race Against Time—World AIDS Day Speech". Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Rick Warren/Barack Obama AIDS Partnership Must End, Say Pro-Life Groups". Christian Newswire Press Release. November 28 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) See also: Van Biema, David (December 1 2006). "The Real Losers in the Obama-Warren Controversy". Time. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Barack Obama: Faith Has Been 'Hijacked'". Associated Press. CBS News. June 24 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) See also: Brody, David (July 30 2007). "Obama to CBN News: We're No Longer Just a Christian Nation". Christian Broadcasting Network. Retrieved 2008-01-14.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Senator Barack Obama Visit to CJTF-HOA and Camp Lemonier: 31 August-1 September 2006" (video). Combined Joint Task Force—Horn of Africa. YouTube. February 6 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
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: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: Brown, Sarah (December 7 2005). "Obama '85 Masters Balancing Act". Daily Princetonian. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
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(help) Tucker, Eric (March 1 2007). "Family Ties: Brown Coach, Barack Obama". Associated Press. ABC News. Retrieved 2008-02-11.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Obama (1995), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: Rossi, Rosalind (January 21 2007). "The Woman Behind Obama". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24 2005). "The First Time Around: Sen. Obama's Freshman Year". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Drew, Christopher (June 14, 2007). "An Obama Patron and Friend Until an Indictment". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
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(help) - ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17 2006). "Obama Says He Regrets Land Deal With Fundraiser". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ "Obama's money". CNNMoney.com. December 7 2007. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
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(help) See also: Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-02-11.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) Dan Morris, Neal Karlinsky. "The 'Rat-Ballers': Obama's High School Crew". Nightline. ABC News. Retrieved 2008-04-07. - ^ Parsons, Christi (February 6 2007). "Obama Launches an '07 Campaign—To Quit Smoking". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) - ^ "Questions for the Candidates". Associated Press. USA Today. May 15 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ "Gambling Buddies: Obama Flush with Poker Prowess". Associated Press. CNN. September 24 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) - ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 23 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Guess, J. Bennett (February 9 2007). "Barack Obama, Candidate for President, is 'UCC'". United Church News. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) - ^ Allen, Mike (March 16 2008). "Obama's Church Accuses Media of Character Assassination". Politico. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
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(help) - ^ Obama (1995), p. vii.
- ^ Taylor, Ihsan (August 29 2004). "New & Noteworthy Paperbacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
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(help) - ^ a b "Obama Wins a Grammy for 'Hope' Book". Associated Press. KVOA.com. February 10 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) - ^ Bosman, Julie (November 9 2006). "Obama's New Book Is a Surprise Best Seller". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) The paperback edition currently ranks third on The New York Times nonfiction list. "Best Sellers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-06. - ^ Dorning, Mike (June 12 2007). "Carefully Crafting the Obama 'Brand'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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suggested) (help) - ^ Hart, Gary (December 24 2006). "American Idol". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) - ^ Tomasky, Michael (November 30 2006). "The Phenomenon". New York Review of Books. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) - ^ Malkoutzis, Nick (March 27 2008). "Obama's Audacious Vision". Kathimerini English Edition. International Herald Tribune in Greece and Cyprus. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) - ^ Scherer, Steve (March 12 2008). "Veltroni Breaks With Coalitions to Take on Berlusconi". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
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(help) - ^ Slater, Wayne (February 24 2007). "Obama Reels in Austin Crowd". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) See also: Elliott, Philip (May 28 2007). "Obama Measuring Campaign Success not Just in Cash, but Crowds Too". Associated Press. Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Enda, Jodi (February 5 2006). "Great Expectations". The American Prospect. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) See also: Graff, Garrett M (November 1 2006). "The Legend of Barack Obama". Washingtonian. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) Podhoretz, John (December 12 2006). "Obama: Rorschach Candidate". New York Post. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Finnegan, William (24 May 2004). "The Candidate: How the Son of a Kenyan Economist Became an Illinois Everyman". New Yorker. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) See also: Tilove, Jonathan (February 8 2007). "In Obama Candidacy, America Examines Itself". Times-Picayune (New Orleans). Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Obama (1995), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see: Nitkin, David (March 2 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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suggested) (help) Jordan, Mary (May 13 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". Associated Press. CBS 2 (Chicago). September 8 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Brackman, Harold (March 9 2007). "Obama and the Jews". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) - ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) - ^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?". Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2008-04-07. See also: Scott, Janny (December 28 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) - ^ McClelland, Edward (February 12 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural". Salon. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) See also: Wolffe, Richard (July 16 2007). "Across the Divide". Newsweek. MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) Helman, Scott (October 12 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Dickerson, Debra J (January 22 2007). "Colorblind". Salon. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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(help) For a sampling of views by other black commentators see: Younge, Gary (posted October 27 2006 (November 13 2006 issue)). "Obama: Black Like Me". The Nation. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) Crouch, Stanley (November 2 2006). "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 2007-03-08. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) Washington, Laura (January 1 2007). "Whites May Embrace Obama, But Do 'Regular Black Folks'?". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) Page, Clarence (February 25 2007). "Is Barack Black Enough? Now That's a Silly Question". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-03-08. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Ehrenstein, David. "Obama the 'Magic Negro'", Los Angeles Times, March 19 2007. Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
- ^ Payne, Les (August 19 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" (paid archive). Newsday. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) - ^ Robinson, Eugene (March 13 2007). "The Moment for This Messenger?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) See also: Senior, Jennifer (October 2 2006). "Dreaming of Obama". New York Magazine. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Obama (2006), p. 10. Sirota wrote that Obama's confirmation of Condoleezza Rice as Secretary of State and his reluctant support of a Senate filibuster opposing President Bush's nomination of Samuel Alito to the U.S. Supreme Court may disappoint "those who see him as a bold challenger of the system". Sirota, David (June 26 2006). "Mr. Obama Goes to Washington". The Nation. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help)Will, George F (December 14 2006). "Run Now, Obama". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Noonan, Peggy (December 15 2006). "The Man From Nowhere". OpinionJournal (Wall Street Journal). Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) See also: Obama (2006), pp. 122–124. For Noonan's comments on Obama winning the January 2008 Iowa Caucus, see: Noonan, Peggy (January 4 2008). "Out With the Old, In With the New". OpinionJournal (Wall Street Journal). Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Dorning, Mike (October 4 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
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(help) See also: Harnden, Toby (October 15 2007). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-04-07.{{cite news}}
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(help)
- Cited works
- Mendell, David. Obama: From Promise to Power, Amistad/HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
- Obama, Barack. Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, Times Books, 1995. Reprint edition, 2004; ISBN 1-4000-8277-3
- Obama, Barack. The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, Crown, 2006. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
Further reading
- Curry, Jessica. "Barack Obama: Under the Lights", Chicago Life, Fall 2004. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1 2006. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Mundy, Liza. "A Series of Fortunate Events", The Washington Post Magazine, August 12 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Wallace-Wells, Ben. "Destiny's Child", Rolling Stone, February 7 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8 1995. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
External links
- Obama '08—BarackObama.com (includes links to other official Obama campaign sites)
- U.S. Senate office
- Obama '08 on YouTube
- Barack Obama at Curlie
- Presidential campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Presidential campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Profile at Vote Smart
- Basketball biography at Hoopedia.NBA.com
- Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from April 2008
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