Budapest: Difference between revisions

Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue
UNESCO World Heritage Site
	Buda Castle Quarter
Criteria	Cultural: ii, iv
Inscription	1987 (11th Session)
Extensions	2002

Budapest
Budapest
	Flag Seal
	Nickname(s): "Pearl of the Danube"; or "Queen of the Danube", "Heart of Europe", "Capital of Freedom"
	Location of Budapest in Hungary
Country	Hungary
County	Budapest, Capital City
Government
• Mayor	Gábor Demszky (SZDSZ)
Area
• City	525.16 km2 (202.77 sq mi)
Population (2008)
• City	1,702,297
• Density	3,241.5/km2 (8,395/sq mi)
• Metro	2,475,740
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Website	budapest.hu

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Budapest (Template:Pron-en, also /ˈbʊ-/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt]) is the capital city of Hungary.^[1] As the largest city of Hungary, it serves as the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation center^[2] and is considered an important hub in Central Europe.^[3] In 2008, Budapest had 1,702,297 inhabitants^[4] with an official agglomeration of 2,451,418,^[5] down from a mid-1980s peak of 2.1 million. The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7 sq mi)^[6] within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with the unification on 17 November 1873, of right-bank (west) Buda and Óbuda (Old Buda) together with Pest on the left (east) bank.^[7] ^[6]

Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement,^[8] was the direct ancestor of Budapest,^[9] becoming the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.^[8] Magyars arrived in the territory^[10] in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42.^[11] The re-established town became one of the centers of Renaissance humanist culture^[12] in the 15th century.^[13] Following nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule,^[7] development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification^[14]. It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.

Widely regarded as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe,^[15]^[1]^[10]^[16] its World Heritage Sites include the banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter, Andrássy Avenue, and the Millennium Underground Railway, the first on the European continent.^[15]^[17] Budapest attracts over 20 million visitors a year.^[18] The city ranks 52nd on MasterCard's 'World's Top 75 Financial Centers' list^[19] and 74th on Mercer Consulting's 'World's Top 100 Most Livable Cities' list.^[20] The headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) will be in Budapest.^[21]

History

File:BudapestPanorama2.JPG

Left to right: Mária Magdolna Tower, Matthias Church, Castle Quarter, Széchenyi Chain Bridge, Margaret Island, Danube Promenade, Parliament Building, Hungarian Academy of Sciences

The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was Ak-Ink (Template:Lang-en) built by Celts^[8] before the birth of Christ. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement - Aquincum - became the main city of Lower Pannonia^[8] in 106 AD^[8]. The Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters, baths and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp^[22].

The Hungarians settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century^[23]^[10] and a century later officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary^[10]. The Tatar invasion in the 13th century quickly proved that defence is difficult on a plain^[6]^[10]. King Béla IV of Hungary therefore ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the towns^[10] and set his own royal palace^[11] on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. In 1361^[11] it became the capital of Hungary^[6].

The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during reign of Matthias Corvinus of Hungary^[6]. The Italian Renaissance had a great influence on the city^[6]. His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana^[6], was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library^[6]. After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in Pécs in 1367^[24] the second one was established in Óbuda in 1395^[24]. The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473^[25].

The Turkish occupation lasted for more than 140 years and left mainly destruction^[6]. The Turks constructed some fine bathing facilities here^[10]. The western part of the country not occupied by the Turks became part of the Habsburg Empire as Royal Hungary. In 1686 Leopold I liberated Buda from the Ottomans but almost destroyed the city during the battle^[6]. Hungary was then incorporated into the Habsburg Empire^[6].

The nineteenth century was dominated by the Hungarian's struggle for independence^[6] and modernization. The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated a little more than a year later.

File:Opera Budapest.jpg

Hungarian State Opera House, it was built in the time of Austria-Hungary

1867 was the year of Reconciliation that brought about the birth of Austria-Hungary. This made Budapest the twin capital of a dual monarchy. It was this compromise which opened the second great phase of development in the history of Budapest, lasting until World War I. In 1873 Buda and Pest were officially merged with the third part, Óbuda (Ancient Buda), thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. Dynamic Pest grew into the country's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub.

World War I brought the Golden Age to an end. In 1918 Austria-Hungary lost the war and collapsed; Hungary declared itself an independent republic. In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon finalized the country's partition, reducing Hungary's size by two-thirds and turning the multinational state into a nation-state.

In 1944, towards the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids. From 24 December, 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the Battle of Budapest. Budapest suffered major damage caused by the attacking Soviet troops and the defending German and Hungarian troops. All bridges were destroyed by the Germans. More than 38,000 civilians lost their lives during the fighting.

Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross genocide during 1944 and early 1945.^[26] Despite this, Budapest today has the highest number of Jewish citizens per capita of any European city.

In 1949, Hungary was declared a communist People's Republic. The new Communist government considered the buildings like the Buda Castle symbols of the former regime, and during the 1950s the palace was gutted and all the interiors were destroyed.

In 1956, peaceful demonstrations in Budapest led to the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution. The Stalinist dictatorship collapsed after mass demonstrations, but Soviet tanks entered Budapest to crush the revolt. Fighting continued until early November, leaving more than 3000 dead.

From the 1960s through the late 1980s, Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, and much of the wartime damage to the city was finally repaired. Work on Erzsébet Bridge, the last to be rebuilt, was finished in 1965. In the early 1970s, Budapest Metro's East-West M2 line was first opened, followed by the M3 line in 1982. In 1987, Buda Castle and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Andrassy Avenue (including the Millennium Underground Railway, Hősök tere and Városliget) was added to the UNESCO list in 2002.

Timeline of the history of Budapest

File:Aquincumóbuda.jpg

Anfiteatrum in Aquincum, the capital of Pannonia.

File:Budacastle.jpg

Buda Castle

File:Budapestbridge100.jpg

Széchenyi Chain Bridge, Danube, Gresham Palace, Saint Stephen's Basilica

Year	Event
B.C.	Neolithic, Chalcolithic-, bronze and iron age cultures, Celtic and Eravisci settlements on present day Budapest.
1st century	Romans found the settlements known as Aquincum, Contra-Aquincum and Campona. Aquincum becomes the largest town of the Danubian region and one of the capitals of Pannonia.
5th century	The Age of Huns. King Attila builds a city for himself here according to later chronicles.
896	Following the foundation of Hungary, leader of the Hungarians Árpád settles in the "Town of Attila", usually identified as Aquincum.
10th century	Out of the 7 or 10 Hungarian tribes, four has settlements in the territory of modern Budapest: Megyer, Keszi, Jenő and Nyék.^{[citation needed]}
1046	Bishop Gellért dies at the hands of pagans on present-day Gellért Hill.
1241	During the Tatar invasions both towns are destroyed. King Béla IV builds the first royal castle on Castle Hill, Buda in 1248. The new town adopts the name of Buda from the earlier one (present day Óbuda). Pest is surrounded by city walls.
1270	Saint Margaret of Hungary dies in a cloister on the Isle of Rabbits (present day Margaret Island).
1458	The noblemen of Hungary elect Matthias Corvinus (in Latin) or Hunyadi Mátyás (in Hungarian) as king on the ice of the Danube. Under his reign Buda becomes the main hub of European Renaissance. He dies in 1490, after capturing Vienna in 1485.
1541	The beginning of Ottoman occupation. The Turkish Pashas build multiple mosques and baths in Buda.
1686	Buda and Pest are reconquered from the Turks with Habsburg leadership. Both towns are destroyed completely in the battles.
1690s	Resettlement, initially only a few hundred German settlers.
1773	Election of the first Mayor of Pest.
1777	Maria Theresa of Austria moves the Nagyszombat University to Castle Hill.
1783	Joseph II places the acting government (Helytartótanács) and Magyar Kamara on Buda.
1795 20 May	Ignác Martinovics and other Jacobin leaders are executed on Vérmező or 'The Field of Blood'.
1810	The Tabán fire.
1825	Commencement of the Reform Era, Pest becomes the cultural and economic centre of the country, the first National Theatre is built along with the Hungarian National Museum and the Széchenyi Lánchíd.
1838	The biggest flood in recent memory in March. Pest is completely inundated.
1848 15 March	Start of the Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49. Pest replaces Pozsony (Bratislava) as the new capital of Hungary and seat of the Batthyány government and the Parliament.
1849	The Austrians occupy the city in early January, but the Hungarian Honvédsereg (Army of National Defense) reclaims it in April, taking the fortress of Buda on May 21 after an 18-day siege. In July, the Habsburg army again captures the two towns.
1849 6 October	Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian Prime Minister is executed on the present-day Szabadság tér.
1867	Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, followed by unprecedented civic development, resulting in the style of present day Budapest.
1873	The former cities: Pest, Buda and Óbuda are united, and with that the Hungarian capital is established with the name of Budapest.
1874	The rack (or cog-wheel) railway (Budapest Cog-wheel Railway) service is inaugurated.
1896	Millennium celebrations, the Millennium Underground is inaugurated, and the Ferenc József híd (today's Liberty Bridge) is opened.
1909–1910	Electronic public lighting.
1910	The census finds 880 thousand people in Budapest and 55 thousand in the largest suburb of Újpest (now part of Budapest). The religious make-up was 60.9% Catholic, 23.1% Jewish, 9.9% Calvinist and 5.0% Lutheran. Újpest was 65.9% Catholic, 18.4% Jewish, 9.7% Calvinist and 4.5% Lutheran. The percentage of ethnic Germans was 9.0% in Budapest and 5.7% in Újpest, while 2.3% of the population claimed to be Slovak. (Source: Történelmi Magyarország atlasza és adattára 1914, Budapest, 2001.)
1918–1919	Revolution and the 133 days of the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March-August 1919) under the leadership of Béla Kun. It is the first Communist government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution in Russia.
1924	Hungarian National Bank is founded.
1925	Hungarian Radio starts its broadcast.
1933	Disassembly of the Tabán commences.
1944 19 March	Budapest is occupied by the Germans. At the time of the occupation, there were 184,000 Jews and about 65-80 thousand Christians considered Jewish in the town. Fewer than half of them (approximately 119,000) survived the following 11 months.
1944 26 December - 13 Ferbuary	Soviet and Romanian troops besiege Budapest. 15 Jan–18 Jan. The retreating Germans blow up all Danube bridges. On Jan. 18, Pest and the Ghetto in Pest are completely liberated. The Buda castle falls on Feb 13. World War II took the lives of close to two hundred thousand Budapest residents. Heavy damage to the buildings.
1956 23 October - 4 November	The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending in the invasion of a large Soviet force.
1960s	Wartime damages are by and large corrected. Bridges are rebuilt, the last one, the Elizabeth Bridge is rebuilt in 1965.
1970–1972	East-Western Metro is inaugurated (first phase).
1982	North-Southern Metro is inaugurated (first phase).
1987	Castle Hill, Buda and the banks of the Danube are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
1990	2 016 100 residents
2002	Andrássy Avenue is also included in the World heritage Sites, along with the Millennium Underground railway and Heroes' Square.
2006	Following the PM, Ferenc Gyurcsány´s, admission of lying about the state of the economy the 2006 protests in Hungary take place

Geography

Budapest lies in central Hungary. The Danube enters the city from the north; later it encircles two islands, Óbuda Island and Margaret Island^[6]. The river that separates the two parts of the city is only 230 m (755 ft) wide at its narrowest point in Budapest. Pest lies on the flat terrain of the Great Plain while Buda is rather hilly^[6].

Climate

Budapest has a temperate, transitional climate - somewhere between the mild, rainy weather of Transdanubia and the variable climate of the flat and open Great Plain to the east^[27].

Climate data for Budapest
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: weather.com^[28]

Population

File:Budapest Agglomeration.png

Population growth of Budapest metropolitan area (1870-2005)

Ethnic groups

Population by nationalities^[29]:

Magyars - 1,603,511 (90.2%)
Roma - 12,266 (0.7%)
Germans - 7,014 (0.4%)
Others (mainly Slovaks, Ukranians, Chinese) - 8,055
No answer, unknown - 147,075

Religions

Population by denominations^[30]:

Roman Catholic - 808,460 (45.5%)
Calvinist - 224,169 (12.6%)
Lutheran - 46,449 (2.6%)
Greek Catholic - 28,901 (1.6%)
Jewish - 9,468 (0.5%)
Atheist - 347,209 (19.5%)
Others (mainly Christian) - 26,681
No answer, unknown - 286,584

Historical population

In 1910 Budapest had 880,371 residents (85.9% Hungarian, 9% German, 2.3% Slovak, 2.8% other). Religions: 59.8% Roman Catholic, 23.1% Jewish, 9.9% Calvinist, 4.9% Lutheran, 2.3% other.^[31]

Districts

Originally Budapest had 10 districts after coming into existence upon the unification of the three cities in 1873. On 1 January, 1950 Budapest was united with several neighboring towns and the number of its districts was raised to 22 (Greater Budapest). At that time there were changes both in the order of districts and in their sizes. Now there are 23 districts, 6 in Buda, 16 in Pest and 1 on Csepel Island between them. Each district can be associated with one or more city parts named after former towns within Budapest.

Landmarks and monuments

The neo-Gothic Parliament, containing amongst other things the Hungarian Crown Jewels. Saint Stephen's Basilica, where the Holy Right Hand of the founder of Hungary, King Saint Stephen is on display. The Hungarian cuisine and café culture: for example, Gerbeaud Café, and the Százéves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabárdos, Arany Szarvas, Kárpátia and the world famous Mátyás Pince Restaurants. There are Roman remains at the Aquincum Museum, and historic furniture at the Nagytétény Castle Museum.

The Castle Hill, the River Danube embankments and the whole of Andrássy út have been officially recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Castle Hill and the Castle District; there are three churches here, six museums, and a host of interesting buildings, streets and squares. The former Royal Palace is one of the symbols of Hungary – and has been the scene of battles and wars ever since the thirteenth century. Nowadays it houses two impressive museums and the National Széchenyi Library. The nearby Sándor Palace contains the offices and official residence of the President of Hungary. The seven-hundred year-old Matthias Church is one of the jewels of Budapest. Next to it is an equestrian statue of the first king of Hungary, King Saint Stephen, and behind that is the Fisherman's Bastion, from where opens out a panoramic view of the whole city. Statues of the Turul, the mythical guardian bird of Hungary, can be found in both the Castle District and the Twelfth District.

In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrássy út. As far as Kodály Körönd and Oktogon both sides are lined with large shops and flats built close together. Between there and Heroes’ Square the houses are detached and altogether grander. Under the whole runs continental Europe’s oldest Underground railway, most of whose stations retain their original appearance. Heroes’ Square is dominated by the Millenary Monument, with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front. To the sides are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Palace of Arts, and behind City Park opens out, with Vajdahunyad Castle. One of the jewels of Andrássy út is the Hungarian State Opera House.

The city is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Dohány Street Synagogue)^[32], the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath) and the third largest Parliament building in the world, once the largest in the world. The third largest church in Europe (Esztergom Basilica) and the second largest Baroque castle in the world (Gödöllő) are in the vicinity.

Matthias Church
Széchenyi Chain Bridge
Museum of Fine Arts
Saint Stephen's Basilica
Heroes' Square with the Millenary Monument

Heroes' Square with the Millenary Monument
Vigadó Concert Hall

Vigadó Concert Hall
Vajdahunyad Castle
Saint Elisabeth Church
The Great Synagogue
Museum of Applied Arts
New York Café

New York Café
Hungarian National Museum

Hungarian National Museum
Castle District

Castle District
Grey Friars Square

Grey Friars Square
Inner City Parish Church (Pest, 12th century)

Inner City Parish Church (Pest, 12th century)
St. Anne Church in Buda

Islands

Seven islands can be found on the Danube: Hajógyári sziget (literal translation: Shipyard Island), Margit-sziget (Margaret Island), and Csepel sziget (the northernmost part of this island belonging to Budapest is a separate district of the city, the XXI., while the other islands are parts of other districts, the III. and XIII. respectively), Palotai-sziget (in fact, it's a peninsula today), Népsziget (connected to the above, but mostly surrounded by water), Háros-sziget and Molnár-sziget.

Notable islands:

Margit-sziget is a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long island and 0.965 square kilometres (238 acres) in area. The island mostly consists of a park and is a popular recreational area for tourists and locals alike. The island lies between bridges Margaret Bridge (south) and Árpád Bridge (north). Dance clubs, Swimming pools, an Aqua park, athletic and fitness centres, bicycle and running tracks can be found around the Island. During the day the island is occupied by people doing sports, or just resting. In the summer (generally on the weekends) mostly young people go to the island at night to party in its terraces, or to recreate with a bottle of alcohol on a bench or on the grass (this form of entertainment is sometimes referred to as bench-partying).
Csepel-sziget [ˈtʃɛpɛlsigɛt] or Csepel Island is the largest island of the River Danube in Hungary. It is 48 km (30 mi) long; its width is 6-8 km (3.75–5 mi) and its area comprises 257 km² (99 sq mi), whereas only the northern tip is inside the city limits.
Hajógyári-sziget [ˈhɒjo:ɟa:ri sigɛt] (or Óbudai-sziget) is a man built island, located in the third district. This island hosts many activities such as: wake-boarding, jet-skiing during the day, and dance clubs during the night. This is the island where the famous Sziget Festival takes place, hosting hundreds of performances per year and now around 400,000 visitors in its last edition. Many building projects are taking place to make this island into one of the biggest entertainment centres of Europe, the plan is to build Apartment buildings, hotels, casinos and a marina.
Luppa-sziget is the smallest island of Budapest, located in the north region.

Transport

Airport

Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, which has 3 passenger terminals: Ferihegy 1, which tends to serve the many discount airlines now flying to and from Budapest, Ferihegy 2/A and Ferihegy 2/B. Terminal 2/C is planned to be built. The airport is located to the east of the centre in the XVIII. district in Pestszentlőrinc.

Roads

Budapest is the most important Hungarian road terminus; all the major highways end there. Budapest is also a major railway terminus.

Ring road M0 around Budapest is currently under construction.

Public transport

Budapest public transport is provided by BKV^[33], the company operates buses, trolleybuses, trams, suburban railway lines, the metro, a boat service, a cogwheel railway and a chairlift, called Libegő.

Budapest's tram network is extensive, and reliable despite poor track infrastructure and an ageing fleet. Routes 4 and 6 combined form the busiest traditional city tram line in the world, with the world's longest passenger trams (54-metre (177 ft) long Siemens Combino) running at 60 to 90 second intervals at peak time and 3-4 minutes off-peak and usually packed with people.

Day services operate from 4:30 a.m. until 11:30 p.m. each day. Night traffic (a reduced overnight service) has a reputation for being excellent^{[citation needed]}.

There are three metro lines and a fourth is currently under construction. The Yellow line, built in 1896, is one of the oldest subway lines in the world, following only the early lines of the London Underground.

Special vehicles

Beside metros, suburban rails, buses, trams and boats, there are a couple of less usual vehicles in Budapest:

trolleybus (trolibusz) on several lines in Pest
funicular (sikló); the Castle Hill Funicular between the Chain Bridge and Buda Castle
cyclecar (bringóhintó) for rent in Margaret Island
chairlift (libegő)
rack railway (fogaskerekű vasút); the Budapest Cog-wheel Railway
children's railway (gyermekvasút)^[33]

The latter three vehicles run among Buda hills.

Railway

Hungarian main-line railways are operated by MÁV. There are three main railway termini in Budapest, Keleti (eastern), Nyugati (westbound), and Déli (southbound), operating both domestic and international rail services. Budapest was one of the main stops of the Orient Express until 2001, when the service was cut back to Paris-Vienna.

There is also a suburban rail service in and around Budapest, operated under the name HÉV.

Waterways

The river Danube flows through Budapest on its way to the Black Sea. The river is easily navigable and so Budapest has historically been a major commercial port (at Csepel). In the summer months a scheduled hydrofoil service operates up the Danube to Vienna.

Education

File:Bme-budapest-hungary.jpg

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Budapest is Hungary's main centre of education and home to many universities

Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Corvinus University of Budapest
Eötvös Loránd University
Semmelweis University (medical university)
Budapest Business School

Sister cities

These are the official sister cities of Budapest^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]:

Country		City	County / District / Region / State	Date
Austria		Vienna	Vienna	1990
Bosnia and Herzegovina		Sarajevo	Sarajevo Canton	1995
Croatia		Zagreb	Zagreb	1994
Germany		Berlin	Berlin	1992
Germany		Frankfurt am Main	Hesse	1990
Israel	File:Tel Aviv coatofarms.jpg	Tel Aviv	Tel Aviv District	1989
Italy		Florence	Tuscany	2008
Portugal		Lisbon	District of Lisbon	1992
United States		Fort Worth	Texas	1990
United States		New York City	New York	1991

Some of the city's districts are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities, for details see the article List of districts and towns in Budapest.

References

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^ "Budapest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
^ "Doing Business : Budapest, the soul of Central Europe". International Herald Tribune. 2004-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Gazetteer of the Republic of Hungary" (PDF). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
^ "Social and economic parameters of Budapest" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. p. 9. ISBN 978-963-235-151-3. Retrieved 2007-07-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Török, András. "Budapest". Encarta. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
^ ^a ^b Molnár, Miklós (2001). "Chronology". A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0521667364. Retrieved 2008-05-19. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Aquincum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessmonth=, |month=, |coauthors=, and |accessyear= (help)
^ Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest". A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 3. ISBN 025320867X. Retrieved 2008-05-19. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, and |origdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Budapest". Travel Channel. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Budapest". 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Retrieved 2008-01-30. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Drake, Miriam A. (2003). "Eastern Europe, England and Spain". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. CRC Press. p. 2498. ISBN 0824720806. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessmonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, and |coauthors= (help)
^ Casmir, Fred L. (1995). "Hungarian culture in communication". Communication in Eastern Europe: The Role of History, Culture, and media in contemporary conflicts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 122. ISBN 0805816259. Retrieved 2008-05-21. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, and |coauthors= (help)
^ Beaverstock, J. V. (1999). "A Roster of World Cities". Loughborough University. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Nomination of the banks of the Danube and the district of the Buda Castle" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Budapest Is Stealing Some of Prague's Spotlight". The New York Times. 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "World Heritage Committee Inscribes 9 New Sites on the World Heritage List". Unesco World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Budapest City Guide". European Rail Guide. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index™ (PDF), Mastercard, 2008, p. 21, retrieved 2008-06-12
^ "World's Top 100 Most Livable Cities". Business Week. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "EU nations pick Budapest for technology institute". International Herald Tribune. The New York Times Company. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2008-06-20. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest". A History of Hungary. p. 5. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
^ Molnár, Miklós (2001). "Chronology". A Concise History of Hungary. p. 12. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
^ ^a ^b Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "The Angevine State". A History of Hungary. p. 48. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)
^ Mona, Ilona (1974). "Hungarian Music Publication 1774 - 1867". Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 16. Akadémiai Kiadó: 261–275. doi:10.2307/901850. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
^ "Budapest". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2007-07-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Budapest:When to go". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2008-04-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Monthly Averages for Budapest, Hungary". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2008-02-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Population by nationalities". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2001. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
^ "Population by religions, denominations". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2001. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
^ County maps of the Hungarian Kingdom (1913)
^ "Out of Darkness, New Life". The New York Times. 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
^ ^a ^b "36 Hours in Budapest". The New York Times. 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
^ "Sister City - Budapest". Official website of New York City. Retrieved 2008-05-14. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Who knows less about Budapest? A quiz with mayor candidates" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ "Hízelgő a magyar fővárosnak: Firenze testvérvárosának fogadta". Népszabadság (in Hungarian). Ringier. 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-30. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)

Bibliography

DK Publishing, Budapest: Eyewitness Travel Guildes. DK Travel, 2007. ISBN 978-0756624354
Annabel Barber, Visible Cities Budapest: A City Guide. Somerset, Ltd., 2004. ISBN 978-9632129860
Krisztian Ungvary (Author), John Lukacs (Foreword), The Siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II. Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0300119855

External links

Template:Link FA

[TIME-1] "Beauty and the Feast". Time. 2002-03-18. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[2] "Budapest". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

[3] "Doing Business : Budapest, the soul of Central Europe". International Herald Tribune. 2004-08-04. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[4] "Gazetteer of the Republic of Hungary" (PDF). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-08-16.

[Stat_Office-5] "Social and economic parameters of Budapest" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. p. 9. ISBN 978-963-235-151-3. Retrieved 2007-07-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[Encarta-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Török, András. "Budapest". Encarta. Retrieved 2008-04-06.

[History-7] Molnár, Miklós (2001). "Chronology". A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0521667364. Retrieved 2008-05-19. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Aqua-8] "Aquincum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessmonth=, |month=, |coauthors=, and |accessyear= (help)

[9] Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest". A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p. 3. ISBN 025320867X. Retrieved 2008-05-19. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, and |origdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Travel-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Budapest". Travel Channel. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[Eleventh-11] "Budapest". 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Retrieved 2008-01-30. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[12] Drake, Miriam A. (2003). "Eastern Europe, England and Spain". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. CRC Press. p. 2498. ISBN 0824720806. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessmonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, and |coauthors= (help)

[13] Casmir, Fred L. (1995). "Hungarian culture in communication". Communication in Eastern Europe: The Role of History, Culture, and media in contemporary conflicts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 122. ISBN 0805816259. Retrieved 2008-05-21. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, and |coauthors= (help)

[14] Beaverstock, J. V. (1999). "A Roster of World Cities". Loughborough University. Retrieved 2008-05-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[ICOMOS-15] "Nomination of the banks of the Danube and the district of the Buda Castle" (PDF). International Council on Monuments and Sites. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[16] "Budapest Is Stealing Some of Prague's Spotlight". The New York Times. 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[17] "World Heritage Committee Inscribes 9 New Sites on the World Heritage List". Unesco World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[18] "Budapest City Guide". European Rail Guide. Retrieved 2008-02-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[19] Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index™ (PDF), Mastercard, 2008, p. 21, retrieved 2008-06-12

[20] "World's Top 100 Most Livable Cities". Business Week. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[21] "EU nations pick Budapest for technology institute". International Herald Tribune. The New York Times Company. 2008-06-18. Retrieved 2008-06-20. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[Frank-22] Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest". A History of Hungary. p. 5. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)

[23] Molnár, Miklós (2001). "Chronology". A Concise History of Hungary. p. 12. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)

[Sugar-24] Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "The Angevine State". A History of Hungary. p. 48. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessyear=, |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |chapterurl=, |month=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help)

[25] Mona, Ilona (1974). "Hungarian Music Publication 1774 - 1867". Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 16. Akadémiai Kiadó: 261–275. doi:10.2307/901850. Retrieved 2008-06-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)

[26] "Budapest". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2007-07-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[27] "Budapest:When to go". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2008-04-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[weather-28] "Monthly Averages for Budapest, Hungary". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2008-02-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[29] "Population by nationalities". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2001. Retrieved 2008-05-30.

[30] "Population by religions, denominations". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 2001. Retrieved 2008-05-30.

[31] County maps of the Hungarian Kingdom (1913)

[32] "Out of Darkness, New Life". The New York Times. 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2008-03-12.

[NYT_Travel-33] "36 Hours in Budapest". The New York Times. 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2008-01-29.

[34] "Sister City - Budapest". Official website of New York City. Retrieved 2008-05-14. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[35] "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[36] "Who knows less about Budapest? A quiz with mayor candidates" (in Hungarian). Index. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[37] "Hízelgő a magyar fővárosnak: Firenze testvérvárosának fogadta". Népszabadság (in Hungarian). Ringier. 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-30. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |accessdaymonth=, |month=, |accessyear=, |accessmonthday=, and |coauthors= (help)

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v t e World Heritage Sites in Hungary
Cultural	Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae) Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta Fertő / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape¹ Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape	borderFlag of Hungary
Natural	Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst²	borderFlag of Hungary
¹ Shared with Austria ² Shared with Slovakia

v t e The Danube
Countries	Germany Austria Slovakia Hungary Croatia Serbia Bulgaria Romania Moldova Ukraine
Cities	Ulm Ingolstadt Regensburg Passau Linz Vienna Bratislava Győr Budapest Vukovar Novi Sad Belgrade Smederevo Vidin Ruse Silistra Brăila Galați Reni Izmail Kiliia Tulcea
Tributaries	Iller Lech Regen Isar Inn Morava Váh Hron Ipeľ/Ipoly Drava Tisza/Tisa Sava Timiș/Tamiš Great Morava Timok Jiu Iskar Olt Osam Yantra Vedea Argeș Ialomița Siret Prut
Canals	Rhine–Main–Danube Canal Danube–Black Sea Canal
See also	Breg Brigach Source Danube Bend Danube Delta List of islands in the Danube List of crossings of the Danube Internationalization

v t e NUTS regions of Hungary
NUTS 1	Central Hungary Transdanubia Great Plain and North
NUTS 2	Central Hungary Central Transdanubia Northern Great Plain Northern Hungary Southern Great Plain Southern Transdanubia Western Transdanubia
NUTS 3	Bács-Kiskun Baranya Békés Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Budapest Csongrád Fejér Győr-Moson-Sopron Hajdú-Bihar Heves Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Komárom-Esztergom Nógrád Pest Somogy Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Tolna Vas Veszprém Zala