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===Airport Express===
===Airport Express===
[[File:Delhi MetroA..jpg|thumb|Airport Express,Train Supplied By [[CAF Beasain]].]]


Eight 6-car trains supplied by [[CAF Beasain]] were imported from [[Spain]].<ref name="airport1">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airport-line-handed-over-to-reliance-infra/621131/0|title=Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=2010-05-20|accessdate=2010-06-05}}</ref> CAF holds 5% equity in the DAME project, [[Reliance Infrastructure]] holds the remaining 95%.<ref name="caf.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.caf.net/img/prensa/notprensa/20090602113223railway3_may2009.pdf|title=Delhi Airport line contracts finalised|publisher=[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]]}}</ref> The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to the existing metro trains and have in-built noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers. The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort.<ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms|title=Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=2010-09-26|accessdate=2010-09-27|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=December 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>
Eight 6-car trains supplied by [[CAF Beasain]] were imported from [[Spain]].<ref name="airport1">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airport-line-handed-over-to-reliance-infra/621131/0|title=Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=2010-05-20|accessdate=2010-06-05}}</ref> CAF holds 5% equity in the DAME project, [[Reliance Infrastructure]] holds the remaining 95%.<ref name="caf.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.caf.net/img/prensa/notprensa/20090602113223railway3_may2009.pdf|title=Delhi Airport line contracts finalised|publisher=[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]]}}</ref> The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to the existing metro trains and have in-built noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers. The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort.<ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms|title=Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=2010-09-26|accessdate=2010-09-27|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=December 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:05, 1 March 2013

Delhi Metro
Overview
LocaleNCR, India
Transit typeRapid transit, Government-owned corporation
Number of lines6
Number of stations142[1]
Daily ridership2.06 million[2]
Chief executiveMangu Singh, MD[3]
HeadquartersMetro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
Websitewww.delhimetrorail.com
Operation
Began operation24 December 2002; 21 years ago (24 December 2002)
Operator(s)Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC),दिल्ली मेट्रो रेल निगम लिमिटेड
Number of vehicles210 trains[4]
Train length4/6/8 coaches[4][5]
Technical
System length192.7 kilometres (119.7 mi)[1]
Track gauge1676 broad gauge
1435 standard gauge
ElectrificationSingle phase 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary
System map

The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (abbreviated to DMRC) is a state owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida, and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is India's first modern public transportation system,which has revolutionized travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83 mi) with 142 stations of which 35 are underground, five are at-grade, and the remainder are elevated. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge.Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad.

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), (Hindi: दिल्ली मेट्रो रेल निगम लिमिटेड). As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between 06:00 and 23:00 running with an interval of 2 minutes 30 seconds between trains at peak frequency.[6][7] The trains are mainly of four coaches, but due to increase in the number of passengers, six-coach trains are also added on the Yellow Line (Jahangirpuri to HUDA city centre), Blue Line (Dwarka sec −21 to Vaishali/NOIDA City Centre),Violet Line (Central Secretariat to Badarpur) and Green line (Inderlok/Kirti nagar to Mundka).Yellow line is the first one with eight coach trains.[4][5][7][8] The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50-hertz alternating current through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of 1.8 million commuters, and, as of July 2011, had carried over 1.25 billion commuters since its inception.[9] The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get "carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions" and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes every year.[10]

Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) registered on 3 May 1995 under the Companies Act, 1956. Construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010, and the Delhi Airport Metro Express in 2011.

History

Background

The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969.[11] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction.[12] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[13]

While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[13] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load.[11] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[14] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[15]

Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over the charge as MD, DMRC to Shri Mangu Singh on 31 December 2011.

Construction

Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on 1 October 1998.[16] After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds.[17] The DMRC then consulted the Hong Kong MTR on rapid transit operation and construction techniques.[18] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.[19]

The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India, on 24 December 2002,[20] and thus, it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006,[21] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as "nothing short of a miracle".[22]

Construction Accidents

On 19 October 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34-metre (112 ft) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[23]

On 12 July 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.[24] The following day, on 13 July 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[25] On 22 July 2009, a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him.[26] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.[27]

Network

Network map
Main article: List of Delhi metro stations

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65.11 km (40.46 mi) of route length, of which 13.01 km (8.08 mi) is underground and 52.10 km (32.37 mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the Dwarka–Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 2006.[21] Phase II of the network comprises 128 km (80 mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.[28] Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned to be completed by 2016 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by then.[29]

Current routes

As of 1 January 2013, the whole of Phase-I and Phase-II were complete with the network comprising six lines with 142 metro stations and a total length of 190 km (120 mi).

Line First operational Last Extension Stations[30] Length
(km)[30] 		Terminals Rolling stock Gauge Power
  Red Line December 24, 2002 June 4, 2008 21 25.09 Dilshad Garden Rithala 26 trains[31] 1676mm 25kV OH
  Yellow Line December 20, 2004 September 3, 2010 34 44.65 Jahangirpuri HUDA City Centre 60 trains[6] 1676mm AA
  Blue Line December 31, 2005 October 30, 2010 44 49.93 Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 70 trains[7] 1676mm BB
January 7, 2010 July 14, 2011 7 8.74 Yamuna Bank Vaishali 1676mm CC
  Green Line April 3, 2010 — 13 15.14 Inderlok Mundka 15 trains[32] 1435mm
August 27, 2011 — 2 3.32 Kirti Nagar Ashok Park Main 1676mm DD
  Violet Line October 3, 2010 January 14, 2011 15 20.04 Central Secretariat Badarpur 30 trains[33] 1435mm EE
  Airport Express February 23, 2011 — 6 22.70 New Delhi Dwarka Sector 21 8 trains 1676mm GG
Total 142 190

Red Line

Red Line
Main article: Red Line

The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[31] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations.[34] The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.[35][36] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,[37] Inderlok – Rithala on March 31, 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on June 4, 2008.[38] The red line has two interchange stations, the first being Kashmere Gate with the yellow line and the second Inderlok with the green line.

Yellow Line

File:DelhiMetroYelowLine.JPG
Yellow Line
Main article: Yellow Line

The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened.[39] It runs for 44.36 kilometres (27.56 mi) from north to south and connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on February 4, 2009.[38] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[40][41] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre was opened, initially operating separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on August 26, 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel.[42][43] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010.[44] Interchanges are available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station, Violet Line at Central Secretariat, and with the Indian Railways network at Chandani chowk Delhi Junction Railway station and New Delhi New Delhi railway stations.[45][46] Yellow line is the first line of delhi metro with all trains of six coach configuration.The Metro Museum at Patel Chowk Metro station is a collection of display panels, historical photographs and exhibits, traces the genesis of the Delhi Metro.

Blue Line

Blue Line
Main article: Blue Line

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[47] Mainly elevated and partly underground,[48] it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[47] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on December 31, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on November 11, 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on May 10, 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on November 12, 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on October 30, 2010.[38] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[34] and has India's first extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[49] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 8, 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[50] It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on July 14, 2011.[51][52] A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on October 30, 2010.[53][54] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station,[48] Green line at Kirti Nagar and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand Vihar ISBT.[55]

Green Line

Main article: Green Line

Opened in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the Delhi Metro.[32] The fully elevated line connects Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15.1 kilometres (9.4 mi) mostly along Rohtak Road with a branch line connecting the line's Ashok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line. The line consists of 17 stations including an interchange station covering a total length of 18.46 km. The line was opened in two stages, with the 15.1 km Inderlok - Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010, and the 3.5 km Kirti Nagar - Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011.[56] An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse.[57] This line also has the country's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.[58]

Violet Line

File:DelhiMetroPurpleLine.JPG
Violet Line
Main article: Violet Line

The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 20.2 km (12.6 mi) long line connects Badarpur to Central Secretariat, with 9 km (5.6 mi) being overhead and the rest underground.[33] The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on October 3, 2010,that just hoursana before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which was the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event.[59] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100 m (330 ft) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions, and a major industrial estate along its route.[33] Services are provided at intervals of 5 min.[59] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse.[33] On January 14, 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line.[1]

Airport Express

The interior of a Delhi Metro Airport Express train
Main article: Delhi Airport Metro Express

The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line is operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line.[60] The line was constructed at a cost of ₹5,700 crore (US$680 million), of which Reliance Infrastructure invested ₹2,885 crore (US$350 million) and will pay fees on a revenue-share model.[61] The line has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on August 15, 2011), with some featuring check-in facilities, parking, and eateries.[62] Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135 km/h (84 mph).[62] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was opened on 24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months. After 16 months of commencement of operations, the line was shut down for repairs of the viaducts on 8 July 2012.[63][64]

Planned extensions

Delhi Metro map with Phase I, phase II & proposed phase III routes

Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread over around 20 years as with each phase having a target of five years and end of one phase marking the beginning of another. Phase I (65 km) and Phase II (125 km) were completed in 2006 and 2011, respectively, and Phase III and Phase IV are scheduled for completion in 2016 and 2021, respectively. Work on Phase III has already started while planning for Phase IV has begun. Ex-chief of DMRC hinted that by the time Phase IV is completed, the city will need Phase V to cope with rising population and transport needs.[65]

Phase III

Out of 2 new lines and 10 route extensions proposed for Phase III, cabinet approvals have been obtained for 2 new lines and 5 line extensions totaling 140 km, with an estimated cost of ₹35,000 crore (US$4.2 billion).[66] Construction has already begun on many of these, and by mid-2012, tenders of all approved lines will be awarded. These approved lines are:

Line Stations Length
(km) 		Terminals No. of interchanges
planned
  Yellow Line extension 3 4.48 Jahangirpuri Badli 0
  Violet Line 7 9.36 Central Secretariat Kashmere Gate 2
11 13.875 Badarpur YMCA chowk, Faridabad 0
  Blue Line branch 4 5.5 Dwarka Najafgarh 1
  Green Line 6 11.182 Mundka Bahadurgarh 0
Inner Ring Road Line (Line 7)[67] 37 58.40 Mukundpur Shiv Vihar 10
Outer Ring Road Line (Line 8) 26 37.25 Janakpuri West Botanical Garden 4
Total 92 140.047 17

Other than these approved lines, there are several other proposed lines which are awaiting approval for inclusion in Phase III.[68] These line extensions are:

Line Stations Length
(km) 		Terminals No. of interchanges
planned
  Blue Line branch 5 6 Noida City Centre Noida Sector 62 0
  Airport Express 5 11.63 Dwarka Sector 21 IFFCO Chowk 1
  Red Line 6 9.6 Dilshad Garden New Bus Stand, Ghaziabad 0
  Red Line 6 12 Rithala Bawana 0
Total 39.23 1

Phase III will have 28 underground stations covering 41 km.[69] More than 20 tunnel boring machines are expected to be simultaneously used during construction of Phase III.[70] Delhi Metro is expecting a ridership of 4 million after completion of Phase III. DMRC has decided to use communication based train control (CBTC) for signaling which will allow trains to run at a short headway of 90 seconds.[71] Keeping this in mind and other constraints, DMRC changed its decision to build 9 car long stations for new lines and instead opting for shorter stations which can accommodate 6 car trains.

For the first time Delhi Metro will construct ring lines in Phase III. Till Phase II, Delhi Metro focused on expanding the reach of metro and thus built long radial lines. However, in Phase III, Delhi Metro is aiming to interconnect existing lines by ring lines to improve connectivity. This will not only help in reducing distances but will also relieve radial lines of some congestion.

Phase IV

Phase IV has a 2021 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Burari, Mukundpur, Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Narela, Ghazipur, Noida sector 62, extensions of Violet line, Green line, Line 8, having a total length of over 100 km.[29][72][73] There might be some changes in plan before actual construction starts on these lines.

Delhi Metro Masterplan 2021. Only those proposed lines are included here which are very likely to get built. Other proposed lines are not included.

Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha – Noida Sector 32 line.[74] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad through extension of the Blue Line from Vaishali to Mehrauli via Indirapuram. The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, work on which is going on and has a deadline of 2013, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro at Sikandarpur station on Yellow line.[75] For the year 2012-13, Noida development Authority has allocated Rs 500 crore for Metro extension, with City Center Metro line being extended till the crossing of Sector 71 and 72.[76]

Finances

Funding

The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be ₹14,430 crore (US$1.7 billion) at 2004 prices.[77] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at ₹200 crore (US$24 million) per kilometre.[78] Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,[77] and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[79] The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property development.[77] The Metro also received ₹1,914.3 crore (US$229.4 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009.[80] As of August 7, 2010, Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of ₹567.63 crore (US$68 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[81]

[82] Delhi Metro's implementation of Phase-I, which connected 65 km in the national capital, has been rated as "excellent" by the project's funding agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[83]

Revenue and Profits

Delhi Metro is one of the few metro systems in the world having an operational profit from the first day. In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales.[84][85] The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board.[86][87] Producers have to pay as much as ₹1 lakh (US$1,198.20) for every hour of filming, besides a security deposit and insurance.[86]

For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of ₹305.27 crore (US$36.6 million) and a profit before tax of ₹19.98 crore (US$2.4 million),[88] which rose to ₹723.77 crore (US$86.7 million) and ₹90.43 crore (US$10.8 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009.[80]

For the financial year ended March 2011, DMRC reported operating revenues of ₹1,608 crore (US$192.7 million), a loss before tax of ₹13 crore (US$1.6 million), and EBITDA (operating income before interest and depreciation) of ₹768 crore (US$92.0 million). Property development (advertising and retail) contributed almost Rs. 98 crore to the revenue. Ticket sales fetched Rs. 938 crore, with the remainder coming from consultancy for other Metro projects in the country and miscellaneous sources. DMRC made an operating profit of Rs. 0.48 per traveller. In the same period, "core" revenues were ₹939 crore (US$112.5 million) and EBITDA ₹489 crore (US$58.6 million), with the remainder coming from external projects (e.g. Jaipur Metro), real estate, and consultancy.[89]

Operations

Inside the Ajmeri Gate metro station.
HUDA City Centre metro station
Train at HUDA City Centre metro station
File:DelhiMetroSmartCard.jpg
Smart Card

Trains operate at a frequency of 2 minutes 30 seconds to 5–10 minutes between 6:00 and 23:00 depending peak and off-peak time. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speed up to 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop for about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés, convenience stores and mobile recharge. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations.[90] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[91] The first coach of every train is reserved for women.[92][93]

Security

Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.[94] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.[95] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems, and dog squads which are used to secure the system. About 5,200 CCTV cameras have been installed, which cover every nook and corner of each Metro station. Each of the underground stations has about 45 to 50 cameras installed while the elevated stations have about 16 to 20 cameras each. The monitoring of these cameras is done by the CISF, which is in charge of security of the Metro, as well as the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.[96] Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the train operator.[97] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.[98] DMRC is also looking at raising the station walls and railings for the safety of passengers.[99]

Ticketing

For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from ₹8 (9.6¢ US) to ₹30 (36¢ US). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[100] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro was introduced in 2011.[101] Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of ₹100 (US$1.20) to ₹800 (US$9.60). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it.[102] A deposit of ₹50 (60¢ US) needs to be made to buy a new card which is refundable on the return of the card any time before its expiry if the card is not physically damaged.[100] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is ₹100 (US$1.20) and that of a three-day card is ₹250 (US$3.00), besides a refundable deposit of ₹50 (60¢ US) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[100]

Issues

Metro station and train entering.

As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[103][104] To alleviate the problem, 6 coach trains have been introduced and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.Eight coach train in yellow and blue line is on pipeline [103] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[105][106] In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which connects the north and south campuses of Delhi University, was reported to be a reason for students missing or reporting late for classes.[107]

Ridership

Delhi Metro recorded its highest ever ridership figure of 2.2 million on 1 August 2012,[108] which surpassed the earlier record set on 20 August 2011, when 2,066,925 people travelled by the Metro.[109]

Currently, DMRC has a pool of 200 train sets with 69 of these being six coach formations. At present, the Delhi Metro is operational on six lines where more than 2500 train trips are made each day traversing over 69000 km in a day. With Phase-III of the network expected to cover about 108 km, the Delhi Metro network will become 295 km by 2016, making it one of the fastest expanding Metro networks in the world carrying about 4 million (40 lakh) passengers.[110]

Rolling stock

A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai Rotem-BEML.[111]
A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier.
One of the new six coach trains.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm (4.708 ft) standard gauge rolling stock.[112] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line, and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line.[33][113][114][115][116]

Maglev trains were initially considered for some lines of Phase 3, but DMRC decided to continue with conventional rail in August 2012.[117]

Broad gauge

The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[118] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.[119] These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[120] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[121] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[122] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[121] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.[120]

The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 614 cars worth approximately US$ 1100 million.[123] While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[124] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[125]

Standard gauge

The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[126] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.[121] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[127] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[121]

Airport Express

Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were imported from Spain.[128] CAF holds 5% equity in the DAME project, Reliance Infrastructure holds the remaining 95%.[129] The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to the existing metro trains and have in-built noise reduction and padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers. The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort.[92]

Airport express service has been temporarily suspended due to safety reasons. There is an ongoing controversy between DMRC and the private operator, Reliance.

Signalling and Telecommunication

Inside a Metro coach.
A typical signal used in the Delhi metro

The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[130] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all lines to carry both voice and data information.[131] For Blue Line Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.[132] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[133] For Red and Yellow lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for line Green and Voilet Bombardier Transportation has supplied CITYFLO 350 signalling system.

The Airport Express line has introduced WiFi services at all stations along the route on 13 January 2012. Connectivity inside metro trains travelling on the route is expected in the future. The WiFi service is provided by YOU Broadband & Cable India Limited.[134] The service makes Delhi Metro the second metro in India to provide WiFi services to passengers after the Namma Metro in Bangalore.

A fully automated, operatorless train system has been offered to Delhi Metro by the French defence and civilian technologies major Thales.[135]

Environment and aesthetics

The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[136] RINA,[137] and the International Organization for Standardization,[137] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[138] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure.[139] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[140] and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[141] In order to reduce its dependence on non-renewable sources of energy, DMRC is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels at the Karkardooma and Noida Sector-21 metro stations.[142]

The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations.[143] Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[144] while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren.[145] The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India,[146] while all stations on the Central Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi.[147] The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India: Rabindranath Tagore, CV Raman, Dr Hargobind Khorana, Mother Teresa, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Amartya Sen and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and provide details about their contribution to society and a panel each on Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "DMRC opens Sarita Vihar–Badarpur section". Hindustan Times. 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  2. ^ "Metro Ridership now 2.06 million". The Times Of India. 2011-12-28.
  3. ^ "Mangu Singh to be next Metro chief". The Times Of India. 2011-10-20.
  4. ^ a b c "DMRC To Induct Two Six-Coach Trains By The End Of This Month On Line-3". Press Release. DMRC. 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  5. ^ a b "Delhi Metro to add extra coaches". Business Standard. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-01-06.
  6. ^ a b "Delhi Metro Operations Update". Press Release. DMRC. 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  7. ^ a b c "More trains from Dwarka to Noida". The Times of India. 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
  8. ^ "Metro starts shift to six-coach trains to boost capacity". Hindustan Times. 2010-09-25. Retrieved 2010-09-29.From June onwards the metro will have 8 coach trains plying in yellow and blue lines, due to the increasing rush
  9. ^ "Delhi metro's total ridership since 2002 crosses the total population of India". Press Release. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  10. ^ Cities / Delhi : Delhi Metro gets UN certification. The Hindu (2011-09-26). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  11. ^ a b Siemiatycki 2006, p. 279
  12. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, pp. 279–280
  13. ^ a b "History of Delhi Metro". DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  14. ^ Pucher, John (2004). "The Crisis of Public Transport in India" (PDF). Journal of Public Transportation. 7 (4): 1–20. Retrieved 2009-09-17. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Structure of Delhi Metro". DMRC. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  16. ^ "Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare". The Indian Express.
  17. ^ "Delhi Metro showcases public sector success". The Indian Express. 2007-04-13. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
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  52. ^ "Vaishali Metro to kick off on July 14 minus Maya". Times of India. 2011-07-13.
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  63. ^ "Airport Metro misses CWG deadline". NDTV. 2010-10-03. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
  64. ^ Cities / Delhi : Airport to be 20 minutes from Connaught Place from Wednesday. The Hindu (2011-02-21). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  65. ^ Metro to cover whole of Delhi by 2012 – Economic Times. Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com (2011-12-11). Retrieved on 2012-4-8.
  66. ^ Delhi Metro rings in the New Year under new chief. Jagran Post (2012-1-1). Retrieved on 2012-4-8.
  67. ^ New Metro corridor to touch all corners. Hindustan Times (2011-06-04). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  68. ^ Metro to connect more NCR areas in Ph III. Times of India (2011-11-08). Retrieved on 2012-4-8.
  69. ^ Delhi Metro To Construct Record Number Of Underground Corridors In Phase 3. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. Retrieved on 2012-04-08.
  70. ^ Tunnelling work starts for Metro's Phase III. Economic Times (2012-01-31). Retrieved on 2012-4-8.
  71. ^ Metro to introduce advanced signalling system in Phase-III. Economic Times (2011-12-15). Retrieved on 2012-04-08.
  72. ^ DMRC to surpass London Metro by 2021. Hindustan Times (2011-11-18). Retrieved on 2012-4-9.
  73. ^ "A Metro link for Narela Sub City". The Hindu. Jan 29, 2005.
  74. ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2006-12-25). "Delhi Metro map to cover Greater Noida". The Hindu. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  75. ^ Megha Suri (2010-01-30). "Pvt metro link to get Central nod soon". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  76. ^ "Metro line between Noida, Greater Noida approved". 10 July 2012.
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  78. ^ Madhav G. Badami (2009). "Urban Transport Policy as if People and the Environment Mattered: Pedestrian Accessibility the First Step" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. 44 (33): 43–51. Retrieved 2009-11-24. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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  82. ^ "Countries | Asia | India | Topics & Events". JICA. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
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  84. ^ "Increase in DMRC profit". The Hindu. 2007-09-24. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
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  139. ^ "Delhi Metro shows the way with water harvesting units". The Times of India. 2005-09-26. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
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  141. ^ Neha Sinha (2009-12-20). "Delhi Metro on track to earn carbon credits". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  142. ^ "Metro mulls solar panels at stations to go green". 5 June 2012.
  143. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 284
  144. ^ Anuradha Mukherjee (2002-12-13). "Vibrant murals bring cheer". The Times of India. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  145. ^ Preeti Jha (2007-10-10). "Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  146. ^ "At INA Metro station, a gallery for traditional art, crafts". Indian Express. 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
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References

Further reading

External links

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