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There are many variations of the term Jat. In the Punjab, the phonetic sound is 'Jutt'or 'Jatt''.
There are many variations of the term Jat. In the Punjab, the phonetic sound is 'Jutt'or 'Jatt''.


=== Oppression of the Jats ===
{{disputed}}
The line of rulership before [[Islam]] runs: [[Siharus]], [[Sahasi II]], [[Chach]], [[Dahir]]. The first two were Buddhist [[Rajputs]] and the last two Hindu [[Brahmins]]. The new Brahmin rulers were extremely hostile towards the Buddhists who were in substantial numbers in [[Sind]] at that time and they had ruthlessly suppressed the Jats and [[Meds]] who formed the bulk of the peasantry{{fact}}. Humiliating conditions were imposed on the Jats depriving them of many civil rights. "When Chach, the Brahmim chamberlain who usurped the throne of Rajput King Sahasi II went to [[Brahmanabad]], he enjoined upon the Jats and [[Lohanas]] not to carry swords, avoid velvet or silken cloth, ride horses without saddles and walk about bare-headed and bare-footed" <ref>(''[[Sindhi]] Culture'', by [[U.T Thakur]] [[Bombay]] 1959 )</ref>. It was because of this background that [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] received cooperation from the Buddhists as well as the Jats and Meds during his campaign in Sind{{fact}}. In fact he was hailed as deliverer by several sections of local population. The humble position{{fact}} of the Buddhists in Sind seeking support from outside can be read in the [[Chach Nama]].



{{cquote|Mohammad Bin Qasim's work was facilitated by the treachery of certain Buddhist priests and renegade chiefs who deserted their sovereign and joined the invader. With the assistance of some of these traitors, Mohammad crossed the vast sheet of water separating his army from that of Dahir and gave battle to the ruler near Raor (712 A.D.). Dahir was defeated and killed
<ref>(An Advanced History of India, Part II, By ''[[R.C. Majumdar]], [[H.C. Roychandra]] and [[Kalikinkar Ditta]]'')</ref>}}

Sind had a large Buddhist population at this time but the ruler, Dahir, was a Brahmin. It is said that the Buddhists been receiving constant information from their co-religionists in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkistan]] about the extremely liberal treatment meted out to them by the [[Arab]] conquerors of those regions. In view of these reports, the Buddhist population of Sind decided to extend full cooperation to Muhammad Bin Qasim and even acclaimed him as liberator from [[Brahmin]] tyranny. Several principalities in Sind were ruled by Buddhist [[Rajas]] who were treated unfairly by the racist and tyrannical Brahmin King{{fact}}. The Buddhist ruler of [[Nerun]] ([[Hyderabad]]) had secret correspondence with Muhammad Bin Qasim. Similarly, [[Bajhra]] and [[Kaka Kolak]], Buddhist Rajas of [[Sewastan]], allied themselves with Muhammad Bin Qasim <ref>([[Muslim]] Community of the [[Indo-
Pakistan]] subcontinent, by [[''Dr. I.H Qureshi'']])</ref>. On similar grounds, Jats
also joined the Arabs against Dahir.


==Jats in Islamic History==
==Jats in Islamic History==

Revision as of 21:00, 11 October 2006

This page refers to the Jat people of India and Pakistan. For other uses of "Jat", see Jat (disambiguation).

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Jats
Significant populations in: Northern India and Pakistan
Language Hindi and its dialects, Punjabi and its dialects, Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri, Sindhi and Gujarati
Religion Vedic religion, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism,Jainism and Islam

The Jats/Jatts (Hindi: जाट,Punjabi: ਜੱਟ, Urdu: جاٹ) of Northern India and Pakistan, are descendants of Indo-Aryan tribes.

In India, they inhabit the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. In Pakistan, they are found in the provinces of Punjab and Sindh. In large parts of these areas the Jats are the dominant land owner caste, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh & Rajasthan.

The Jats, like most South Asians, are mostly farmers; however they are also found in many other professions. A large number of Jats serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Rajputana Rifles, Sikh Regiment and the Grenadiers, among others. Jats also serve in the Pakistan Army particularly in the Punjab Regiment.

The Jat regions in India are among the most prosperous on a per-capita basis (Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat are among the wealthiest of Indian states).

File:Jat soldier.jpg
Officer and soldier of the 10th Jat Regiment of the British Indian Army

Background

Theories of origin

There are theories about the origin of the Jats. Jats are commonly considered to be of Scythian (Saka), Indo-European, Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan stock in view of the similar physical features and common practices.

Both, Sir Alexander Cunnigham [1]and Col James Tod [2]agreed in considering the Jats to be of Indo-Scythian stock. The former identified them with the "Zanthi" of Strabo and the "Jatti" of Pliny and Ptolemy; and held that they probably entered the Punjab from their home on the Oxus very shortly after the Meds or Mands , who also were Indo-Scythians, and who moved into the Punjab about a century before Christ. The Jats seem to have first occupied the Indus valley as far down as Sindh, whither the Meds followed them about the beginning of the present era.

But before the earliest Muslim conquests the Jats had spread into Punjab proper, where there were firmly established in the beginning of the eleventh century. By the time of Babar, the Jats of the salt range had been in constant conflict with the Gakkhars, Awans and Janjuas. Tod classed the Jats as one of the great Rajput tribes; but here Cunningham differed from him holding the Rajputs to belong to the original Aryan stock, and the Jats to a late wave of immigrants from the north west, probably of Scythian race.

In 'Punjab Castes', Sir Denzil Ibbetson wrote:

" .... the original Rajput and the original Jat entered India at different in its history. But if they do originally represent to separate waves of immigration, it is at least exceedingly probable, both from there almost identical physique and facial character and from the close communion which has always existed between them, that they belong to one and the same ethnic stock; and it is almost certain that the joint Jat Rajput stock contains not a few tribes of aboriginal descent, though it is probably in the main Aryo-Scythian, if Scythian be not Aryan."

The Arabian traveller Al-Biruni has mentioned that Lord Krishna was a Jat. [3]

Common Indo-European Ancestry of Jatts

See: Common_Ancestry_of_Jatt_Names

Jats in Mahabharata period

Jats find a mention in most ancient Indian literature. Over sixty clans are named in the Rig Veda.[4] In the Mahabharata as they are mentioned ‘Jartas’ in ‘Karna Parva’. The famous Sanskrit scholar Panini of 900 BCE has mentioned in his Sanskrit grammar known as Aṣṭādhyāyī in the form of shloka as जट झट संघाते or “Jat Jhat Sanghate”. This means that the terms 'Jat' and 'democratic federation' are synonymous. He has mentioned many Jat clans as settled in Punjab and North west areas. They are mentioned in the grammar treatise of Chandra of the fifth century in the phrase sentence अजय जर्टो हुणान or “Ajay Jarto Huṇān”, which refers to the defeat of Huns by the Jats under the leadership of Yasodharman. The inscription of Mandsaur also indicates that Yasodharman, the ruler of Malwa, was a Jat of the Virk gotra ( clan). [5]

Jats in the Deva Samhitā

There is mention of Jats in “Deva Samhitā” [6] in the form of powerful rulers over vast plains of Central Asia. For example in the 'Deva Samhitā' of Gorakh Sinha from the early medieval period, when Pārvatī asks Shiva about characters of Jats, Shiva tells her like this in sanskrit shloka-15 as under:

महाबला महावीर्या, महासत्य पराक्रमाः Mahābalā mahāvīryā, Mahāsatya parākramāḥ

सर्वाग्रे क्षत्रिया जट्‌टा देवकल्‍पा दृढ़-व्रता: Sarvāgre kshatriyā jattā Devkalpā dridh-vratāḥ

Meaning - 'They are, like gods, firm of determination and of all the Warriors, the Jats are the prime rulers of the earth.'

Shiva explains Parvati about the origin of Jats in Shloka –16 of Deva samhita:

श्रृष्टेरादौ महामाये वीर भद्रस्य शक्तित: Shrishterādau mahāmāye Virabhadrasya shaktitaḥ

कन्यानां दक्षस्य गर्भे जाता जट्टा महेश्वरी Kanyānām Dakshasya garbhe jātā jatta maheshwarī.

Meaning – 'In the beginning of the universe with the personification of the illusionary powers of Virabhadra and Daksha’s daughtergana's womb originated the caste of Jats'.


In the shloka-17 of 'Deva Samhitā' when Pārvatī asks about the origin of Jats, Shiva tells Parvati that:

गर्व खर्चोत्र विग्राणां देवानां च महेश्वरी Garva kharchotra vigrānam devānām cha maheshwarī

विचित्रं विस्‍मयं सत्‍वं पौराण कै साङ्गीपितं Vichitram vismayam satvam Pauran kai sāngīpitam

Meaning - 'The history of origin of Jats is extremely wonderful and their antiquity glorious. The Pundits of history did not record their annals lest it should injure and impair their false pride and of the vipras and gods. We describe that realistic history before you'.

Etymology of the word "Jat"

The most acceptable theory about the origin of the word, 'Jat' is that it has originated from the Sanskrit language word “Gyat” . The Mahabharata mentions in chapter 25, shloka 26 that Lord Krishna founded a federation ‘Gana-sangha’ of the Andhak and Vrishni clans. This federation was known as ‘Gyati-sangh’. Over a period of time ‘Gyati’ became ‘Gyat’ and it changed to Jat.[7]

The other prominent theory of the word's origins is that Jat came from the word Gaut tribal name of some Indo-Aryan tribes of Central Asia (such as those which later became Gauts/Goths and settled in Europe), which was written in 'Jattan Da Ithihas'. It has also been mentioned by Bhim Singh Dahiya. [8]

According to the historian 'Ram Lal Hala' the word Jat is drived from word 'Yat'. There was a king named 'Yat' in Chandra Vanshi clan who was ancestor of Lord Krishna. The Jats are descendants of King Yat. 'Yat' later changed to 'Jat'.[9]

There are many variations of the term Jat. In the Punjab, the phonetic sound is 'Jutt'or 'Jatt.


Jats in Islamic History

According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Jats of the lower Indus comprise both Jats and Rajputs, and the same rule applies to Las-Bela where descendants of former ruling races like the Sumra and the Samma of Sind and the Langah of Multan are found. At the time of the first appearance of the Arabs they found the whole of Makran in possession of Jats known by the Islamic Arabs by Zutts.

According to a Hadis, Hazrat Abdulla Bin Masood, a companion of Mohammed saw some strangers with Mohammed and said that their features and physique were like those of Jats. [10] This means that Jats we in Arabia even during the Mohammeds time. Hazrat Imam Bukhari (d. 875 A.D - 256 A.H) writing about the period of the Companions in his book "Al adab al Mufarrad" has stated that once when Hazrat Aisha (Mohammeds's wife) fell ill, her nephews brought a Jat doctor for her treatment. We hear of them next when the Arab armies clashed with the Persian forces which comprised of Jat soldiers as well. The Persian Command Hurmuz used Jat soldiers against Khalid ibn al-Walid in the battle of 'salasal' of 634 A.D (12 hijri). This was the first time that Jats were captured by the Arabs. They put forward certain conditions for joining the Arab armies which were accepted, and on embracing Islam they were associated with different Arab tribes. [11] This event proves that the first group of Pakistanis to accept Islam were Jats who did it as early as 12 hijri (634 A.D) in the time of Hazrat `Umar ibn al-Khattāb.

The Persian King Yazdgerd III had also sought the help of the Sind ruler who sent Jat soldiers and elephants which were used against the Arabs in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah.

According to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (Tabari), Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib had employed Jats to guard Basra treasury during the battle of Jamal.

"Jats were the guards of the Baitul Maal at al-Basra during the time of Hazrat Uthman ibn Affan and Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib."

[12] Amir Muawiya had settled them on the Syrian border to fight against the Romans. It is said that 4,000 Jats of Sind joined Mohammad Bin Qasim's army and fought against Raja Dahir. Sindhi Jats henceforth began to be regularly recruited in the Muslim armies.

Ancient Jat Kingdoms

The Jats of Balhara clan and the Rai Dynasty ruled Sindh and were Buddhists. They were overthrown by Brahmin Hindus through assassination and treachery shortly before the invasion of the Arabs under Muhammad Bin Qasim. Qasim employed good strategy, recruiting many local tribes. It is said 4000 Jatts converted to Islam and fought against the Raja Dahir, the last Hindu ruler of Sindh.

During Raja Dahir's rule, he supplied the Persians with war elephants and Jatt soldiers who they used to fight against the Arab Muslims. Captured Jatt soldiers converted to Islam and were employed extensively in the armies and defenses of prominent Muslim leaders such as the Caliphs Ali and Muawiyah.

A century later, Jatts would stage rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphs, even killing some of their Amirs.

Jat Kingdoms in Medieval India

Gohad

Main article: Gohad
File:Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana.jpg
Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana

As per the Rajputana gazetteer, the Jagir of village Bamrauli near Agra, was transferred to the Chauhan and Kachwaha Rajputs of Bairath (near Alwar), during the rule of the Tomar Rajputs in Delhi in the 11th century. During Firuz Shah Tughluq's regime , his satrap in Agra, Muneer Mohammad, forced the Jats of Bamrauli to leave the village in 1367. The Bamraulia Jats moved to the region of Gwalior beyond the Chambal river.

According to Cunningham and William Cook, the Bamraulia Jats founded the city of Gohad near Gwalior in 1505. Later it developed into an important Jat State that continued till Indian Independence. The Jat rulers of Gohad were awarded the title of Rana.

Singhan Deo was the first Jat ruler of the state of Gohad. The chronology of Jat rulers of Gohad has 17 names: Singhan Deo I, Singhan Deo II, Devi Singh, Udyaut Singh, Rana Anup Singh, Sambhu Singh, Abhay Chander, Ratan Singh, Uday Singh, Bagh Raj, Gaj Singh, Jaswant, Bhim Singh, Girdhar Pratap, Chhatra Singh, Kirat Singh and Pohap Singh.

Dholpur

Main article: Dholpur

The present town of Dholpur, which dates from the 16th century, stands somewhat to the north of the site of the older town built in the 11th century by Raja Dholan (or Dhawal) Deo, a Tomara Rajput chieftain; it was named as Dholdera or Dhawalpuri after him.

In 1450, Dholpur had a Raja of its own. However, the fort was taken by Sikander Lodi in 1501 and transferred to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, after strenuous resistance, the fort fell to Babur and came under the sway of the Mughals along with the surrounding country. It was assigned by Emperor Akbar to the province of Agra. A fortified sarai built during the reign of Akbar still stands in the town, within which is the fine tomb of Sadik Mohammed Khan, one of his generals.

During the dissensions which followed the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur. His family retained it until 1761, after which it was taken successively by the Jat Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the "Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon", but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. Finally, in 1806, the territories of Dholpur, Ban and Rajakhera were handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad, in exchange for his own state of Gohad, which was ceded to the Scindias.

From this point begins the history of the princely state of Dholpur, a vassal of the British during the Raj. After Independence, it was incorporated into the newly-formed state of Rajasthan.

Bharatpur

Main article: Bharatpur
File:Maharaja Surajmal.jpg
Maharaja Surajmal

In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Jat resistance resumed, organised under the leadership of Churaman. Churaman's nephew,Badan Singh, established a kingdom centered at Deeg, from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura.

Badan Singh's adopted son and successor was Maharaja Suraj Mal. Suraj Mal, described as the "Jat Plato" and the "Jat Ulysses", extended his kingdom to include Agra, Mathura, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawah, Meerut, Rohtak, Farrukhnagar, Mewat, Rewari and Gurgaon. He was described as the greatest warrior and the ablest statesman that the Jats had ever produced. He moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur after 1733. Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. After him, control passed to his son, Khemkaran and then to Suraj Mal. Khemkaran was a warrior. He was awarded with the title "Faujdar", which is still used by all Sogariyas. The beautiful palace and gardens at Deeg and the Bharatpur fort, both built by Suraj Mal, symbolised the coming of age of the Jat state. Suraj Mal died on 25 December, 1763.

During the Raj, the state covered an area of 5,123 sq.km. Its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded unto the dominion of India in 1947. It was merged with three nearby princely states to form the 'Matsya Union', which in turn was merged with other adjoining territories to create the present-day state of Rajasthan.

Kuchesar

Main article: Kuchesar

In the mid-eighteenth century the Dalal Jats of Mandoti, Haryana, built the mud fort of Kuchesar in Uttar Pradesh.

Ballabhgarh

Main article: Ballabhgarh

The founders of the princely state of Ballabhgarh had come from village Janauli, which is more than 2000 years old. The Tevatia Jat Sardar Gopal Singh left Janauli in 1705 (in Palwal) and got settled at Sihi, a village of Tewatia Jats in Ballabgarh at a distance of about 5 km from Ballabhgarh. Charan Das's son, Balram Singh, rose to a powerful king in this dynasty. Princely state of Ballabgarh is after his name. He was brother in law of Maharaja Suraj Mal and mama of Jawahar Singh. Raja Nahar Singh (1823 – 1858) was a notable King of this princely state. The forefathers of Jat Raja Nahar Singh had built a fort here around 1739 AD. The small kingdom of Ballabhgarh is only 20 miles from Delhi. The name of the Jat Raja Nahar Singh will always be highly regarded among those who martyred themselves in the 1857 war of independence.

By the nineteenth century, Jats ruled the states of Bharatpur, Dholpur, Gohad, Kuchesar, Ballabhgarh. The Jats established a reputation of being determined and sturdy.

Genetics

A recent study of the people of Indian Punjab, where about 40% or more of the population are Jats, suggest that the Jats are similar to other populations of the Indus Valley.The study involved a genealogical DNA test which examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations in a single DNA "letter") on the Y chromosome (which occurs only in males). (See Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups for a listing and explanation.)

Jats seem to share many common haplotypes with German, Slavic, Baltic, Iranian and Central Asian groups.Unusually, Jat groups share only two haplotypes, one of which is also shared with the population of present-day Turkey, and have few matches with neighbouring Pakistani populations( source Yhrd.org). This haplotype shared between the two Jat groups may be part of the Indo-Aryan (or Indo-European) genetic contribution to these populations, where as the haplotypes shared with other Eurasian populations may be due to the contribution of Indo-European Scythians (Saka, Massagetae) or White Huns. (These groups may of course all be branches of a larger ethnic complex). However using the same database Jats share many haplotypes (within the R1a haplogroup) with Southern Indians.Likewise Southern Indians share many haplotypes with European populations.Hence it seems as far as haplogroup R1a is concerned Jats,many Europeans and Southern Indians ,but not non-Punjabi Pakistani populations, share a common history.This in turn questions the theory that R1a marker on it own or in its entirety is indicative of the spread of Indo-European/Scythian populations.

As for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Jats contain haplogroups typical of North India, Pakistan, and West Asia. This suggests that, at least for mtDNA, there is very little connection with Central Asian or northwest European populations, even though Jats share many male Y-SNP markers with these populations. Hence this suggests that there has been male migration in or out of the Jat population in historical times. Alternatively, the formation of the Jat population may have occurred in West Asia or North India.

Jats today

Religion

Jats are tolerant in their religious outlook. They were previously ardent followers and supporters of Buddhism and Jainism, along with the Vedic religion, and its successor, modern Hinduism. About 30% of all Jats follow Sikhism, especially in the Punjab, the rest are evenly split between Islam and Hinduism. Most Hindu Jats reside in India in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Most Sikh Jats reside in Punjab (India), though they have also spread throughout India and across the globe, especially in Canada, England, and Northern California in the United States. Despite having followed different religions for centuries, Jats have maintained their ancestral Jat characteristics. The common clan names among the jats of various faiths and regions are an important proof of their common ancestry or ethnic background.

Language

Hindu Jats usually speak Hindi and its dialects (Rajasthani [1], Haryanvi [2], Khariboli and a few speak Gujarati or Kutchi). Sikh and Muslim Jats from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi, Malwi, Doabi, Pothohari, and Jhangochi). Others in Pakistan speak Seraiki, Kashmiri or Jatki.

Clans

Main article: List of Jat Clans

Many Jat clans are also cross-listed as Rajput, Choudhary, Zamindar, Gujjar, Tarkhan and Kamboj especially Sial, Kashyap, Kakkar (Khakkar/Ghakkar), Rai and Walia. It is not entirely clear in the case of many clans and surnames as to which subdivision of the Kshatriya caste they belong to. Eventually, Scythian, Parthian, Greek-Bactrian, and various other Central Asian tribal peoples (such as the Hephthalites, and the Tocharians or Yuezhi) were absorbed into the Kshatriya caste, given their warlike nature, and thus became one of the subgroups or in many cases, assimilated completely into older Indo-Aryan clans. It is probable that Khatris, Rajputs, Jats, Gujjars, Tarkhans and Kamboj , have varying degrees of both foreign and indigenous Indian stock. In many parts, it is largely due to familial tradition that some members of a certain clan dub themselves Rajput and others of the same clan are Jat, Gujjar, Tarkhan and Kamboj. This is more often the case in the Punjab, where there was already a large indigenous Kshatriya population when the invading tribes arrived.Many of the jat leaders were Sodhis as they were followed after a lot of the clans.

Famous Jats

Main article: List of famous Jats

References

  1. ^ Alexander Cunningham, History of Sikhs
  2. ^ James Tod, Annals
  3. ^ Al-Biruni, India:Translated by Kayamuddin, Published by National Book Trust, India, 1997 page-176
  4. ^ Bhim Singh Dahiya, Aryan Tribes and the Rig Veda, Dahinam Publishers, 16 B Sujan Singh Park, Sonepat, Haryana,India,1991
  5. ^ CV Vaidya, History of Medieval Hindu India
  6. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 page 87-88.
  7. ^ Dr Natthan Singh, Jat-Itihas, (Jat History), page-41:Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, F-13, Dr Rajendra Prasad Colony, Tansen marg, Gwalior, M.P, India 474 002 2004
  8. ^ Bhim Singh Dahiya, Jats the Ancient Rulers, Dahinam Publishers, Sonepat, Haryana
  9. ^ Ram Lal Hala, Jat Kshatriya Itihas
  10. ^ (Arab~o-Hind ke Tallukat, By Suiaiman Nadvi)
  11. ^ (Tareekh-e-Sind, Part I, By Ijaaul Haq Quddusi)
  12. ^ (Dr. Mohammad Ishaque in Journal of Pakistan Historical Society Vol 3 Part1)

Further reading

  • Rattan Singh Bhangoo. Prachin Panth Parkash, Punjabi, Published in 1841.
  • Bal Kishan Dabas. Political and Social History of the Jats". Sanjay Prakashan, 2001. ISBN 81-7453-045-2
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Indian Army History: France to Kargil. 2001.
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Navin Jat History. Shaheed Dham Trust, Bhiwani, Haryana, India.
  • Dr Kanungo. History of the Jats.
  • Dr Natthan Singh. Jat-Itihas. Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, Gwalior, 2004.
  • Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria). The Jats: Their Origin, Antiquity & Migrations. Manthan Publications, Rohtak, Haryana. ISBN 81-85235-22-8
  • K. Natwar Singh. Maharaja Suraj Mal.
  • Dr. Prakash Chandra Chandawat. Maharaja Suraj Mal Aur Unka Yug (1745-1763). Jaypal Agencies, Agra. 1982. (in Hindi)
  • Raj Pal Singh. Rise of the Jat Power. Harman Pub. House. ISBN 81-85151-05-9
  • Aadhunik Jat Itihas. Dharmpal Singh Dudee & Dr Mahinder Singh Arya. Jaypal Agency, Agra. 1998.
  • Ram Swaroop Joon. History of the Jats.
  • Shashi Prabha Gupta. Demographic Differentials Among the Rajputs and the Jats: A Socio-Biological Study of Rural Haryana. Classical Pub. House. ISBN 81-7054-180-8
  • Thakur Deshraj Jat Itihasa Maharaja Suraj Mal. Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi. 1936. (in Hindi)
  • Girish Chandra Dwivedi The Jats - Their Role in the Mughal Empire. Surajmal Educational Society, New Delhi, India. ISBN- 81-7031-150-0.
  • Dr. Atal Singh Khokkar. Jaton ki Utpati evam Vistar. Jaipal Agencies, 31-1 Subashpuram, Agra, UP, India 282007. 2002.
  • Chaudhary Kabul Singh. Sarv Khap Itihasa (History of the Jat Republic). Shoram, Muzzafarnagar, U.P. India. 1976.
  • Nihal Singh Arya. Sarv Khap Panchayat ka Rastriya Parakram (The National Role of the Jat Republic of Haryana). Arya mandal, B 11 Om Mandal, Nangloi, New Delhi, India. 1991
  • Mangal sen Jindal. History of Origin of Some Clans in India (with special Reference to Jats). Sarup & Sons, 4378/4B, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002. ISBN 81-85431-08-6
  • Dr Vir Singh. The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India. Surajmal Educational Society, D K Publishers, New Delhi, India. 2004. ISBN 81-88629-16-2
  • Col Karan Kharb. Made to Lead. Wisdom Tree, Delhi. (2003).
  • Col Karan Kharb. Lead to Succeed. Wisdom Tree, Delhi. (2005). (Both these books on self-improvement and leadership development drawing heavily from ancient Indian wisdom are international bestsellers._

See also

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