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July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis

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July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis
Boris Johnson announcing his intention to resign as Conservative leader, on 7 July 2022
Date5 July 2022 – ongoing
Cause
Motive
  • Pressure Boris Johnson to resign
  • Trigger a new Conservative Party leadership election
Participants
Outcome

In early July 2022, 63 of Britain's 179 government ministers, parliamentary private secretaries, and trade envoys[1] resigned from their positions in Prime Minister Boris Johnson's second administration, culminating in Johnson's own resignation on 7 July.[2]

On 5 July, following the Chris Pincher scandal, both Rishi Sunak and Sajid Javid, respectively Chancellor of the Exchequer and Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, resigned.[3] A large number of other members of the government also resigned then,[4] leading to speculation over whether Johnson would continue as prime minister.[5][6] Sir Keir Starmer, Leader of the Opposition, criticised Johnson and Conservatives who remained in Cabinet at Prime Minister's Questions.[7]

By 7 July, sixty Members of Parliament (MPs) had resigned from government and party positions, with Michael Gove, Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, dismissed by Johnson the day before.[8] After two days of refusal to step down, Johnson ultimately announced he would resign as Conservative Party leader; however, he did not immediately leave the office of Prime Minister, stating he would only do so upon the announcement of a new leader.[9][10][11]

Background

In June 2021, the Conservative Party unexpectedly lost the safe seat of Chesham and Amersham to the Liberal Democrats after a successful round of local elections.[12] This was the first big defeat for both Johnson and the Conservatives since the 2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election.

In October 2021, it emerged that Conservative MP Owen Paterson had two second jobs, both based in Northern Ireland and gained through contacts gained while Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary, and both of which had involved him advocating for government contracts or changes in standards on behalf of the companies. The Commons Select Committee on Standards found that these breached paid advocacy rules and called for Paterson to be suspended from the House for thirty days, which would have triggered a recall petition.[13] When these recommendations were voted on in the Commons, Conservative MP Andrea Leadsom attached a controversial amendment to delay Paterson's suspension and instead launch a review into the Commons Standards Process itself; the amendment passed. When it emerged that other parties would refuse to take part, this idea was dropped and the government began to prepare for a vote on the suspension. Paterson resigned on 5 November, before such a vote could occur, triggering a by-election, which, again, the Liberal Democrats unexpectedly won.[14]

In late 2021, the Partygate scandal erupted after details started to emerge about a number of parties held by government and Conservative Party staff in 10 Downing Street in 2020 and 2021, in violation of COVID-19 public health restrictions.[15] In January 2022, the Metropolitan Police announced that it would open an investigation into the gatherings, and the civil servant Sue Gray was announced to be leading a Cabinet Office inquiry.[16]

In May 2022, another round of local elections took place, resulting in huge gains for Labour and the Liberal Democrats and losses for the Conservatives.[17] In early June 2022, a vote of confidence in Johnson's leadership of the Conservative Party was held. The sudden rise in letters to Sir Graham Brady, Chair of the 1922 Committee, which made this vote possible was partially as a result of an incident before the Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving, where Johnson was booed by crowds outside St Paul's Cathedral.[18] Johnson won the vote with the support of 59% of the Conservative MPs (211–148).[19]

The Conservative Party lost two seats in by-elections on 23 June 2022 in Wakefield and Tiverton & Honiton (with a 13% swing to Labour and 30% swing to the Liberal Democrats respectively). This led to the resignation of Oliver Dowden as Chairman of the Conservative Party, who stated in his resignation letter that "we cannot carry on with business as usual".[20]

In late June 2022, the Chris Pincher scandal erupted after the Conservative MP Chris Pincher resigned from his position as Deputy Chief Whip due to allegations that he had groped two men.[21] A few days later, a number of new allegations against him emerged, including allegations that his behaviour had previously been reported to 10 Downing Street and that Johnson had ignored those allegations.[22] On 6 July 2022, Keir Starmer said: "As for those who are left – only in office because no one else is prepared to debase themselves any longer. The charge of the lightweight brigade. Have some self-respect. For a week he's had them defending his decision to promote a sexual predator. Every day the lines he has forced them to take have been untrue."[7]

Collapse of the government

Sajid Javid (left) and Rishi Sunak (right) (the first to resign on 5 July) pictured with Boris Johnson (centre)
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Boris Johnson's signature

On 5 July 2022, Health Secretary Sajid Javid and Chancellor Rishi Sunak resigned following Prime Minister Boris Johnson's admission that it was a mistake to appoint Member of Parliament (MP) Chris Pincher to the role of Deputy Chief Whip following allegations of sexual harassment stretching back at least 12 years. The resignations of Javid and Sunak caused numerous junior ministers and Parliamentary Private Secretaries (PPSs) to also resign, most of whom cited a lack of honesty and integrity on the part of Johnson. In the following 24 hours, 36 MPs resigned from their roles in government. This marked both the largest number of ministerial resignations in a 24-hour period since 1932, and the largest number of such resignations on record.[23]

The following day, Johnson faced attacks from both the Opposition and Government benches during Prime Minister's Questions, during which he ruled out resigning. Following the conclusion of Prime Minister's Questions, Johnson faced further questions from more MPs during a meeting of the Liaison Committee, during which it was revealed that members of the Cabinet, including newly appointed Chancellor Nadhim Zahawi and Home Secretary Priti Patel, had gathered inside 10 Downing Street to call on Johnson to resign. Following this revelation, other members of Johnson's cabinet, such as Culture Secretary Nadine Dorries, also gathered at Number 10 reportedly to support Johnson.[24][25]

It was widely reported that the 1922 Committee could change their rules in order to allow Johnson to face a second motion of no confidence, though the Committee later ruled out doing so before previously scheduled elections on 11 July.[26] Several MPs have reportedly submitted letters to the 1922 Committee expressing a loss in confidence in Johnson, and the committee's Chairman Sir Graham Brady was among those seen heading into Number 10, reportedly offering "wise counsel", which has been widely interpreted as advice to resign.[26]

On the evening of 6 July, despite further senior ministers, including formerly loyal allies Home Secretary Priti Patel, Levelling Up Secretary Michael Gove and Transport Secretary Grant Shapps, reportedly urging the Prime Minister to resign, Number 10 released a statement reiterating that Johnson would not step down voluntarily.[27] That same day, Johnson sacked Gove for alleged "disloyalty" after he urged Johnson to resign.[28][29] Later that evening, Simon Hart, Secretary of State for Wales, resigned from the cabinet, stating he had "no other option left".[30]

Attorney General Suella Braverman joined calls for Johnson to resign, but refused to resign from her position in government, citing her sense of duty, and the government's need for an attorney. She also stated she would stand in any upcoming Conservative leadership contest.[31] Fay Jones, MP for Brecon and Radnorshire, announced that if Johnson did not step down by 7 July, she would resign from her role as PPS to the Leader of the House of Commons.[32]

Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Brandon Lewis resigned on the morning of 7 July.[a] His resignation letter stated that "honesty, integrity and mutual respect" were not "being upheld" in government.[34] Nadhim Zahawi, the newly-appointed Chancellor, called for Johnson's resignation the same morning.[35] Michelle Donelan also resigned, two days after being appointed Secretary of State for Education, making her the shortest-serving cabinet member in British history.[36][37]

The resignations led to many government departments losing nearly all of their responsible Ministers. The Department of Education, for instance, only had one Parliamentary Under Secretary remaining, with all other responsible ministers having resigned.[38]

Support for Johnson

Conservative MPs who publicly expressed support for Johnson include Culture Secretary Nadine Dorries,[39] Brexit Opportunities Minister Jacob Rees-Mogg,[40] Scotland Secretary Alister Jack,[41] Minister of State for Northern Ireland Conor Burns,[42] Johnson's Private Secretary Lia Nici,[43] Deputy Chair of the Conservative Party Justin Tomlinson,[44] Wellingborough MP Peter Bone,[45] and Shrewsbury & Atcham MP Daniel Kawczynski.[46]

Justice Secretary and Deputy Prime Minister Dominic Raab, and Foreign Secretary Liz Truss both made no statements either in support of or in condemnation of the Prime Minister.[47]

Resignation of Boris Johnson

On July 7, it was announced that Boris Johnson would make a statement, in which he would resign as Leader of the Conservative Party, with suggestions that he would also announce his intention to stay in-post as Prime Minister until the Conservative Party Conference in October.[11] It was reported that Johnson had phoned the Queen in the morning, to tell her of his intention to resign.[48]

In a cabinet reshuffle, Greg Clark was appointed as Gove's replacement as Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, and Kit Malthouse was appointed as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. James Cleverly was appointed Secretary of State for Education, replacing Michelle Donelan. Robert Buckland replaced Simon Hart as Secretary of State for Wales, and Shailesh Vara took Lewis' role as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Andrew Stephenson was made Minister without Portfolio.

Johnson announced his resignation as party leader and Prime Minister at 12:30 on July 7. He will continue as Prime Minister in a caretaker capacity until a new party leader is elected.[49]

Reactions

Domestic

Foreign Secretary Liz Truss made a statement following the Prime Minister's departure, calling it "the right decision" and calling for "calmness and unity".[50] Business Secretary Kwasi Kwarteng described the situation as "depressing", and called for a new leader "as soon as practicable".[51]

Leader of the Opposition Keir Starmer criticised Johnson and Conservatives who remained in Cabinet, saying that remaining loyal to the Prime Minister meant that they did not have "a shred of integrity". He also mockingly called Johnson’s new frontbench the "Charge of the Lightweight Brigade".[7] He also said he would bring a motion of no confidence in the Conservative government if Johnson does not leave office immediately. Both First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon and First Minister of Wales Mark Drakeford called for Johnson to resign.[52][53]

There have been growing calls from former Conservative ministers and senior Conservative members for Johnson to step down immediately, with a proposal for Deputy Prime Minister Dominic Raab to take over until a new leader is elected. This includes former Conservative Prime Minister John Major.[54] Major stated:

The proposal for the prime minister to remain in office – for up to three months – having lost the support of his cabinet, his government and his parliamentary party is unwise, and may be unsustainable. In such a circumstance, the prime minister maintains the power of patronage and, of even greater concern, the power to make decisions, which will affect the lives of those within all four nations of the United Kingdom and further afield. Some will argue that his new cabinet will restrain him. I merely note that his previous cabinet did not – or could not – do so. For the overall wellbeing of the country, Mr Johnson should not remain in Downing Street – when he is unable to command the confidence of the House of Commons – for any longer than necessary to effect the smooth transition of government.[55][56][57]

Former Deputy Prime Minister Lord Heseltine echoed Major's opinion, stating:

I'm absolutely clear that we need a Deputy Prime Minister to act in the interim before the new Prime Minister is chosen. It's quite obvious that Boris Johnson, if he actually were allowed to stay, is going to put through a range of policies which will bolster his position, presumably for another go. That's unthinkable...Boris has got to go. He mustn't be allowed to manoeuvre and manipulate power in the dying days of his premiership.[58]

Some members of the party supporting Johnson's immediate removal from office proposed that former Conservative Prime Minister Theresa May could be reappointed in an caretaker capacity.[59][60][61][62]

International

 Ukraine

Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine, expressed his sadness upon learning the news and commented: "Not only me, but also all of the Ukrainian society sympathises with you a lot." Zelenskyy thanked Johnson for his support during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[63]

 Russia

Dmitry Peskov, the press secretary for Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, reacted to the situation by stating that Johnson "doesn't like us. We don't like him either."[64] Russian foreign ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that the "moral of the story" was to "not seek to destroy Russia", adding that Johnson had been "hit by a boomerang launched by himself".[63][64]

 United States

Joe Biden, President of the United States, stated that the US and the UK would remain "the closest of friends and allies" and that "the special relationship" between the two countries "remains strong and enduring". Biden also expressed hope that Johnson's successor will remain dedicated to supporting Ukraine. White House officials refused to comment further on Johnson's departure, stating that they were "not going to comment on another government's democratic process".[65]

 Ireland

Micheál Martin, Ireland's Taoiseach, sent his best wishes to Johnson but urged a "pulling back" from unilateral action on the Northern Ireland Protocol, stating that the relationship between the Irish and UK governments had been "strained and challenged in recent times".[66] Sinn Féin leader Mary Lou McDonald said Johnson "will not be missed", describing Johnson's interactions with Ireland as "wholly negative", adding that "under his leadership, we've seen an attack on the Good Friday Agreement, threat after threat to break international law".[67]

List of departures

See also: List of departures from the second Johnson ministry

Key:

Cabinet ministers and ministers that attend cabinet are listed in bold
PPS: Parliamentary Private Secretary
No.[b] Image MP or Peer Constituency Office Resignation
5 July
1 Sajid Javid Bromsgrove Secretary of State for Health and Social Care Letter
2 Rishi Sunak Richmond (Yorks) Chancellor of the Exchequer Letter
3 Andrew Murrison South West Wiltshire Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Morocco Letter
4 Bim Afolami Hitchin and Harpenden Vice Chair of the Conservative Party Statement
5 Saqib Bhatti Meriden PPS to the Department of Health and Social Care Letter
6 Jonathan Gullis Stoke-on-Trent North PPS to the Northern Ireland Office Letter
7 Nicola Richards West Bromwich East PPS to the Department for Transport Letter
8 Virginia Crosbie Ynys Môn PPS to the Office of the Secretary of State for Wales Letter
9 Theo Clarke Stafford Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Kenya Letter
10 Alex Chalk Cheltenham Solicitor General for England and Wales Letter
6 July
11 Will Quince[c] Colchester Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families Letter
12 Laura Trott Sevenoaks PPS to the Department for Transport Statement
13 Robin Walker Worcester Minister of State for School Standards Letter
14 John Glen Salisbury Economic Secretary to the Treasury Letter
15 Victoria Atkins Louth and Horncastle Minister of State for Prisons and Probation Letter
16 Jo Churchill Bury St Edmunds Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Agri-Innovation and Climate Adaptation Letter
17 Stuart Andrew[c] Pudsey Minister of State for Housing Letter
18 Felicity Buchan Kensington PPS to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Letter
19 Selaine Saxby North Devon PPS to HM Treasury Letter
20 Claire Coutinho East Surrey PPS to HM Treasury Statement
21 David Johnston Wantage PPS to the Department for Education Statement
22 Kemi Badenoch Saffron Walden Minister of State for Local Government, Faith and Communities and Minister of State for Equalities Letter
23 Neil O'Brien Harborough Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Levelling Up, The Union and Constitution
24 Alex Burghart Brentwood and Ongar Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Apprenticeships and Skills
25 Lee Rowley North East Derbyshire Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Business and Industry
26 Julia Lopez Hornchurch and Upminster Minister of State for Media, Data, and Digital Infrastructure
27 Mims Davies Mid Sussex Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Employment Letter
28 Duncan Baker North Norfolk PPS to the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Statement
29 Craig Williams Montgomeryshire PPS to HM Treasury Letter
30 Rachel Maclean Redditch Minister for Safeguarding Letter
31 Mark Logan Bolton North East PPS to the Northern Ireland Office Letter
32 Mike Freer Finchley and Golders Green Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Exports Letter
33 Mark Fletcher Bolsover PPS to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Letter
34 Sara Britcliffe Hyndburn PPS to the Department for Education Letter
35 Peter Gibson Darlington PPS to the Department for International Trade Letter
36 Ruth Edwards Rushcliffe PPS to the Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland Letter
37 David Duguid Banff and Buchan Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Angola and Zambia Statement
38 James Sunderland Bracknell PPS to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Statement
39 Jacob Young Redcar PPS to the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Letter
40 Michael Gove Surrey Heath Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Dismissed[68]
41 David Mundell Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale & Tweeddale Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to New Zealand Statement
42 James Daly Bury North PPS to the Department for Work and Pensions Letter
43 Danny Kruger Devizes PPS to the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Statement
44 Simon Hart Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Secretary of State for Wales Letter
45 Edward Argar Charnwood Minister of State for Health Letter
46 Gareth Davies Grantham and Stamford PPS to the Department of Health and Social Care Statement
47 James Davies Vale of Clwyd PPS to the Department of Health and Social Care Letter
7 July
48 Brandon Lewis Great Yarmouth Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Letter
49 Helen Whately Faversham and Mid Kent Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury Letter
50 Damian Hinds East Hampshire Minister of State for Security and Borders Letter
51 George Freeman Mid Norfolk Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Science, Research and Innovation Letter
52 Guy Opperman[c] Hexham Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Pensions and Financial Inclusion Letter
53 Chris Philp Croydon South Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Tech and the Digital Economy Letter
54 James Cartlidge South Suffolk Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice Letter
55 Michelle Donelan Chippenham Secretary of State for Education Letter
56 Caroline Johnson Sleaford and North Hykeham Vice Chair of the Conservative Party Letter
57 Luke Hall Thornbury and Yate Deputy Chair of the Conservative Party Letter
58 Rob Butler Aylesbury PPS to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office Letter
59 Rebecca Pow Taunton Deane Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nature Recovery and the Domestic Environment Letter
60 Jack Brereton Stoke-on-Trent South PPS to the Secretary of State for International Trade Letter
61 Richard Graham Gloucester Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines Letter
62 Fay Jones Brecon and Radnorshire PPS to the Leader of the House of Commons Statement
8 July
63 Stephen Greenhalgh —[d] Minister of State for Building Safety and Fire Letter[e]
9 July
64 Justin Tomlinson North Swindon Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party Statement[f]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some sources incorrectly reported him resigning on the evening of 6 July.[33]
  2. ^ Numbers assigned do not necessarily strictly correspond to the actual order of resignation, but are an approximation of the order.
  3. ^ a b c Later re-appointed by Johnson.
  4. ^ Baron Greenhalgh is a life peer in the House of Lords.
  5. ^ The letter states that Greenhalgh is "saddened at the turn of events that has resulted in [Johnson's] decision to stand down", and that he decided to resign "now that the die has been cast".
  6. ^ Tomlinson resigned to support Kemi Badenoch in the Conservative leadership election.

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External links

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