The Walt Disney Company
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Company type | Public (NYSE: DIS) |
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Industry | Media and Entertainment |
Founded | Los Angeles, California, USA[1] (October 16, 1923) |
Founder | Walt and Roy Disney |
Headquarters | |
Key people | Robert Iger, President/CEO |
Revenue | ![]() |
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Total assets | 203,631,000,000 United States dollar (2022) ![]() |
Number of employees | 137,000 (2008) |
Divisions | ABC, ABC Family, ABC Kids, Walt Disney Distribution, Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group, Disney Channel, Disney Channel Original, ESPN, ESPN2, Jetix, Walt Disney Studios, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Walt Disney Television Animation, Walt Disney Records, Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Miramax Films, ABC Studios, Playhouse Disney, Disney Consumer Products, Pixar, Soapnet, Disney Interactive Studios, Muppets Holding Company, Disney Store, and Toon Disney |
Website | http://corporate.disney.go.com/ |
The Walt Disney Company (NYSE: DIS) is the third largest media and entertainment corporation in the world, after Time Warner, which is second, and News Corporation which is first. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt and Roy Disney as a small animation studio, it has become one of the biggest Hollywood studios, and owner of eleven theme parks and several television networks, including the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and ESPN. Disney's corporate headquarters and primary production facilities are located at The Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California.
The company is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Consumer products
- Disney Consumer Products
- Baby Einstein
- Disney Store
- Jim Henson's Muppets
- Disney Interactive Studios
- Disney Shopping, Inc.
Disney parks
The Walt Disney Company owns a series of parks from around the world. These parks are managed by the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts division. These are:
- Magic Kingdom
- Epcot
- Disney's Hollywood Studios
- Disney's Animal Kingdom
- Disney's Typhoon Lagoon
- Disney's Blizzard Beach
- Disney's Wide World of Sports
- Downtown Disney
Note: Included for reference only. Tokyo Disneyland is not a holding of the Walt Disney Company, rather a licensed franchise operated by The Oriental Land Company.
History
Founding and early success (1922–1966)
- 1923: Walt signed a contract with M.J. Winkler to produce a series of Alice Comedies - October 16 - the date used as the start of the Disney company. Originally know as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, with brothers Walt and Roy Disney, as equal partners.[5]
- 1924: First Alice comedy, "Alice's Day at Sea", released.
- 1926: At Roy's suggestion, the company changed its name to the Walt Disney Studio shortly after moving into the new studio on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district.
- 1927: The Alice series ends; first Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoon.
- 1928: Walt loses the Oswald series contract; first Mickey Mouse cartoon, "Plane Crazy"; "Steamboat Willie" released at the Colony Theatre in New York, the first cartoon with sound on November 18.
- 1929: First Silly Symphony, "The Skeleton Dance". On December 16, the original partnership formed in 1923 is replaced by Walt Disney Productions, Ltd. Three other companies, Walt Disney Enterprises, Disney Film Recording Company, and Liled Realty and Investment Company, are also formed.
- 1930: First appearance of Pluto.
- 1932: First three-strip Technicolor short released: "Flowers and Trees"; first appearance of Goofy.
- 1934: First appearance of Donald Duck.
- 1937: Studio produces its first full-length feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
- 1938: On September 29, Walt Disney Enterprises, Disney Film Recording Company, and Liled Realty and Investment Company are merged into Walt Disney Productions.
- 1940: Studio moves to the Burbank, California buildings where it is located to this day. Release of animated features Pinocchio and Fantasia
- 1941: A bitter animators' strike occurs; as the USA enters World War II, the studio begins making morale-boosting propaganda films for the government. Dumbo is released.
- 1942: Saludos Amigos marks the beginning of a series of low-budget "package" animated films that would continue until 1950. Bambi is also released, after a six-year production period.
- 1943: Saludos Amigos is released in the United States.
- 1944: The company is short on money; a theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs generates much-needed revenue and begins a reissue pattern for the animated feature films.
- 1945: For the first time, the studio hires live actors for a feature film (Song of the South).
- 1947: Sign First Independent Studio, The byrnest studio in Orlando that went bankrupt three years later.
- 1949: The studio begins production on its first all-live action feature, Treasure Island; the popular True-Life Adventures series begins. The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad is released.
- 1950: Cinderella is released, ending the series of "package" animated films and reviving Disney feature animation.
- 1951: Alice in Wonderland is released.
- 1952: Walt Disney forms WED Enterprises on December 16 to design his theme park.
- 1953: Walt Disney forms Retlaw Enterprises on April 6 to control the rights to his name. It will later own and operate several attractions inside Disneyland, including the Monorail and the Disneyland Railroad. Peter Pan is released. The studio founds Buena Vista Distribution to distribute its feature films.
- 1954: Beginning of the Disneyland TV program, which runs for decades under several different titles. Disney becomes one of the first American theatrical TV producers to show his recent films on television, although most of them are first shown in truncated versions to fit a one-hour time slot. Others are divided into two or more one-hour segments over several weeks, so that they can be shown on Disney's TV show.
- 1955: Disneyland Resort opens in Anaheim, California. Lady and the Tramp, the first widescreen animated film, is released.
- 1957: Walt Disney Productions went public on November 12.
- 1959: Sleeping Beauty is released.
- 1961: One Hundred and One Dalmatians is released, the first feature-length animated film to use Xerography.
- 1963: The Sword in the Stone is released.
- 1964: Mary Poppins is released.
- 1966: Walt Disney dies of lung cancer.
After Walt's death (1967-1983)
- 1967: Construction begins on Walt Disney World Resort; the underlying governmental structure (see Reedy Creek Improvement District) is signed into law. The Jungle Book, the last animated film involved with Walt Disney himself, is released.
- 1968 The name Walt Disney Productions changed to Walt Disney Enterprises.
- 1970: The Aristocats is released.
- 1971: The Walt Disney World Resort opens in Orlando, Florida; Roy Oliver Disney dies; Donn Tatum becomes chairman and Card Walker becomes president.
- 1971: The film Bedknobs and Broomsticks is released.
- 1973: Robin Hood is released.
- 1976: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea becomes the first movie made by the studio to be shown on TV complete in one evening, as opposed to the way the Disney films were divided into weekly segments on his television show.
- 1977: Roy Edward Disney, son of Roy and nephew of Walt, resigns from the company citing a decline in overall product quality and issues with management. The Rescuers is released.
- 1978: The studio licenses several minor titles to MCA Discovision for laserdisc release; only TV compilations of cartoons ever see the light of day through this deal.
- 1979: Don Bluth and a number of his allies leave the animation division; the studio releases its first PG-rated films, Take Down and The Black Hole.
- 1980: Tom Wilhite becomes head of the film division with the intent of modernizing studio product; a home video division is created. Disney releases its first ever co-production with another major studio: Popeye, a co-production with Paramount Pictures (distributors of the 1933-1957 Popeye cartoon series, which is now owned by Time Warner); Paramount handles domestic distribution, while Disney/Buena Vista released the film overseas (this same arrangement would be utilized on the two studios' next co-production, 1981's Dragonslayer).
- 1981: Plans for a cable network are announced. Dumbo is Disney's first video release. The Fox and the Hound is released.
- 1982: EPCOT Center opens at Walt Disney World Resort; Walt Disney's son-in-law Ron W. Miller succeeds Card Walker as CEO. Tron, the first live action film to be combined with computer animation, was released in July 9th.
- 1983: As the anthology series is canceled, Disney Channel begins operation on US cable systems. Tom Wilhite resigns his post as head of the film division. Tokyo Disneyland opens in Japan.
Eisner era (1984–2005)
- 1984: Touchstone Films is created after the studio narrowly escapes a buyout attempt by Saul Steinberg, and releases its first film Splash. Roy Edward Disney and his business partner, Stanley Gold, remove Ron W. Miller as CEO and president, replacing him with Michael Eisner and Frank Wells. The Walt Disney Classics video collection starts up.
- 1985: The studio begins making cartoons for television beginning with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and The Wuzzles. The Black Cauldron, the studio's first PG-rated animated film, is a box-office failure, along with Return To Oz. The home video release of Pinocchio becomes a best-seller.
- 1986: The company's name is changed on February 6 from Walt Disney Productions to The Walt Disney Company. Disney's first R-rated film, Down and Out in Beverly Hills, is released under the Touchstone banner. The Great Mouse Detective was released.
- 1987: First Disney Store opens in Glendale, California. The company and the French government sign an agreement for the creation of the first Disney Resort in Europe: the Euro Disney project starts. The company opens up a Hall of Fame with Fred MacMurray as the first induction. The Brave Little Toaster is released.
- 1988: Who Framed Roger Rabbit, a co-production of Disney's Touchstone Pictures and Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment is released on June 22. Oliver and Company is released on November 18.
- 1989: Disney offers a deal to buy Jim Henson's Muppets and have the famed puppeteer work with Disney resources; Disney-MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World; The Little Mermaid sparks a Disney animation renaissance.
- 1990: Jim Henson's death sours the deal to buy his holdings; the anthology series is canceled for the second time. The Rescuers Down Under is released.
- 1990: Dick Tracy from Touchstone Pictures is released.
- 1990: The Disney Afternoon block debuts.
- 1991: Beauty and the Beast is released, becoming the only animated film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.
- 1992: The controversial Euro Disney Resort opens outside Paris. Aladdin is released.
- 1992: The Disney Company is granted permission for a National Hockey League expansion franchise. The team is named the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to coincide with the release of The Mighty Ducks.
- 1992: Disney releases the live action musical Newsies, staring Christian Bale and Robert Duvall.
- 1993: Disney acquires independent film distributor Miramax Films; Winnie the Pooh merchandise outsells Mickey Mouse merchandise for the first time; the policy of periodic theatrical re-issues ends with this year's re-issue of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, but is augmented for video.
- 1994: Frank Wells is killed in a helicopter crash. Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns to co-found his own studio, DreamWorks SKG. Plans for Disney's America, a historical theme park in Haymarket, Virginia, are abruptly dropped. Euro Disneyland is renamed Disneyland Paris. The Classics video line is unofficially canceled and replaced with the Masterpiece Collection. The Lion King becomes the highest-grossing traditionally animated film in history. [6]
- 1995: In October, the company hires Hollywood super agent Michael Ovitz to be president. Disney purchases DiC Entertainment, and owned rights to shows, including Inspector Gadget (which eventually would be made into a live-action film in 1999) and dubbing of the first two seasons of Sailor Moon. The first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, produced by Pixar Animation Studios, is released by Disney, and becomes the year's top-grossing film. Pocahontas is also released.
- 1996: The company takes on the Disney Enterprises name and acquires the Capital Cities/ABC group, renaming it ABC, Inc. To celebrate the pairing, ABC's first Super Soap Weekend is held at Walt Disney World. Disney makes deal with Tokuma Shoten for dubbing and releasing of Studio Ghibli films in the U.S. In December, Michael Ovitz, president of the company, leaves "by mutual consent". The Hunchback of Notre Dame is released.
- 1997: The anthology series is revived again; the home video division releases its first DVDs. The Southern Baptist Convention votes to boycott The Walt Disney Company over opposition to the latter offering equal health and other benefits to gays and lesbians, as well as Disney allowing outside organizers to have "Gay and Lesbian Days" at Walt Disney World. Disney ignored the boycott, which failed and was withdrawn by the SBC on June 22, 2005.[7] Hercules is released.
- 1997: Disney takes control of the Major League Baseball franchise the California Angels of the American League, renaming the team the Anaheim Angels in order to coincide with Disney's hockey team the Mighty Ducks and to draw more tourism to Anaheim and nearby Disneyland.
- 1998: Disney's Animal Kingdom opens. Kiki's Delivery Service is released on video. Disney Cruise Line sets sail with its first ship, the Disney Magic. Mulan and A Bug's Life are released.
- 1999: Disney Cruise Line ship, the Disney Wonder sets sail.Tarzan and Toy Story 2 released.
- 2000:Fantasia 2000 is released to IMAX Theaters.
- 2000: Robert Iger becomes president. Disney-owned TV channels are pulled from Time Warner Cable briefly during a dispute over carriage fees. Disney begins its Gold Classic Collection DVD line. Dinosaur is released.
- 2001: Disney's California Adventure and Tokyo DisneySea open to the public. Disney buys Fox Family for $3 billion in July, giving Disney programming and cable network reaching 81 million homes. Disney changes Fox Family to ABC Family. Fort Worth billionaire Sid Bass is forced to sell his Disney holdings due to a margin call caused partially by the stock market fall that followed the 9/11 attacks. The fact that Bass had bought his shares on margin was a shock when it was revealed. Losing Bass was a blow to Eisner; Bass was one of his major backers and had recruited Eisner to Disney. Disney begins its Platinum Edition DVD line with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as well as the Walt Disney Treasures DVD box set line for the collector's market.
- 2002: Walt Disney Studios open near Disneyland Paris (renamed Disneyland Park). The entire area is now called Disneyland Resort Paris. Disney finishes negotiations to acquire Saban Entertainment, owner of children's entertainment juggernaut Power Rangers. Subsidiary Miramax acquires the USA rights to the Pokémon movies starting with the fourth movie. Disney releases the Academy Award-nominated animated film Lilo & Stitch. Disney teams up with famous video game company Squaresoft (later known as Square-Enix) to release their first ever role-playing game with various Disney characters, Kingdom Hearts. Disney releases Spirited Away in the U.S., which goes on to be the first anime film to win an Oscar for Best Animated Film. Disney begins joint venture business with Sanrio for Sanrio's greeting cards. Treasure Planet is released in theaters.
- 2003: Roy E. Disney resigns as the chairman of Feature Animation and from the board of directors, citing similar reasons to those that drove him off 26 years earlier; fellow director Stanley Gold resigns with him; they establish "SaveDisney" to apply public pressure to oust Michael Eisner. Brother Bear and Pixar's computer animated film Finding Nemo are released by Disney, the latter becoming the highest-grossing animated film in history until 2004's DreamWorks film Shrek 2. Live-action film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is released, becoming the first film released under the Disney label with a PG-13 rating. Pixar ends distribution agreement with Disney. Animated films
- 2004: Comcast makes an unsuccessful hostile bid for the company. CEO Michael Eisner is replaced by George J. Mitchell as chairman of the board after a 43% vote of no confidence. Disney turns down distributing controversial documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11, which ends up making $100 million. On February 17, Disney buys the Muppets (excluding the Sesame Street characters). Disney creates Jetix the children's block that mainly consists of Fox Kids shows and original programming on ABC Family and Toon Disney. Disney Store chain licensed to The Children's Place. Home on the Range, National Treasure and The Incredibles are released.
- 2005: Jetix is distributed worldwide in Europe and Latin America in channels of their own rights. Disney agrees to sell the Anaheim Mighty Ducks to Henry Samueli of Broadcom for reported $75 million dollars. On July 8, Roy E. Disney rejoins the company as a consultant with the title of Director Emeritus. Disneyland celebrates its 50th anniversary on July 17. Hong Kong Disneyland officially opens on September 12.
Iger era (2005–Present)
- 2005: Bob Iger replaces Michael Eisner as CEO on October 1. Chicken Little and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe are released.
- 2006: High School Musical and Hannah Montana premiere. Pixar is purchased. Cars and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest are released. Rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit are re-obtained from NBC Universal.
- 2007: Aquires Club Penguin. High School Musical 2 premieres.Meet the Robinsons, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ratatouille,Enchanted , and National Treasure: Book of Secrets are released.
- 2008: Disney Store chain is reacquired from The Children's Place, Disney-MGM Studios renamed "Disney's Hollywood Studios", Executives go to San Antonio, Texas and examines for a new Disney park. Which will be called Disney Texas.
Senior Executive Management
- Robert Iger (President and CEO)
- Roy E. Disney (Consultant and Director)
- Thomas O. Staggs (Senior Executive Vice President and CFO)
- Alan N. Braverman (Senior Executive Vice President, General Counsel)
- John Lasseter (Chief Creative Officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios)
- Zenia Mucha (Executive Vice President, Corporate Communications)
Current board of directors
- Susan Arnold
- John Bryson
- John S. Chen
- Judith Estrin
- Robert Iger (CEO)
- Steve Jobs
- Fred Langhammer
- Aylwin Lewis
- Mónica Lozano
- Robert Matschullat
- John E. Pepper, Jr. (Chairman)
- Orin C. Smith
- Roy E. Disney (non-Voting Director Emeritus)
Current division heads
- Walt Disney International - Andy Bird
- Walt Disney Parks and Resorts - Jay Rasulo
- Walt Disney Imagineering - Bruce Vaughn
- Walt Disney Creative Entertainment - Anne Hamburger
- Walt Disney Imagineering - Bruce Vaughn
- Walt Disney Studios - Dick Cook (Studio Chairman)
- Disney Consumer Products - Andy Mooney
- Disney Media Networks
- Disney-ABC Television Group - Anne Sweeney, co-chair of Media Networks
- ESPN - George Bodenheimer, co-chair of Media Networks
Chairmen of the Board
- 1945-1960: Walt Disney
- 1945-1971: Roy O. Disney (Co-Chair 1945-1960)
- 1971-1980: Donn Tatum
- 1980-1983: Card Walker
- 1983-1984: Raymond Watson
- 1984-2004: Michael Eisner
- 2004-2006: George J. Mitchell
- 2007-present: John E. Pepper, Jr.
Vice Chairman of the Board
- 1984-2003: Roy E. Disney
- 1999-2000: Sanford Litvack (Co-Vice Chair) [8]
CEOs
- 1968-1971: Roy O. Disney
- 1971-1976: Donn Tatum
- 1976-1983: Card Walker
- 1983-1984: Ron W. Miller
- 1984-2005: Michael Eisner
- 2005-present: Robert Iger
COOs
The formal position of Chief Operating Officer was not created until Wells and Eisner came in with Eisner taking the titles of Chairman and CEO and Wells, President and COO.
- 1984-1994: Frank Wells
- 1995-1998: Michael Ovitz
- 1999-2000: Sanford Litvack (acting COO)
- 2000-present: Robert Iger
Criticism
- Disney has on several occasions prompted action from religious groups such as the Catholic League, due to purported insensitive broadcasting, and the release of films, which the league and others found very insulting to certain religions. Disney has in the past faced boycotts from Baptist groups, "Assemblies of God", and Catholic groups. (boycott 1;boycott 2;boycott 3)
- The worldwide commercial success of the Disney brand is viewed by some as detrimental to cultural diversity (see Disneyfication).
- Disney is one among several American companies lobbying for harsher enforcement of intellectual property around the world and continued copyright term extensions, posing a perceived threat to the existence of the public domain; see Copyright Term Extension Act.
- Disney has been accused of human rights violations regarding the working conditions in factories that produce their merchandise.[9][10]
- Disney has been criticized by animal welfare groups for its import, use and frequent deaths of wild animals at its Animal Kingdom theme park[11] as well as for using purebred dogs in movies such as 101 Dalmatians, which these groups claim leads to creating an artificial demand for these purebred dogs many of whom are later abandoned or surrendered to shelters or rescue groups.[12]
Allegation of subliminal messages
In 1995, Anna Rouge brought the allegation of the letters S-E-X written in the dust within The Lion King to the attention of a conservative anti-abortion group known as the American Life League (ALL).[13][14] ALL spokesperson Tracey Casale weighed in on the issue and said "the message in The Lion King ... it is not fun."[14] ALL made these allegations public, which led to an article by the Associated Press. ALL eventually led a protest of The Walt Disney Company, demanding that the offending movies be recalled from store shelves, and the movies should then be fixed to exclude any messages that exist in them. ALL also demanded a formal and public apology from the Disney.[13] Eugene Emery of the Skeptical Enquirer, called this media attention the "subliminal silly season", lampooning the whole idea and stating:
"the subliminal message issue is not going away as long as reporters and editors don't do their homework and are willing to let their own and the public's primal fear of magical messages override good editorial judgment."[15]
This allegation, however, was later proved to be false. Tom Sito, a Disney animator and a writer for The Lion King, said that the letters written in the dust were actually "S.F.X", intended to be an easter egg signature from the animation department, and that the controversy that followed was entirely unintentional.[16]
References
- ^ The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies - Company History
- ^ "2007 Annual Report" (PDF).
- ^ "2007 Annual Report" (PDF).
- ^ "2007 Annual Report" (PDF).
- ^ The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies - Company History
- ^ Animation Movies
- ^ Southern Baptists drop Disney boycott
- ^ New York Times Article regarding Stanford Litvack
- ^ http://www.somo.nl/monitoring/reports/hkcic01-02.htm
- ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2001/06/18/sweatshops_010618.html source
- ^ Caution: Live Animals - TIME
- ^ CNN.com - 'Nemo' fans net fish warning - Jun. 30, 2003
- ^ a b Ostman, Ronald E. (1996). "Disney and Its Conservative Critics: Images versus Realities". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 24 (2): 82.
- ^ a b
Smith, Leef (September 1, 1995), "Disney's Loin King? Group Sees Dirt in the Dust", Washington Post
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: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Emery, Jr., C. Eugene (March-April, 1996), "When the media miss real messages in subliminal stories", Skeptical Inquirer
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(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Pinsky, Mark (2004). The Gospel According to Disney: Faith, Trust, and Pixie Dust. p. 247. ISBN 0664225918.
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Additional sources
- Disney Films. Ed. Barbara and David P. Mikkelson. 2007. Snopes. 12 Sept. 2007 http://www.snopes.com/disney/films/films.asp
- Disney By The NUmbers http://www.disneybythenumbers.com
See also
- List of Disney feature films
- Notable television series produced by Disney subsidiaries
- List of assets owned by Disney
- A Trip Through the Walt Disney Studios, a documentary from 1937
- List of Disney theatrical animated features, List of Disney animated shorts, List of Disney live-action films, List of Disney direct-to-video films, List of Disney featurettes
- Disney animated feature film source material
- Walt Disney Animation Studios
- Disney University
- Disney Channel
Books
- Walt Disney: An American Original, Bob Thomas, 1976, revised 1994
- The Story of Walt Disney, Diane Disney Miller & Pete Martin, 1957
- Cult of the Mouse: Can We Stop Corporate Greed from Killing Innovation in America?, Henry M. Caroselli, 2004, Ten Speed Press, ISBN
- The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney, Richard Schickel, 1968, revised 1997, ISBN
- The Man Behind the Magic; the Story of Walt Disney, Katherine & Richard Greene, 1991, revised 1998
- Disney: The Mouse Betrayed, Peter Schweizer
- Storming the Magic Kingdom: Wall Street, the raiders, and the battle for Disney, John Taylor, 1987, [1], [2], ISBN ISBN
- Building a Company: Roy O. Disney and the Creation of an Entertainment Empire, Bob Thomas, 1998, ISBN
- How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic ISBN 0-88477-023-0 (Anti-Disney Marxist Critique) Ariel Dorfman, Armand Mattelart, David Kunzle
- Donald Duck Joins Up; the Walt Disney Studio During World War II, Richard Shale, 1982
- The Keys to the Kingdom: How Michael Eisner Lost His Grip, Kim Masters, 20, ISBN
- Building a Dream; The Art of Disney Architecture, Beth Dunlop, 1996
- Disneyization of Society: Alan Bryman, 2004, ISBN
- DisneyWar, James B. Stewart, 2005, ISBN, ISBN
- Married to the Mouse, Richard E. Foglesorg, Yale University Press.
- Mouse Tracks: The Story of Walt Disney Records, Tim Hollis and Greg Ehrbar, 2006, ISBN
- Mouse Tales: A Behind-the-Ears Look at Disneyland, David Koenig, 1994, revised 2005, ISBN 0-9640605-4-X
- Inside the Dream: The Personal Story of Walt Disney, Katherine Greene & Richard Greene, 2001, ISBN
- Team Rodent, Carl Hiassen.
- Disneyana: Walt Disney Collectibles, Cecil Munsey, 1974