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United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement

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Donald Trump's signature

Seal of the President of the United States

On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation with the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, effective that same day.[1][2][3][4] While celebrated by some members of the Republican Party,[5] international reactions to the withdrawal were overwhelmingly negative from across the political spectrum, and the decision received substantial criticism from religious organizations, businesses, political leaders, environmentalists, and scientists. This included criticism of the Trump administration's climate change denial.[6][7][8]

Shortly after Trump's decision, the state governments of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance to continually uphold the Agreement in spite of the withdrawal. By the end of the day, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Virginia had also joined.[9]

Background

Then-United States Secretary of State John Kerry signs the Paris Agreement on Earth Day, 2016.

The Paris Agreement was an addition to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), initially agreed to by all 195 countries present at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in December of that year, including the United States then under the presidency of Barack Obama. Due to the status of the United States and China as the greatest emitters of carbon dioxide, Obama's support and his cooperation with China were seen as major factors allowing for the convention's early success.[10]

Its main aim was explicitly written as "[h]olding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels", predominantly by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The agreement differed from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the last widely adopted amendment to the UNFCCC, in that no annexes are established to lessen responsibility of developing nations. Rather, emissions targets for each nation were separately negotiated and to be voluntarily enforced, leading United States officials to regard the Paris Agreement as an executive agreement rather than a legally binding treaty. This removed the requirement for the United States Congress to accept the agreement before its ratification.[11] In April 2016, the United States became a signatory to the Paris Agreement, and ratified it in September 2016.

On November 8, 2016, four days after the Paris Agreement entered into force in the United States, Donald Trump of the Republican Party was elected the 45th President of the United States. Many conservative Republicans remain climate change skeptics,[12] including Trump, who tweeted in 2012 that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.[13] Trump's campaign promises to revitalize the coal industry, which has been hampered by environmental regulations, contributed to support from swing states that led to his unexpected presidential victory.[14] His opposition to climate change mitigation became well known during his presidency, manifesting in an executive order reversing Obama-era environmental regulations in March 2017.[15] These reversals were unpopular with much of the American public, as demonstrated in the People's Climate March held in April 2017.

During the 43rd G7 summit in late May 2017, Trump was the only one out of the Group of Seven world leaders not to reconfirm commitment to the Paris Agreement. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, one of the other leaders present, was publicly unimpressed with Trump's refusal to cooperate on climate change mitigation, which was seen to damage Germany–United States relations.[16] The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States "is not in a position to join the consensus" on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement.[17]

Both support for the move and opposition to it were reported among Trump's cabinet and advisers: Rick Perry, Rex Tillerson, Gary Cohn, and Jared Kushner reportedly wanted the United States to remain committed to the agreement, while Steve Bannon, Don McGahn, and Scott Pruitt wanted the United States to abandon it.[18]

Announcement

President Trump announces the United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on climate change in the Rose Garden on June 1, 2017
Video published by the White House about withdrawal from the agreement

On June 1, 2017, Vice President Mike Pence introduced President Trump to an audience in the White House Rose Garden. In a speech, Trump announced the U.S. would withdraw from the Paris Agreement under the provisions of Article 28, stating that it eliminates coal jobs and ships them to foreign countries.[19][20] Trump also criticized the Green Climate Fund, calling it a vast "conspiracy" to redistribute wealth from rich to poor countries.[21]

An examination of Trump's speech, by Glenn Kessler and Michelle Ye Hee Lee for The Washington Post, pointed to numerous fallacies, including claims that the U.S., under the Paris Agreement, was forbidden to build coal power plants; that a difference of 0.2 degrees Celsius is insignificant in climatology; that U.S. contributions to the United Nations’ Green Climate Fund were paid out of the U.S. defense budget; and Trump's reiterated claim of personal support for environmental causes.[22]

Effects

The United States will join two other non-signatory nations, Syria and Nicaragua, the latter of which refused to sign for the given reason that the Agreement's environmental demands were not strict enough,[23] while the former was unable to negotiate due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War.[24] The withdrawal of the US was seen as putting the accords in danger,[25] though the response from signatory nations has largely been one of unified defiance.

Potential impact

Speaking at the 5th annual World Pensions Forum held on the sidelines of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Earth Institute Director Jeffrey Sachs had argued that no matter what the political inclinations of the next American president, large US institutional investors including public pension funds would eventually divest from carbon-reliant firms if they could not react to political and regulatory efforts to halt climate change: "Every energy company in a pension fund's portfolio needs to be scrutinized from purely a financial view about its future, 'Why is this [a company] we would want to hold over a five- to 20-year period?'... If we continue to hold major energy companies that don’t have an answer to a basic financial test, we are just gambling. We have to take a fiduciary responsibility – these are not good bets."[26]

World Pensions Council Director-General Nicolas J. Firzli concurred, insisting that influential, cash-rich asset owners “from California, Kansas, Colorado, and Ohio, to say nothing of Wall Street private equity firms, most of whom have vast vested interests in clean tech, low-carbon ventures in America and abroad” would pursue and expand their climate change-informed investments in spite of possible “climate skeptic” posturing from the part of the new US administration.[27] The inevitable nature of the secular trend towards divestment from polluting fossil fuels was reconfirmed at 6th annual World Pensions Forum held in Greenwich in February 2017, with all institutional investors in attendance, including US and Canadian pension funds, agreeing that climate-change conscious, responsible investments "constitute a [real,] rising trend: [they’re] here to stay".[28]

Reactions

Scientists and environmentalists

Canadian academic and environmental activist David Suzuki stated, "Trump just passed on the best deal the planet has ever seen".[29]

American environmentalist and writer Bill McKibben called the move the "dumbest since the Iraq War".[30]

Environmental scientist and risk assessor Dana Nuccitelli stated that it “now seems inevitable that the history books will view Trump as America’s worst-ever president”.[31]

Bob Ward of the Grantham Research Institute described Trump's speech as "confused nonsense".[32]

Navroz Dubash of the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi expressed bafflement at Trump's move, citing the declining costs of renewable energy sources and the increasing difficulty of obtaining investment for fossil-fuel projects.[33]

Greenpeace New Zealand's Kate Simcock described President Trump as morally bankrupt, stating: "The world is moving forward without the US, who has now essentially surrendered any global leadership."[34]

United States politicians

Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and House Leader Paul Ryan praised the decision as a victory for America's middle class and coal miners.[35][36] Texas Attorney-General Ken Paxton described Trump's decision as 'courageous' and said that it lifted a burden from the American taxpayer.[31]

Former US President Bill Clinton wrote: "Walking away from Paris treaty is a mistake. Climate change is real. We owe our children more. Protecting our future also creates more jobs."[31]

Former President Barack Obama said of Trump's decision: "Even as this Administration joins a small handful of nations that reject the future, I'm confident that our states, cities, and businesses will step up and do even more to lead the way, and help protect for future generations the one planet we've got."[37] Obama also stated that America is no longer a leader on climate change.[38]

In his withdrawal speech, President Trump stated: "I was elected to represent the citizens of Pittsburgh, not Paris." The incumbent Mayor of Pittsburgh, Bill Peduto, immediately responded on Twitter with a reminder that 80% of his city's voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: "As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy & future."[39]

Former Vice President Al Gore, known for environmental activism, criticized it, saying that it was a "reckless and indefensible action".[40] Senator Chuck Schumer heavily condemned the move.[41] Senator Susan Collins stated that she was disappointed.[42] Joe Biden also said that it imperils American security.[43] Hawaiian Senator Brian Schatz wrote on Twitter, “Dear Trump administration: Please stop doing insane things. Signed, Future Generations.”[35]

New York governor Andrew Cuomo, California governor Edmund Brown Jr., and Washington state governor Jay Inslee described their intention to form a coalition of states committed to fighting climate change, the United States Climate Alliance.[44] Former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger issued a video address describing Trump's decision as a retrograde step.[31]

Silicon Valley reaction

Leaders of the American tech industry expressed disappointment:[45]

  • Sundar Pichai – "Disappointed with today's decision. Google will keep working hard for a cleaner, more prosperous future for all," tweeted CEO Pichai.
  • Satya Nadella – Nadella tweeted that Microsoft believes "climate change is an urgent issue that demands global action."
  • Elon Musk – "Am departing presidential councils. Climate change is real. Leaving Paris is not good for America or the world."
  • Tim Cook – "Climate change is real and we all share a responsibility to fight it," Cook told Apple employees in an email on June 1, in which he confirmed his phone call with Trump.

International response

 Australia – Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said that the decision is "disappointing" and "we would prefer the United States to remain part of the agreement". The opposition Australian Labor Party expressed similar sentiments.[46]

 Belgium – Prime Minister Charles Michel called the decision "a brutal act".[47]

 Brazil – The federal ministries for foreign affairs and for the environment issued a joint statement describing their "profound concern and disappointment".[48]

 Canada – Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said he was "deeply disappointed" and that "Canada is unwavering in our commitment to fight climate change and support clean economic growth". Canada will "continue to work with the U.S. at the state level" and will reach out to the U.S. federal government to "discuss this matter of critical importance for all humankind".[49]

 China – Premier Li Keqiang reaffirmed his country's commitment to the Agreement.[50]

 Denmark – Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen described it as "a sad day for the world".[51]

 European Union – The European Commission has stated that it "deeply regrets" the decision.[52]

 Fiji – President Frank Bainimarama described the "loss of America's leadership" as "unfortunate".[53]

 Finland – Prime Minister Juha Sipilä urged Trump to show global leadership, stating that "we need the USA on the team".[54] Minister of Environment Kimmo Tiilikainen stated that the USA had never been "so small" and that the world doesn't need the kind of leadership that Donald Trump represents.[55]

 France – President Emmanuel Macron asserted that the agreement could not be re-negotiated by Trump,[56] and reiterated his invitation to American climate change and renewable energy scientists to relocate their work to France.[57] Prior to the withdrawal, former President Nicolas Sarkozy called for a tariff on all US exports to Europe if Trump went through with the promised withdrawal.[58]

 Germany – Angela Merkel heavily criticized Trump's decision.[59][56][60]

 Iceland – The government 'condemned' the move.[61]

 Ireland – Sinn Féin's environment spokesman Brian Stanley described the move as "deeply disappointing”. Former President Mary Robinson called it "truly shocking".[62]

 India – Narendra Modi pledged India's support for the climate accord.[63]

 Italy – Expressed "regret" and sorrow for America's action.[56][64]

 Japan – The Japanese Foreign Ministry pointed to the importance of the Paris Agreement and described Trump's choice as 'regrettable'.[31] In an unusual move, the Minister of the Environment stated that he was "greatly disappointed, both as Minister and as an individual", and that withdrawal from the Paris Agreement was an act that "turned its back on the wisdom of the human race".[65]

 Maldives – Environment Minister Thoriq Ibrahim, speaking on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), defended the agreement as "designed for maximum flexibility and universal participation", adding that Trump's proposed renegotiation was "not practical" and that it could represent "a setback from which we would never recover".[66]

 The Marshall Islands – President Hilda Heine described the move as "highly concerning for those of us that live on the frontline of climate change".[61]

 Mexico – President Enrique Peña Nieto responded with a reiteration of Mexico's unconditional support for the Paris agreement.[31]

 New Zealand – Prime Minister Bill English released a statement confirming that he will register his 'disappointment' with Rex Tillerson during an upcoming visit by the US Secretary of State.[31]

 Norway – The government condemned Trump's decision.[61]

 Poland – Deputy Energy Minister Grzegorz Tobiszowski praised Trump's decision, while signing an agreement for a new coal power station in Jaworzno.[50]

 Portugal – President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa said that "climate change is a problem and denying, for political reasons, that that problem exists won't make it go away"; he also reiterated that Europe should remain a champion of this "just and real" cause.[67]

 Russia – In advance of Trump's expected withdrawal announcement, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov reiterated Russia's support for the Paris agreement.[68]

 Sweden – Foreign Minister Margot Wallström described it as "a decision to leave humanity's last chance of securing our children's future on this planet".[48]

 Tuvalu – Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that the US had "abandoned" them.[69]

 United Nations – A spokesman for U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres described Trump's decision as "a major disappointment".[70]

 United Kingdom – Prime Minister Theresa May expressed her disappointment during a telephone call with Trump, and reaffirmed the United Kingdom's commitment to the agreement.[50]

 Vatican – Bishop Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo, Chancellor of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, described the withdrawal as a "huge slap in the face" to the world.[71]

Business figures

General Electric CEO Jeff Immelt stated that "climate change is real".[72][6] Tech CEOs Sundar Pichai, Tim Cook, and Mark Zuckerberg, Brad Smith, Lloyd Blankfein, Jeff Immelt, and others released statements condemning the decision. [73][74][75][76][77] The American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity applauded the decision, claiming the result will be lower energy prices and greater reliability of supply.[78]

Trump advisors

Elon Musk resigned, saying "Am departing presidential councils. Climate change is real. Leaving Paris is not good for America or the world."[79][80][7][81][82]

Robert Iger resigned, saying "As a matter of principle, I've resigned from the President's Council over the #ParisAgreement withdrawal."[83][84]

Media

Bloomberg stated that "Under Trump, the U.S. has already become an irresponsible role model."[85]

Detroit Free Press stated that "President Donald Trump has betrayed the future of our children, our grandchildren, and our planet".[86]

Conservative website National Review praised the withdrawal. [87] Breitbart's James Delingpole celebrated the decision, describing climate science as an 'elephant trap', and denouncing the leaders of the UK, France, Canada, Australia and Germany as 'charlatans'.[88]

A piece by Erick Erickson published by Fox News described the withdrawal from the Paris Agreement as the correct move, for the reason that "climate change is [not] an issue worth caring much about".[89] Douglas E. Schoen, also writing for Fox, contrarily said that a withdrawal from the Paris Agreement "only hastens America’s retreat from global political and economic leadership".[90]

The Independent criticized it.[91]

The New York Times called it "disgraceful" and that stated that Trump "knows nothing or cares little about the science underlying the stark warnings of environmental disruption."[92]

The San Diego Union-Tribune stated that "President Trump is ushering in the Chinese century".[93][94]

USA Today stated that "There was no greatness in the decision he rendered Thursday, just the heightened prospect of a climate-stricken globe left behind for future generations."[95]

A lead in the British newspaper The Guardian said that the decision would be unlikely to stunt the growth of renewable energy, and suggested that "a much more likely casualty of Trump’s choice is the US economy he claims to be protecting".[96]

The Daily Herald criticized the move.[97]

The German newspaper Berliner Kurier revealed its front page for June 2, 2017 shortly following Trump's announcement, bearing the headline "Erde an Trump: Fuck You!" ("Earth to Trump: Fuck You!").[98][99]

The Tampa Bay Times criticized the move.[100]

Toronto Star described it as "likely the worst act that Donald Trump has made so far".[101]

For their edition of June 2, 2017, the New York Daily News revived their famous 1975 "Ford to City: Drop Dead" cover with a photo of Trump and the words "Trump to World: Drop Dead".[102]

U.S. states

File:Resistance to US Withdrawal from Paris Agreement.svg
  United States Climate Alliance
  Other states whose governors have declared their states' intention to meet goals set out in the Paris Agreement.
Main article: United States Climate Alliance

In an immediate response to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders.[103]

The three founding states make up 20.5% of the US population and 24.7% of US GDP as of 2016. In contrast, these states make up just 11.1% of US carbon dioxide emissions.[104]

By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Virginia have declared their intention to join with United States Climate Alliance members in reaching Paris Agreement goals. Mayors of other states also expressed interest in upholding the Agreement.[105]

Protests

Protesters in Washington, DC the day of the announcement

Protesters gathered at the White House gates on the day of the announcement.[106] Bill Nye, a science communicator and television personality known for making scientific concepts more accessible to the general public, was one of the protesters in attendance.[107] The John A. Wilson Building in D.C. was lit in green in protest of the decision,[108] as were One World Trade Center, the Kosciuszko Bridge, New York City Hall, and Boston City Hall.[109] Protests also occurred in New York City,[110] Miami,[111] San Diego,[112] and Syracuse.[113]

See also

References

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